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Anatomy > 4.09 Endocrine system > Flashcards

4.09 Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are secreted into __________ __________ and __________

A

Interstitial fluid, blood stream

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2
Q

Hormones bind at hormone __________ and affect __________ __________

Regulation, metabolism, secretion

A

Receptors, target cells

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3
Q

Endocrine glands are __________
- all endocrine organs have an extensive distribution of __________ __________
- endocrine and nervous system both function to communicate signals throughout body to bring __________

  • called __________ system
A

ductless
blood vessels
homeostasis

neuroendocrine

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4
Q

Target of stimulation
- nervous system:
- Endocrine system:

A

Other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells
any cells in the body with a receptor for hormone

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5
Q

Communication method
- nervous system
- endorine system

A

Neurotransmitter release from neuron into synaptic cleft
Hormones transported within blood

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6
Q

Response time
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:

A

Rapid reaction time
relatively slow

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7
Q

Range of effect
- nervous system
- endocrine system

A

Localized, specific effects in the body
widespread effects throughout the bodY

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8
Q

Duration of response
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:

A

Short-term, ends with removal of stimulus
- long-lasting: may continue if stimulus removed

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9
Q

Hormones can only affect __________ __________ or __________ that have receptors for specific hormone

A

Target cells, organs

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10
Q

Three chemical classes of hormones
- protein hormones: chains of __________ __________, smaller chains of __________

  • biogenic amines: small molecules made by __________ structure of amino acid
  • steroid hormones: type of __________ derived from __________
A

Amino acids, peptide

altering

lipid, cholesterol

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11
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by self adjusting mechanism called __________ __________

  • two types of feedback: negative and positive

__________ feedback is more common

A

Feedback loop

Negative

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12
Q

__________ is control system of endocrine system

secretes __________hormones that control release of __________ _________ hormones

A

Hypothalamus

Regulatory, anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Hypothalamus releases __________ and __________ hormones

A

Releasing (RH), inhibiting(IH)

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14
Q

Hypothalamus (posterior pituitary) produces __________ and __________ hormone

Stored in and released from __________ __________ __________

A

Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic (ADH)

Posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

Hypothalamus controls stimulation of __________ __________

  • by exciting __________ __________ system is stimulates adrenal gland to secrete hormones
A

Adrenal medulla

Nervous system

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16
Q

Pituitary gland also called __________
located __________ to hypothalamus
- connected by _________

Divided into __________ and __________ lobes

A

hypophysis
inferior
infundibulum

anterior, posterior

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary gland
- Pars distalis: large, __________ part
- Pars intermedia: scant part between __________ and __________
- pars stuberalis: wrapping around __________

A

Anterior
pars distalis, posterior pituitary
infundibulum

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18
Q

Anterior pituitary is controlled by __________ hormones secreted from __________

Travel through __________ __________ portal system

A

Regulatory, hypothalamus

hypothalamo-hypophyseal

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19
Q

Hypothalamus has __________ __________ network drained by __________ __________

A

primary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

Within anterior pituitary, the portal veins disperse into __________ __________ of capillaries
- hypothalamic hormones exit blood and access anterior pituitary cells

A

Secondary plexus

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21
Q

Blood from anterior pituitary enters system circulation via __________ __________

A

Anterior hypophyseal veins

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22
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes several __________ hormones that stimulate other glands to secrete hormones
- thyrotropic cells of pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormon

A

Tropic
Thyroid stimulating

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23
Q

Gonadotropic cells in parts distalis secrete what hormones?

A

Follicle stimulation, Luteinizing

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24
Q

Corticotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormone

Somatotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ hormone which stimulates __________ __________ from liver

A

Adrenocorticotropin

Growth hormone, insulin like growth factors

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25
Anterior pituitary's pars intermedia secretes __________ hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating
26
posterior pituitary is __________ part of pituitary gland - comprised of __________ and __________
Neuro pars nervosa, infundibulum stalk
27
Neural conection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is __________ __________
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
28
neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus have __________ axons in tract When they fure impulses, they release hormones from terminals in __________ __________ to bloodstream
Unmyelinated Posterior pituitary
29
Posterior pituity secretes what hormones?
Antidiuretic (vasopressin), oxytocin
30
What gland is the largest?
Thyroid
31
Thyroid gland is located __________ to thyroid cartilage and anterior to __________ Butterfly shape with left and right lobes connected by midline __________
Inferior, trachea Isthmus
32
Thyroid gland is composed of __________ __________ containing __________ __________ __________ cells produce and secrete __________ Iodine molecules are combined with TGB to make thyroid hormone precursors that are stored in colloid - when needed for secretion, follicular cells make up TGB and convert to __________
Thyroid follicles, colloid cuboidal follicular cells, thyroglobulin Thyroid hormone
33
Parafollicular cells - largest endocrine cells located between __________ __________ - secrete __________ in response to elevated blood CALCIUM - reduced blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium loss in urine
Thyroid follicles calcitonin
34
Low body temperatures signal hypothalamus to release __________ __________ (TRH) hormone - causes anterior pituitary gland to release __________ __________ (TSH)hormone - TSH stimulates thyroid follicles to release __________ (TH) hormone - TH stimulates many cells to increase __________ rate which inreases body temp Increased temp inhibits ____ release ____ inhibits release of TRH and TSH
Thyrotropin releasing thyroid stimulating thyroid metabolic TRH TH
35
Increase temperature inhibits __________ release TH inhibits release of what?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone Thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
36
Parathyroid glands are on __________ surface of thyroid gland
Posterior
37
Chief cells secrete __________ hormone - raises blood calcium levels by sitmulating osteoclasts, stimulating __________ __________ and preventing calcium lost through urine __________ __________: function unknown
Parathyroid calcitriol synthesis Oxyphil cells
38
Where are adrenal glands?
Superior border of kidneys
39
There is outer and inner adrenal __________ and __________ - each region secretes different hormones
Cortex, medulla
40
Each adrenal cortex produces __________ hormones
Corticosteroid
41
(Get Filthy Rich) Zona glomerulosa: produces __________ such as __________ Zona fasciculata: produces __________ such as __________ and __________ Zona reticularis: produces __________including __________
mineralocoricoids, aldosterone glucocorticoids, cortisone and corticosterone Gonadocorticoids, androgens
42
Adrenal __________ is gland's inner core has __________ cells which are modified ganglionic cells of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system - secretes __________ and __________, (fight or flight response of sympathetic nervous system)
Medulla Chromaffin Norepinephrine, epinephrine
43
The __________ sits between the duodenum and spleen
Pancrease
44
The pancreas is __________ to the stomach
posterior
45
Pancreas has __________ __________ that produce aklaline secretions into ducts that lead to duodenum for digestion Also contains small clusters of endocrine cells called __________ __________
Pancreatic acini Pancreatic islets
46
What are the four types of islet cells?
Alpha, beta, delta, F cells
47
Pancreas islet cells: secrete __________ alpha cells: secrete __________ to raise blood glucose Beta cells: secrete __________ to lower blood glucose Delta cells: secrete __________ (GHIH) which slows rate of nutrient entry into bloodstream F cells: secrete __________ __________ to suppress somatostatin secretion
hormones glucagon insulin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide
48
Pineal is in posterior __________
Epithalamus
49
Its pinealocytes secrete __________, makes us drowsy
Melatonin
50
Melatonin - production __________at night - has effect on _________ system hormones
increases reproductive
51
Thymus is located superior to _________ and deep to _________
Heart, sternum
52
Thymus - contains epithelial cells and maturing _________ - larger in _________ - functions with _________ system to regulate immune system - produces _________ and _________ hormones that stimulate growth of T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes infants lymphatic Thymopoetin, thymosins
53
Kidney hormones help regulate what?
Electrocytes, erythrocyte production, blood volume, blood pressure
54
Kidney hormones - _________ is actie vitamin, stimulates calcium intake in intestine - _________ raises rate of erythrocyte production - _________ helps form angiotensin II
Calcitrol Erythropoietin Renin
55
Heart atrial cells secrete _________ that increases sodium and water excretion - _________ blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide lowers
56
GI tract organs secrete - _________ - _________
Gastrin Secretin
57
Gastric stimulates secretion of _________ _________ secretin regulates _________ in digestive organs
Gastric acids secretions
58
Adipose tissue releases _________
Leptin
59
Leptin regulates _________
Hunger
60
The gonads produce _________ hormones
Sex
61
Ovaries produce what hormones?
Estrogen, progesterone
62
Testes produce _________ such as testosterone
Androgens
63
Gonads secrete _________ that inhibit _________ hormone secrtion
Inhibin Follicle stimulating hormone secretion
64
Placenta produces what hormon?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Anatomy (21 decks)

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