4.06 Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Kidneys and ureters are __________
Urinary bladder is __________
A
Retroperitoneal
Infraperitoneal
2
Q
Nephrology is study of __________
A
Kidneys
3
Q
Functions of urinary system
storage of urine, expulsion of urine
Regulation of __________ volume under direction of certain hormones
Regulation of __________ production by release of __________
Regulation of __________ levels such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate
Regulation of __________ balance by altering levels of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
A
blood
erythrocyte, erythropoietin (EPO)
Ion
Acid-base
4
Q
most of our water output is through __________
A
Urine
5
Q
Superior pole of left kidney is at level of T-
- superior pole of right kidney is 2 cm lower to accommodate __________
- Superior poles have __________ __________ resting on them
A
T12
Liver
Adrenal glands
6
Q
Each kidney has a __________
- continuous with an internal space called __________ __________
A
Hilum
Renal sinus
7
Q
Inferior pole is at level of what vertebra
A
L3
8
Q
What type of CT is in fibrous capsule?
A
Dense irregular CT
9
Q
What does fibrous capsule cover?
A
Outer surface of kidney
10
Q
Perinephric fat is __________ for cushioning
A
Adipose
11
Q
What type of CT does renal fascia have?
A
Dense irregular
12
Q
What does renal fascia do?
A
Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall
13
Q
Parahephric fat is __________ located between what?
A
Adipose, renal fascia and peritoneum
14
Q
What is the tissue layers from inner to outer?
A
Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia
Paranephric fat
15
Q
Kidney is divided into outer __________ __________ and inner __________ __________
A
Renal cortex, renal medulla
16
Q
renal columns are extensions of renal CORTEX that project into medulla and subdivide into __________ __________
A
Renal pyramids
17
Q
A typical kidney has how many renal pyramids?
A
8-15
18
Q
The wide base of renal pyramid makes contact with cortex at __________ __________
A
Corticomedullary junction
19
Q
An apex of renal pyramid is __________ __________
A
renal papilla
20
Q
Each renal papilla projects into hollow funnel structure called __________ __________
A
Minor calyx
21
Q
Several minor calyces fuse to form
A
Major calyx
22
Q
major calyx fuse to form the __________ __________
A
Renal pelvis
23
Q
The renal pelvis collects urine and transports to __________
A
Ureter
24
Q
A kidney has how many renal lobes?
A
8-15
25
each lobe consists of a __________ and __________ immediately surrounding pyramid
Renal pyramid, corticol tissue
26
Blood enters kidneys by __________ __________
within renal sinus, renal arteries branch into __________ __________
Renal arteries
Segmental arteries
27
Segmental arteries branch into
Interlobar arteries
28
Interlobar arteries travel in __________ __________
Renal columns
29
At carticomedullary junction, interlobar arteries branch into __________ __________
Acruate arteries
30
Acruate arteries give rise to __________ __________ arteries
Interlobular arteries
31
Interlobular arteries radiate into __________
As they enter the kidney cortex, they extend into __________ __________
Cortex
Afferent anterioles
32
An afferent arteriole enters a __________ __________ and forms a tuft of capillaries called __________
Renal corpuscle, glomerulus
33
Some plasma is filtered out of capillaries into capsular space within renal corpuscle
- remaining blood exits glomerulus and renal corpuscle via __________ __________
- branches into what two capillary networks?
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular, vasa recta
34
Paratubular capillaries
surround the __________ __________ and reside in __________
Convoluted tubules, cortex
35
Vasa recta
associated mainly with __________ __________ and resides in __________
Nephron loop, medulla
36
What is the smallest vein?
interlobular vein
37
Interlobular veins merge to form __________ __________
Arcuate veins
38
Arcuate veins merge to form __________ veins
- merges in renal sinus to form __________ __________ in each kidney
Interlobular
Renal vein
39
__________ is functional filtration unit of kidney
Nephron
40
Nephron consists of __________ __________ and __________ __________
Renal corpuscle, renal tubule
41
Renal tubule consists of what?
Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
42
Corticol nephron
bulk of nephron resides in __________
- accounts for 85%
Cortex
43
Juxtamedullary nephrons
- renal corpuscle lies near __________ __________
- __________ __________ extends deep into medulla (accounts for 15% of all nephrons)
Corticomedullary junction
Long nephron loop
44
Filtration:
- water and dissolved solutes move out of __________ and into __________ __________ of renal corpuscle due to pressure
- once fluid leaves plasma and enters capsular space, it is called __________
Glomerulus, capsular space
Filtrate
45
Tubular resporption
- substances in filtrate return to __________
- most __________ and all needed solutes in filtrate are reabsorbed
Blood
water
46
Tubular secretion
- solutes are actively transported out of blood into __________ __________
Tubular fluid
47
Renal corpuscle is __________ part of nephron
- glomerulus:
Bulbous
Thick tangle of capillaries
48
glomerular capsule: an epithelial capsule surrounding glomerulus; made of two layers separated by __________ __________
Visceral layer: made of ___________
Parietal layer: made of ___________ ___________ epithelium
Capsular space
Podocytes
Simple squamous
49
What layer of the glomerular capsule contains glomerulus?
Visceral
50
At corpuscle's ___________ ___________, the afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole exits
at corpuscle's ___________ ___________ (urinary pole), the proximal convoluted tubule exits
Vascular pole
Tubular pole
51
The ________ ________ is a thin structure with three layers
Filtration membrane
52
3 layers of filtration membrane
Endothelium of glomerulus: ________, allowing filtration but preventing passage of large materials
Basement membrane of glomerulus: ________, restrict passage of large proteins
Visceral layer of glomerulus capsule: made of ________
- cells with ________ that wrap around glomerulus capillaries
- pedicels are separated by ________ ________
Role of remainder of nephron to adjust to contents of filtrate
Fenestrations
Porous
Podocytes
- pedicels
- filtration slits
53
Juxaglomerular apparatus: associated with _____________ that helps regulate _____________ _____________
Nephrons, blood pressure
54
Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells: modified _____________ muscle cells of ____________ _____________ located where?
- can release _____________ (increase in BP)
- occurs in direct response to drop in BP or simulation by sympathetic nervous system
Smooth, afferent arteriole
vascular pole of renal corpuscle
Renin
55
What does Renin do?
Causes increase in BP
56
Macula densa: modified epithelial cells - located where?
- contacts _____________ cells
- monitors _____________ concentration in tubular fluid and stimulates granular ells
distal convoluted tube
Granular
ion
57
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
- located where?
- can contract and _____________ filtered particles
Between granular cells and arterioles
- phagocytize
58
Proximal convoluted tubule begins at _____________ _____________ of renal corpuscle
- walls have what epithelium?
- What does the epithelium have?
Cells absorb almost all _____________ leaked through filtration membrane
- reabsorbed nutrients and water enter _____________ _____________ and return to circulation
tubular tubule
Simple cuboidal
tall microvilli
nutrients
peritubular capillaries
59
Distal convoluted tubul
- sits in _____________ _____________
- What does it contact?
- what epithelium?
- What is it lined with?
- secretes _____________ and _____________ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid
- responds to _____________ and _____________ by altering reabsorption
Renal cortex
- afferent arteriole wall at vascular pole
- simple cuboidal
- short, sparse microvilli
- K+ and H+
- ADH and aldesterone
60
What does ADH do?
Increased water absorption
61
What does aldosterone do?
Causes increased sodium reabsorption
62
Nephron loop projects into _____________
Descending limb:
- extends from _____________ to _____________
- lined with what?
Ascending limb:
- returns from _____________ to _____________
- lined with what?
Loop facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes like what?
medulle
cortex to medulla
- simple cuboidal then simple squamous
medulla to cortex
- simple squamous then simple cuboidal
sodium, chloride
63
Distal convoluted leads to _____________ _____________
- empties into _____________
Collecting tubules
Collecting ducts
64
Collecting ducts course through medulla towards _____________ _____________
- lined with what?
Renal papilla
Simple cuboidal, simple columnar
65
Collecting ducts modify _____________ _____________ under influence of what hormones?
Tubular fluid, ADH, aldestrone
66
Higher levels of ADH and aldesterone leads to retention of what?
Sodium and water
Na+ and H2O
67
Once tubular leaves collecting duct and enters papillary duct, it's called _____________
- Papillary duct opens into _____________ _____________
minor calyx
68
Major and minor calyx and pelvis are lined with what epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
69
What is the path of urine drainage?
Collecting tubules, collecting ducts, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
70
Each of the ureters is a _____________ tube that conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder
- originates at _____________ _____________ at what location?
Where does urine enter after that?
Fibromuscular
renal pelvis at hilum of kidney
base of urinary bladder at posterolateral wall
71
Layers of ureter
- mucos has _____________ epithelium and _____________ _____________ (dense irregular CT0
muscularis: contains inner _____________ layer and outer _____________ layer of smooth muscle
Adventitia: _____________ tissue
Transitional, lamina propria
longitudinal, circular
Areolar CT
72
Urinary bladder is located where?
In females where is it?
In males where is it?
Posterior to pubic symphysis
- anteroinferior to utereus and anterior to vagina
- anterior to rectum, superior to prostate gland
73
Only the _____________ surface of urinary bladder is covered with peritoneum
Superior
74
Neck of bladder is located inferior and connects to _____________
The posteroinferior triangular area is called _____________
- it has two _____________ openings and a _____________ opening
Urethra
trigone
- ureteral
- urethral
75
Urinary bladder: 4 tunics
Mucosa: _____________ epithelium , _____________ (mucusal folds) allow for distension
Submucosa: _____________ CT supports wall
Muscularis: three layers of smooth muscle called _____________ muscle
- thickened _____________ at urethral opening
Adventitia: outer layer of _____________ CT
(EXCEPT for superior surface)
Transitional, rugae
dense irregular
detrusor
- internal urethral sphincter
areolar
76
Urethra is _____________ tube that conducts urine out of body
- lined with _____________ cells
- has smooth muscle to propel urine
Fibromuscular
Mucin-producing
77
Two sphincter in urethra
Internal and external urethral sphincter
78
Where is internal urethral sphincter?
Is it voluntary or involuntary?
Neck of bladder
Involuntary
79
Where is external urethral sphincter
is it voluntary or involuntary?
Urogenital diaphragm
voluntary
80
Female urethra only transports _____________
- what type of epithelium?
urine
Stratified squamous
81
Male urethra transports both
Urine and semen
82
Male urethrea
- prostatic urethra: _____________ lining, through _____________
- membranous urethra: short segment through _____________, what lining?
- spongy urethra: long segment through _____________ _____________ of penis
what lining?
transitional
prostate gland
urogenital lining
stratified columnar, pseudostratified
Erectile tissue
psuedostratified proximally
Stratified squamous laterally
83
Opening of male urethra is called
External urethral orifice
84
Urogenital ridges give rise to
- pronephros: _____________ organ that quickly degenerates in what week?
- mesonephros: group of saclike segments in _____________ and _____________ regions that from what weeks?
Metanephros: forms _____________, takes over urine production at what week?
- forms _____________ _____________ (gives rise to calyces, pelvis, ureter_ and metanephric mesoderm (forms nephron parts)
- vestigial, week 4
- thoracic, lumbar
- weeks 4-10
kidney, week 10
ureteric bud
