Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > A&P II: Finale > Flashcards

A&P II: Finale Flashcards

1
Q

What do Goblet Cells do?

A
  • Secrete gel-forming Mucin
  • Mucin makes up Mucous and offers lubricative properties
  • Na+, K+, Cl- ions present in lubricative properties

(Simple Columnar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do Chief Cells do?

A
  • They make pepsinogen which turns into pepsin when it makes contact with acid
  • Secrete Gastric Lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the Parietal Cells’ main function?

A

To make HCl (Intrinsic B12 Vitamin Reabsorber) to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do stem cells do?

A

Divide by mitosis and push up and down, replacing other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do G-cells do?

A

Produce Gastrin which target chief and parietal cells within the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chemoreceptor Facts.

A
  • Present in aortic and carotid arch

- Target medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Facts about the DRG.

A
  • Receives information from chemoreceptors in aortic arches
  • Central chemoreceptor (main receptor/more sensitive to pH or acid particles) is inside the blood brain barrier
  • Peripheral Chemoreceptors is inside aortic arch and within the Carotid branches
  • Allows either conscious or subconscious control of eupnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What neurons are within the VRG and where do they go?

A
  • I and E Neurons

- Diaphragm and Intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do “I” neurons deal with?

A

Inhalation (2 seconds).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do “E” neurons deal with?

A

Exhalation (3 seconds).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 phases of Digestion?

A
  • Cephalic Stage; think about food and triggers stomach to begin producing gastric juice
  • Gastric Stage; food in stomach, triggers gastric glands
  • Intestinal Stage; when stomach is inhibited by sympathetic nerve (which produces epinephrin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 effects of CCK?

A
  • Causes contraction of gallbladder
  • Stimulate the acini of the pancreas
  • Relaxes Oddi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Secretin do?

A

Targets duct cells to produce bicarbonate to combine with hydrogen ions and form water to raise pH for pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when you swallow?

A
  • Soft pallet closes to block the nose
  • Tongue blocks food from leaving the mouth
  • Adam’s apple(Larynx) and esophagus connect to keep food from going into trachea (Epiglottis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cells make up the nose and the larynx?

A

Pseudo-Stratified Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Proximal Tubule histology?

A

Cuboidal Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Alveolar histology?

A

Simple Squamous Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood Vessel Tunic Facts (From inner to outer).

A
  • Serosa (Connective Tissue [Tunica Externa]); Own nerves and lymphatics; own blood vessels(attaches to other tissues)
  • Tunica Media (Smooth Muscle)
  • Tunica Interna (Simple Squamous); Thin layer of connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the capillary types and their locations?

A
  • Continuous (Brain/Skeletal)
  • Fenestrated (Kidneys/Endocrine Glands)
  • Sinusoidal (Liver/Spleen/Bone Marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is EPO’s process?

A

Targets Bone Marrow to make Erythrocytes which constitutes Hematocrit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the Liver’s functions?

A
  • Creates Calcidiol from skin
  • Secretes Angiotensinogen
  • Secretes Hepcidin
  • Secretes IGF1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the conversion pathway for Calcitriol?

A
  • Skin turns cholesterol into Vitamin D3
  • Vitamin D3 goes into Liver and converts into Calcidiol
  • Calcidiol heads into Kidney and is converted into Calcitriol (Kidney works in synergy with PTH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vital Capacity Facts.

A
  • The air that you normally take in and out at rest.

- Tidal + Inspiratory + Expiratory = VC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first step of Coagulation and what are some facts about it?

A
  • Vascular Spasm
  • Pain nerve endings
  • Cause vasoconstriction
  • Platelets->Seratonin->Vasoconstriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the second step of Coagulation and what are some facts about it?

A
  • Platelet Plug
  • Platelets stick to collagen and block bleeding
  • Pull connective tissue and fibers to help seal off injured area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the third step of Coagulation and what are so facts about it?

A
  • Coagulation
  • Extrinsic Mechanism -> Uses Thromboplastin
  • Intrinsic Mechanism -> Uses Slow moving blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T-Cell Facts.

A

T-cell - Attacks Foreign cells and Infected cells (not in plasma)/Cell-Mediated Defense system

  • Produce perforins and granzymes
  • Kiss APCs
  • Apoptosis
  • Turned on by t-helper cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

B-Cell Facts.

A

B-cells - Humoral Defense System

  • Turned on my t-helper interleukens
  • Complement (proteins in the plasma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When does the Atrium contract and depolarize on an EKG?

A

In the P-Q gap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When does the Ventricle contract and depolarize on an EKG?

A

In the QRS gap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What occurs in the T-Wave?

A
  • Re-polarization of the ventricles

- Ca2+ pumped (ATP) back into sarcoplasmic reticulum and outside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the order of events in the Conducting System?

A
  • SA Node (Pacemaker initiates heartbeat)
  • AV Node (Electrical Gateway to Ventricles)
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje Fibers (Distribute electrical excitation of cardiocytes in ventricles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What occurs in Diastole?

A
  • Ventricles are not contracting
  • Filling with blood
  • In between ventricular contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What occurs in Systole?

A
  • Ventricles contract

- S-T gap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 11 steps in Blood Flow?

A
  • Blood enters right atrium from inferior and superior venae cavae
  • Blood from right atrium goes through right AV valve into right ventricle
  • Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve to open
  • Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
  • Blood is sent to lungs to receive oxygen
  • Blood returns to lungs via pulmonary veins
  • Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle
  • Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve to open
  • Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta
  • Blood leaves aorta to supply Oxygen to the rest of the body
  • Blood returns to heart via venae cavae
36
Q

Where are Podocytes located?

A
  • In the Cortex

- Against the glomerulus forming the visceral Bowman’s Capsule

37
Q

What do the PCT secrete?*

A
  • Secrete drugs, urea, uric acid, H+, NH4

- Located in Cortex

38
Q

DCT Facts.*

A
  • Intercalary Cells
  • Secrete H+
  • Reabsorbi K+
  • K+, NH4, H+ are excreted in DCT as well
  • Located in Cortex
39
Q

What do FSH and LH do in Males?

A
  • FSH makes sperm in seminiferous tubules

- LH testosterone production by Leydig cells

40
Q

Seminal Vesicle Facts.

A

60% Seminal fluid by volume

  • Contains Proseminogelin - Protein that produces a sticky gel
  • Prostaglandin - Protein that enhances orgasm and causes mucous tracks (sperm pathway)
41
Q

Prostate Gland Facts.

A

30% Prostate Fluid

  • Enzyme to gel that turns proseminogelin into seminogelin (takes sperm to vagina)
  • PSE - Enzyme that “un-gels” the seminogelin
  • Buffers - raise pH and activate sperm mobility
42
Q

Insulin STE.

A
  • Beta Cells
  • Most tissues
  • Decreases glucose level, Promotes glycogen, fat & protein synthesis
43
Q

Glucagon STE.

A
  • Alpha Cells
  • Liver
  • Increases glucose in body
44
Q

Uterine Cycle Facts.

A

1) Proliferative Phase
- Estrogen stimulates mitosis in .5 mm stratum basalis (simple columnar) which becomes the 6mm stratum functionalis
* *3 days later in the body**
2) Secretory Phase
- Glands in the lamina propria of endometrium produce glycogen
3) Pre-Menstrual Phase (Ischemic Phase)
- 2 days (day 26-28) of precipitous estrogen, but mostly progesterone declines which causes the spinal arterioles to rupture
4) Menstruation (caused by drop of estrogen and progesterone) - Loss of stratum functionalis in 3-5 days

45
Q

Ovarian Cycle Facts.

A
  • Menstruation
    Follicle Stage - FSH (from adenohypophysis) matures one follicle to ovulate
  • Ovulation - Egg is released from follicle
  • Corpus Luteum - Ruptured follicle on ovarian surface; Corpus Albicans - scar on surface (atresia - gets a lack in functionality) [Produce progesterone]
46
Q

What is the histology of the Mouth?

A

Stratified Squamous Cells.

47
Q

What are the 3 stimuli from Gastric Gland?*

A
  • Gastrin
  • Histamine
  • Acetyl Colin from parasympathetic nerve
48
Q

Cotransport Facts.

A
  • Sodium (high to low)
  • Symport
  • Sodium releases energy to take all of Sugar into cell
  • Facilitated diffusion of sodium into cell, using that energy, pull glucose into high concentration
  • Different gradients, but same direction
49
Q

Which organ converts unused meat into amino acids into urea to be secreted by kidneys?

A

The liver.

50
Q

Buffy Coat

A
  • Platelets & Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • less than 1% of whole blood volume
  • White layer between erythrocytes PCV and plasma.
51
Q

Megakaryocytes

A
  • Originates in the bone marrow
  • Think of CLOTTING
  • Large cell from which platelets are formed
  • Membrane bound packets of granules are broken off -> platelets.
52
Q

Antigen Recognition by B Cells

A
  • Respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses
  • They “grab” not “kiss”
53
Q

Antigen Recognition by T Cells

A
  • Produce cytokines that direct the immune response while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that induce the death of pathogen infected cells
  • They “kiss”
  • They can only attack foreign cells and cells infected. (Cannot go into plasma. “Cell-Mediated Defense System” )
54
Q

Epitope

A
  • Specific regions on antigens that antibodies interact with.
55
Q

Perforins

A
  • Protein

- Attaches itself to invading cells and “punches holes” (pores) in the cell resulting in the death of that cell.

56
Q

Opsonization

A
  • Process by which bacteria are altered (Ex: coating) in such a manner that they are more readily and more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes.
57
Q

What cells “makes all blood cells?”

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in red marrow

58
Q

Cytotoxic Cells

A
  • Release perforins and granzymes
  • Directly kills and attacks cells
    Ex.) virus infected cells
    cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
    cancer cells
    foreign cells from transfusions or transplants
59
Q

Granzyme

A
  • After the holes are made by performs..they enter inside the cell.
  • Causes APOPTOSIS (“cellular suicide”)
60
Q

Helper T cells

A
  • Effective at killing foreign invaders and can release substances that enter a virus and destroy it before it has the opportunity to replicate.
61
Q

Plasma Cells

A
  • Also known as a type of B cell
  • Tags the foreign material with antibodies
  • Does not directly kill, only helps
62
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • B and T Cells
  • Directly kills in early defenses
  • – viruses, bacteria, or parasites
63
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Self-contracting and auto rhythmic
  • Has intercalated disks (have gaps)
  • Gap junctions which provide communicating channels between cells.
  • The intercalated disks allows waves of depolarisations in cells = synchronising muscle contraction.
64
Q

SA Node

A
  • Heart’s “Pacemaker”
  • INITIATES heart beat
  • Sends electrical impulses to the AV nodes
65
Q

AV Node

A
  • Slows the electrical current down long enough for the atria to fully contact before the electrical current passes along to the ventricles.
66
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • Continuation of Av Node
  • Divides into right and left bundle branches
  • Conducts faster than purkinje fibers
67
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A
  • Spread the RAPID wave depolarization through the ventricles
68
Q

What is edema and what does it cause?

A
  • SWELLING

- Hypertension, starvation of protein albumin, hemorrhaging

69
Q

What is the most powerful stimulus to cause breathing?

A

Carbon Dioxide

70
Q

What happens in the P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

71
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Most Tissues
  • Protein catabolism, tissue repair. Mobilize for a stress situation, Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose), Lipolysis
72
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Corpus Luteum
  • Uterine Lining & Mammary Glands
  • Regulates menstrual cycle & pregnancy, secretes glycogen to feed baby; prepares mammary glands for lactation
73
Q

ACTH

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Growth of adrenal cortex; Secretion of Gluco-cortocoids
74
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Kidneys
  • Reabsorbs Na+, Cl- to prevent dehydration, secretes K+
75
Q

Calcitriol

A
  • Kidneys
  • Osteoblasts
  • Increases Ca2+ absorption in duodenum (small intestine), causes osteoblasts to make Rank L, kidneys reabsorb more calcium
76
Q

Chloride Shift.

A

In external respiration, bicarbonate goes into RBC, but since bicarbonate is negative, it needs to be replaced outside with a negative ion, so Chlorine gets pumped out when bicarbonate goes in

77
Q

What are the cooling defenses for testes?

A
  • Pampiniform Plexus

- Dartos and Cremaster

78
Q

Duodenum Facts.

A
  • Oddi sphincter - common bile duct to pancreas
  • Pyloric - stomach to duodenum
  • Ileocecal valve
79
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

Acid alters hemoglobin shape to release more oxygen.

80
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

Hemoglobin shape changes in hard working cells to absorb more CO2.

81
Q

What is the histology of the capillaries?

A

Simple Squamous Cells.

82
Q

Facts about Cardiac Muscle Cells.

A
  • Striated
  • One large nucleus
  • Many grande Mitochondria
  • Use Glycogen for energy
  • Preferred food is fats
  • Myoglobin - O2 backup
  • Intercalated Disc (within desmosomes/adherins/gap junctions)
83
Q

Lymphocyte Facts.

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NKC (Natural Killer Cell)
84
Q

What does Human Corionic Gonadotropin (hCG) do?

A

Triggers more growth of the corpus luteum which produce more estrogen and progesterone.

85
Q

G-Protein Relay Facts.

A
  • Activates enzyme
  • Pumps 2nd messenger
  • Activate Protein Kinase
  • Pumps billion of protein

From Flashcardlet (104 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions