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Anatomy > 4.08 - Reproductive System II > Flashcards

4.08 - Reproductive System II Flashcards

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1
Q

The primary male sex organs are the ____________

The ____________ organs include a complex set of ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis

Penis is organ of ____________

Sexual intercourse is also called ____________

A

Testes

Accessory

Copulation

Copulation

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2
Q

The ____________ is a skin-covered sac that provides testes with cooler environment than

The scrotum is homologous to ____________ ____________ in female

The ____________ is a midline ridge on scrotum

The ____________ ____________ is a layer of smooth muscle that is part of wall of scrotum

A

Scrotum

Labia majora

Raphe

Dartos muscle

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3
Q

The spermatic cord originates in ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ from deep abdominal muscles

Cremaster muscle and fascial form from extensions of ____________ ____________ muscles and aponeurosis

A

Inguinal canal

Internal spermatic fascia

Internal oblique muscle

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4
Q

____________ ____________ ____________ forms from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

____________ ____________ is a branch of abdominal aorta

____________ ____________ a network of veins surrounding testicular artery

A

External spermatic fascia

Testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus

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5
Q

____________ is an oval organ within scrotum
Functions include production of sperm and secretion of ____________

Covered anteriorly and laterally by ____________ ____________

  • has an outer ____________ layer and inner ____________ layer
A

Testis

testosterone

Tunica vaginalis

Parietal, visceral

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6
Q

____________ ____________ is a white fibrous capsule deep to tunica vaginalis that cover testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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7
Q

Back of tunica albuginea is ____________ ____________
- where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves enter

A

Mediastinum testes

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8
Q

Tunica albuginea projects internally into testes to form ____________
- subdivides to form 250 lobules
- each lobule contains up to 4 ____________ ____________ ____________

A

Septum

Convoluted seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells
- Sustentacular cells: nondividing support cells for ____________ ____________
Release ____________ when sperm count is high
Connected by ____________ junctions that form ____________ ____________ border

A

Sperm development
inhibin

Tight, blood testis

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10
Q

A population of dividing ____________ cells continuously produce sperm at beginning of puberty

A

Germ

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11
Q

Spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules are ____________ ____________
- ____________ cells reside in these space and produce ____________

A

interstitial space

interstitial, androgens

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12
Q

Development of sperm

  1. Germ cells are ____________ cells called ____________

Mitotic division of spermatogonia produce ____________ ____________ (committed cells)

  1. Meiosis I begins with diploid primary spermatocytes. Haploid cells are called ____________ ____________
  2. Meiosis Ii originates with ____________ ____________ and produces ____________
  3. Process of ____________ begins with spermatids
    Results in morphologic changes needed to form ____________ that will be motile
A

diploid, spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

Spermiogenesis, spermatozoa

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13
Q

Spermatozoa has ____________ ____________ over nucleus, a ____________, and ____________

A

Acrosome cap, midpiece, tail

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14
Q

Beginning at testis, ducts are:

A

Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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15
Q

The rete testis receive sperm from ____________ ____________
- channels merge to form ____________ ____________

A

Seminiferous tubuules
Efferent ductules

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16
Q

Efferent ductules connect the rete testis to ____________
- posteriosuperior surface of testes
- Epididymis consists of:

A

Epididymis

head, body tail

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17
Q

Internally, epididymis contains ____________ ____________ ____________ that stores sperm cells and assists in maturation

A

Long convulated duct

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18
Q

Sperm leaving epididymis enters ____________ ____________
- wall has inner ____________
- contraction of smooth muscle in muscularis ____________ sperm

A

Ductus deferens
Mucosa
propels

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19
Q

Ductus deferens travels within ____________ ____________ and enters pelvic cavity thru ____________ ____________

A

Spermatic cord, inguinal canal

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20
Q

As ductus deferens approaches prostate gland, it enlarges to form ____________ which unites proximal portion of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

A

Ampulla

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21
Q

Each ejaculatory duct conducts sperm and ____________ ____________ secretions to __________ ____________

A

Seminal vesicle, prostatic urethra

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22
Q

Urethra transports semen from ____________ ____________ to outside of body

____________ ___________ is prostate gland

Membranous urethra goes through ____________ ____________

____________ urethra thru penis

A

Ejaculatory ducts

prostatic urethra

Urogenital diaphragm

Spongy

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23
Q

Three glands secrete fluids to mix with sperm to create ____________ ____________
- ____________ acidity of vagina

When release during intercourse, semen is called ____________

A

Seminal fluid

Neutralize

Ejaculate

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24
Q

paired ____________ ____________ are on posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens

  • elongated, hollow organs that secrete viscous, whitish-yellow alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate

the ____________ ____________ is located inferior to urnary bladder
- slightly ____________ and contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate specific antigen

A

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Acidic

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25
____________ glands are paired pea-shaped - sit in urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra - secrete ____________ viscous mucin - mucus lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation
Bulbourethral clear
26
_________ and _________ are external genitalia in males
Penis and scrotum
27
Attached portion of penis is root forming _________ and _________ of penis
Bulb and crura
28
The _________ is elongated portion of penis
Body (Shaft)
29
Tip of penis is _________
Glans
30
Glans surrounds _________ _________ _________
External urethral orifice
31
_________ is foreskin of uncircumcised penis
Prepuce
32
Three erectile bodies of shaft - paired _________ _________ are located dorsolaterally - unpaired _________ _________ is ventral and along midline surrounding spongy urethra
Corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum
33
Distal end of corpus spongiosum continues with _________
Glans
34
Erectile bodies have venous spaces that fill blood from _________ _________ to produce an erection
Central artery
35
_________ innervation is responsible for erection
Parsympathetic
36
_________ innervation is responsible for ejaculation
Sympathetic
37
Is corpora cavernosa paired or unpaired?
Paired
38
Is corpus spongiosum paired or unpaired?
Unpaired
39
_________ _________ is appearance of genitalia which starts at 7th week of development
Phenotypic sex
40
if _________ gene is present, proteins that stimulate _________ hormones - male phenotypic development occurs What chromosome for males?
Sex-determining region Y (SRY) androgen Y
41
In 5th week, _________ _________ gives rise to _________ _________ that forms gonads
Intermediate mesoderm genital ridges
42
Two ducts form embryonically - _________ ducts form male duct system - _________ ducts form female duct system
Mesonephric (wolffian) Paramesonephric (Mullerian ducts)
43
In 6th week of development, there are external genitalia - paired _________ _________ on either side of urogenital membrane - a _________ _________ anterior to urogential folds - paired _________ _________, lateral to urethral folds
Urogenital folds genital tubercle Labiosacral swelling
44
Prenatal period is between _________ and _________
Fertilization and birth
45
pre-embryonic period: first _________ weeks after fertilization
2
46
embryonic period: - what weeks? - what happens?
3-8 - all major systems develop
47
Fetal period? - what weeks? - what happens? - what is organism called?
9-38 - growth and development - fetus
48
Within a week of fertilization, _________ enters uterus
Bastocyte
49
Blastocyte embeds within _________ layer of endometrium - process is called _________
Functional implantation
50
The _________ _________ and _________ produce 3 extraembryonic membrances
Bilaminar germinal disc, trophoblast
51
_________ _________ serves as a site for early blood cell and vessel formation
yolk sac
52
_________ is a thin layer of cells derived from _________ - a fluid-filled _________ _________ appears between amnion and epiblast layer
amnion, epiblast amniotic cavity
53
_________ is outermost layer of membrane responsible for formation of placenta
Chorion
54
Placenta is highly _________
Vascularized
55
Placenta: - exchange of what? - transmission of _________ _________ to embryo - production of _________ and _________ to maintain uterine lining
Nutrients, waste products, gases - maternal antibodies - estrogen, progesterone
56
Placenta develops from both embryo and mother - embryonic portion is _________ - maternal portion is _________
Chorion Functional layer of endometrium
57
Early embryo is attached to placenta by _________ _________
Umbilical cord
58
_________ _________ are edge of chorion - inside villi are branches from _________ _________ _________ - adjacent to villi is _________
Chorionic villi - umbilical blood vessels - functional layer of endometrium
59
Amniocentesis - fetal cells obtained from _________ _________ - usually performed at what week?
Amniotic fluid 14
60
Chorionic villi sampling - fetal cells obtained from _________ _________ - can be done at what week (and later)? - sample can be taken through _________ or _________ _________
Chorionic villi - week 10 - Cervix, abdominal sampling
61
Near end of third month of pregnancy, _________ occupies most of pelvic cavity - as fetus grows, uterus extends _________ into abdominal cavity
Uterus higher
62
Uterus - pushes maternal intestines, liver, stomach _________ - _________ diaphragm - _________ thoracic cavity
Superiorly elevates widens
63
_________ of ureters and urinary bladder during pregnancy - _________ on veins returning blood from pelvis and lower limbs
Compression pressure
64
symptoms of pregnancy - _________ _________ - _________ _________ pain - _________ enlargement - _________ heart rate and blood volume - _________ volume of air inhaled and exhaled - _________ symptoms - increased _________ due to fluid retention
Weight gain lower back breast increased increased urinary edema
65
Obstetrics is medicine that deals with pregnancy and birth - _________ also means giving birth - _________ is the process by which fetus is expelled from vagina
parturition labor
66
uterine contractions start from _________ of uterus and move _________ - labor begins when uterine contractions occur at regular intervals, usually causing pain. - as intervals between contraction _________, contractions _________
top, downward shorts, intensify
67
Stage of dilation: The time from _________ to _________. - how many hours does it last?
Onset of labor to complete dilation 6-12 hours
68
What happens in stage of dilation? - _________ of uterus - _________ _________ - _________ _________ of cervix
Contractions rupturing of amniotic sac Complete dilation
69
Stage of expulsion - Time from _________ to _________ - how much time?
Complete dilation to delivery 10 min to several hours
70
Placental stage - The time of what? - How long?
Placenta is expelled by powerful uterine contractions - 3-5 minutes to an hour
71
What is dystocia?
Difficult labor
72
Dystocia is caused by - Abnormal ________ of fetus - _________ _________ of inadequate size
Position Birth canal
73
What is a breech presentation? when does it commonly occur?
Fetal lower limbs enter birth canal first Premature births
74
What is C-section? Where is the cut made?
When baby is delivered through an abdominal incision Low horizontal cut through abdominal wall, lower portion of uterus
75
A history of C-sections means what?
Does not mean the pregnant woman didn't attempt vaginal delivery
76
Premature infant weighs less than _________ lbs - What problem occurs after delivery for an infant under 36 weeks?
5.5 Respiratory distress syndrome
77
RDS is due to insufficient _________
Surfactant
78
What does surfactant do?
Produced by lung cells that decrease surface tension and reduces tendency of air sacs to collapse
79
RDS can be fixed using _________ and _________ that deliver oxygen until lungs can operate on their own
Artificial surfactant, ventilator

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