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From Flashcardlet > Nutrition Exam 2 > Flashcards

Nutrition Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of Fat Soluble Vitamins?

A

Vitamin DEAK.

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2
Q

What are the types of Water Soluble Vitamins?

A
  • B Vitamins

- Vitamin C

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3
Q

What does it mean when vitamins are in Precursor Form?

A

They need to be chemically transformed to active form in the body.

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4
Q

What vitamin do coenzymes usually have in their structure?

A

B vitamins.

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5
Q

Facts about Fat Soluble Vitamins.

A
  • Bile production
  • Emulsification
  • Transported by lipoproteins
  • Can be toxic with high-level consumption
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6
Q

Where are excess Fat Soluble Vitamins stored?

A
  • Liver

- Fatty tissues

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7
Q

Facts about Water Soluble Vitamins (B Complex & C).

A
  • Not stored in body
  • Secreted through urine
  • Toxicity less likely
  • Need to be consumed
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8
Q

How do you minimize nutrient loss of vitamins in foods?

A
  • Refrigerate

- Prevent heat, air, light and loss from water exposure

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9
Q

What is the precursor for Vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene.

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10
Q

What are some Vitamin A functions?

A
  • Maintain body linings
  • Vision
  • Immunity
  • Reproduction
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11
Q

What are the body linings that Vitamin A maintains?

A
  • Epithelial cells (skin)

- Mucus producing cells

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12
Q

What are some diseases that come from Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Stunted growth
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13
Q

What is preformed Vitamin A and where is it found?

A
  • Retinoid

- Animal sources

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14
Q

What is Pro-vitamin A and where is it found?

A
  • Carotenoid

- Plant sources

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15
Q

Facts about Pro-Vitamin A.

A
  • Antioxidant

- Excess causes yellow skin coloring

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16
Q

Facts about Vitamin D.

A
  • Bone integrity, formation and maintenance
  • Stored in adipose tissue
  • Mineralizes bones and teeth
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17
Q

What is the best source for Vitamin D?

A

Sunshine.

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18
Q

What are some diseases that come from Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia (soft bones)
  • Osteoporosis (Bone weaken with age)
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19
Q

What are characteristics of Rickets?

A
  • Bones weaken
  • Head, rib cage & pelvis deformed
  • Abnormal growth
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20
Q

Facts about Vitamin D toxicity.

A
  • Most toxic vitamin
  • Causes calcium deposits in soft tissues
  • Symptoms occur at 5x RDA
  • Excess from supplements, not sunlight
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21
Q

What is Vitamin E’s function?

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Metabolizes iron in cells
  • Improves Vitamin A absorption
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22
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

Cause inflammation and cell damage associated with aging, cancer and heart disease.

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23
Q

What are some sources of Vitamin E?

A
  • Vegetable oils
  • Grains
  • Wheat germ
  • Seeds
  • Fats
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24
Q

What are some characteristics of Vitamin E?

A
  • Easily destroyed by heat and oxidation

- Raw oils and lightly processed items are the best source

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25
Q

Facts about Vitamin E deficiency.

A
  • Rare in adults
  • Present in premature infants before mother can transfer
  • Indicative of fat malabsorption
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26
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Causes RBCs to rupture (Anemia).

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27
Q

What are the Vitamin E requirements?

A
  • Expressed as alpha tocopherol (most active/potent form)
  • Stored in fatty tissue
  • Needs increase with ingestion of PUFA 2* to oxidation
  • DO NOT TAKE if you are on blood thinners
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28
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin K?

A
  • Blood clotting
  • Produced by intestinal bacteria
  • People on blood thinners may need supplement
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29
Q

What is the main food source for Vitamin K?

A

Dark green, leafy vegetables.

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30
Q

What are some effects from Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Sterile GI tract for infants
  • Abnormal bone formation
  • Kills friendly bacteria in large intestines
  • Uncontrolled bleeding
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31
Q

What can Vitamin K at toxic intakes cause?

A
  • Excess from supplementation
  • Brain damage in infants
  • Opposes effects of anti-clotting meds
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32
Q

What does carbohydrate, fat and protein need to metabolize?

A
  • Biotin
  • Niacin
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Riboflavin
  • Thiamin
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33
Q

What vitamin does protein need to synthesize?

A

Vitamin B6.

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34
Q

What do cells need to synthesize?

A
  • Vitamin B12

- Folate

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35
Q

What are the functions of Thiamin (B1)?

A
  • Coenzyme needed for energy metabolism

- Regulates nervous & muscular system

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36
Q

What is the main food source for Thiamin (B1)?

A

Pork.

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37
Q

Which demographics are most vulnerable to Thiamin (B1) deficiencies?

A
  • Homeless population
  • Poverty
  • Alcoholics
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38
Q

Which diseases are associated with Thiamin (B1) deficiencies?

A
  • Beri Beri
  • Wet Beri Beri (Edema)
  • Dry Beri Beri (Muscle wasting)
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39
Q

What is the effect of Alcohol on Thiamin (B1)?

A

Impairs Thiamin (B1) absorption.

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40
Q

Is there a toxicity report with Biotin, Niacin, Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1)?

A

No.

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41
Q

What is the main role of Riboflavin (B2)?

A
  • Energy metabolism of all cells

- Release energy from food sources

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42
Q

What occurs from Riboflavin (B2) deficiencies?

A
  • Vision impairment
  • Cracks on mouth & tongue, rash on skin
  • Sun sensitivity
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43
Q

What are the functions of Niacin?

A
  • Energy metabolism

- Fat synthesis and breakdown

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44
Q

Which amino acid can be converted to 1mg of Niacin at 60mg?

A

Tryptophan.

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45
Q

What happens with Niacin deficiency?

A
  • Pellagra

- 4 D’s (Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis, Death)

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46
Q

What does Nicotonic Acid do in Niacin Flush?

A
  • Causes vasodilation
  • Tingling sensation
  • May improve blood lipids associated with CVD
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47
Q

Facts about Nicotinamide.

A
  • Does not cause the niacin flush
  • May help lower cholesterol
  • Concerns for liver damage, upset GI, glucose tolerance
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48
Q

What is the function of Biotin?

A
  • Coenzyme for energy metabolism
  • Glucose production
  • Fat synthesis
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49
Q

What are some food sources for Biotin?

A
  • Egg yolk
  • Soy beans
  • Whole grains
  • Fish
  • Endogenous
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50
Q

Is there typically a deficiency with Biotin?

A

Rarely.

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51
Q

What is the function of Folate?

A
  • Cell synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Coenzyme and metabolizes amino acids and Vitamin B12
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52
Q

What destroys Folate easily?

A

Heat.

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53
Q

What are some food sources for Folate?

A
  • Dark green, leafy vegetables
  • Orange juice
  • Organ meats
  • Sprouts
  • Sunflower seeds
  • Ready-to-eat breakfast cereal
54
Q

What occurs in Folate deficiencies?

A
  • Megaloblastic Anemia (large immature RBCs)

- Glossitis (tongue inflammation)

55
Q

What is the purpose of Folate Fortification?

A
  • Combat Spina Bifida

- Help connect the enclosure of the bony encasement of spinal cord

56
Q

What is the function of Pyridoxine (B6)?

A
  • RBC synthesis
  • Metabolism of FA
  • Converts tryptophan to niacin
  • Assists with immune function
57
Q

What are the diseases associated with Pyridoxine (B6) deficiencies?

A
  • Anemia
  • Dermatitis
  • Sore tongue
58
Q

What occurs from Pyridoxine (B6) toxic intakes?

A
  • Neurological damage

- Takes ~2 months of mega dosing 2-6 grams a day

59
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B12?

A
  • RBC synthesis
  • Maintain nerve cells
  • Intrinsic factor from stomach helps for absorption
60
Q

What are the food sources for Vitamin B12?

A
  • Meat
  • Fish
  • Poultry
61
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiencies occur from a lack of?

A
  • Intrinsic factor

- HCL

62
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin B12 deficiencies?

A

Atrophic Gastritis

- Chronic inflammation of stomach lining
Pernicious Anemia/Macrocytic Anemia

63
Q

What is the function of Pantothenic Acid?

A

Coenzyme for energy metabolism.

64
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)?

A
  • Antioxidant
  • ^ iron absorption
  • Collagen synthesis
65
Q

What occurs from Vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Bleeding gums
  • Bruises
  • Anemia
  • Scurvy
  • Wounds fail to heal properly
66
Q

What occurs at toxic intakes of Vitamin C?

A
  • Nausea
  • Cramps
  • Diarrhea
  • Iron overload
  • Obscures kidney stone tests
67
Q

What are some correlational facts between Vitamin C and the Common Cold?

A
  • Aids immune response
  • Antihistamine
  • Placebo effect
  • 1-2g/day
68
Q

What is water the most indispensable nutrient?

A
  • Transports nutrients and metabolic waste

- Universal solvent

69
Q

How much urine do we excrete a day?

A

1-2 quarts.

70
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

Approximately 60%.

71
Q

What is the water content of lean muscle and adipose tissue?

A
  • ~73% lean muscle

- ~20% adipose tissue

72
Q

What is the symptom progression for water?

A
  • Thirst
  • Weakness
  • Exhaustion
  • Death
73
Q

What occurs from intoxication of water?

A
  • Dilation of bodily fluids
  • Headache
  • Muscle weakness
  • Lack of concentration
  • Poor po
74
Q

What is the RDA of water for adults?

A
  • ~ 1ml/cal

- 1 liter per every 1000/cal (men 13/women 9)

75
Q

What is the function of an ion?

A

Control the flow of intra & extracellular fluid

76
Q

What are the different charges for ions?

A
  • Positive = Cation

- Negative = Anion

77
Q

What are Electrolytes?

A
  • Substances that break down into ions in water
  • Conduct electrical currents
  • (i.e. NaCl)
78
Q

Facts about Intracellular Fluids.

A
  • Metabolic functions take place

- Make up 65% of bodily fluids

79
Q

Facts about Extracellular Fluids.

A

Transport nutrients and waste.

80
Q

What are the factors that increase fluid needs?

A
  • Age
  • Infants & children (ignore thirst)
  • Elderly (Decrease of thirst sensation)
81
Q

How much water do you lose at mild dehydration?

A

<5% of body weight.

82
Q

How much water do you lose at severe dehydration?

A

> 5% body weight.

83
Q

Why is Chlorine a double-edged sword for water safety?

A
  • May cause cancer

- Kills harmful organisms in water

84
Q

Facts about Private Well Water.

A
  • Non-chlorinated
  • 40 million Americans have
  • Should be tested for harmful microorganisms
85
Q

Facts about Bottled vs. Tap Water.

A
  • 103/1000 bottles have been tested
  • 1/3 had trace amounts of harmful content
  • 1/4 of bottle is filled with tap water
86
Q

What are the advantages of Surface Water?

A
  • Moves faster than ground water
  • Aeration and exposure to sun clean it
  • Plants/Microorganisms act as filter
87
Q

What are Aquifers?

A

Underground rock formations with water that can be drawn to surface.

88
Q

How can Aquifers become contaminated?

A
  • Hazardous dumps
  • Oil/Gas leaks
  • Landfills (No aeration/sunlight)
89
Q

What does Home Water Purification remove?

A
  • Lead
  • Chlorine
  • Contaminants
90
Q

How much could it cost to purify home water?

A

$20-5,000.

91
Q

What test does bottled water bypass?

A
  • Cryptosporidium

- Asbestos

92
Q

What is BPA?

A

Chemical used to make clear, plastic water bottles and baby bottles.

93
Q

Equation?

A

-

94
Q

What are the functions of Minerals?

A
  • Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Transmits nerve impulses
  • Contracts muscles
  • Preserves body’s pH balance
95
Q

What is another function of Sodium?

A

Main cation outside of cell.

96
Q

What happens at toxic intakes of Sodium?

A
  • Thirst
  • Aggravates Hypertension and Strokes
  • Does NOT cause HTN
97
Q

What occurs from Sodium deficiency?

A
  • Muscle cramps
  • Mental apathy
  • Loss of appetite
98
Q

What are other functions of Potassium?

A
  • Main cation inside cell
  • Support cell integrity
  • Heartbeat
99
Q

What can cause potassium loss?

A

Diuretics.

100
Q

What occurs from Potassium deficiencies?

A
  • Irregular heartbeat

- Confusion

101
Q

What occurs from toxic intakes of Potassium?

A
  • Slow heart beat

- Intravenous intake can make heart stop beating

102
Q

What are other functions of Chloride?

A
  • Aids in digestion (part of HCl)

- Anion inside cell

103
Q

What occurs from deficiency of Chloride?

A
  • Growth failure
  • Muscle cramps
  • Loss of appetite
  • Mental apathy
104
Q

What occurs from toxic intakes of Calcium?

A
  • Abnormal heart rhythm
  • Kidney stones
  • Constipation
105
Q

What diseases are associated with Calcium deficiencies?

A
  • Osteopenia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Stunted growth in children
106
Q

What is the progression of Bone Loss in one’s lifespan?

A
  • At 30, bone density not as invested in

- At 40, bones will lose density

107
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • Age
  • Menopause
  • Gender
  • Genetics
  • White
108
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium?

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Enzyme reactions
  • Nerve and heart functions
  • Insulin function
109
Q

What is the split for Magnesium Content in the body?

A
  • 60% bone

- 40% cells

110
Q

What can Magnesium help with?

A
  • Decreasing blood pressure
  • Prevent heart rhythm abnormalities
  • Inhibit blood clotting
111
Q

What occurs from Magnesium deficiencies?

A
  • Disorientation

- Seizures

112
Q

What can occur from toxic intakes of Magnesium?

A
  • Diarrhea

- Fluid/electrolyte imbalance

113
Q

What are some Magnesium food sources?

A
  • Nuts
  • Chocolate
  • Hard water
114
Q

What are the other functions of Phosphorus?

A
  • Part of phospholipids
  • Part of DNA
  • Energy metabolism
115
Q

What happens with Phosphorus deficiencies?

A
  • Poor bone maintenance
  • Rickets
  • Impaired growth
116
Q

What occurs from toxic intakes of Phosphorus?

A

Calcification.

117
Q

What are the differences between Iron Sources?

A
  • Heme means animal sources

- Non-heme means plant-based sources

118
Q

What are the other functions of Iron?

A
  • Carries oxygen with hemoglobin
  • Myoglobin in muscles
  • Needed for metabolism
119
Q

What are items that limit Iron Absorption?

A
  • Tea (tannins)
  • Coffee
  • Excess Ca, P, Zinc
  • Whole grains (Phytates)
120
Q

What are some facts about Iron Absorption?

A
  • Increases with increased need

- MFP factor

121
Q

What occurs from toxic intakes of Iron?

A

Hemochromatosis.

122
Q

Facts about Hemochromatosis.

A
  • Genetic disease
  • Cause tissue damage, infection & oxidation of LDLs
  • Don’t take Vitamin C supplements (Do not want iron absorption)
123
Q

What are other functions of Zinc?

A
  • Cofactor
  • DNA synthesis
  • Develop sexual organs and sperm production
  • Fetal development
  • Taste perception
124
Q

What occurs from toxic intakes of Zinc?

A

Interferes with Fe and Cu absorption.

125
Q

What is the best source of Zinc?

A

Meat.

126
Q

What are other Fluoride functions?

A
  • Resists tooth decay

- Excess causes fluorosis

127
Q

What is Fluorosis?

A

Brown-mottled staining of teeth.

128
Q

Facts about Chromium.

A
  • With insulin, controls glucose levels

- No effect on body fat or lean muscles

129
Q

What are the general rules with trace minerals?

A
  • Toxic in excess
  • Excess of one may cause deficiency of another
  • Deficiency of one may cause toxicity of another
130
Q

.

A

energy balance, weight control, HD dm, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

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