4.04 - Digestive System 1 Flashcards by User 28

Food mixed with saliva is __________

Bolus

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stomach converts bolus into_________

Chyme

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Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus are all part of __________ __________

GI tract

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Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas are __________ __________

Accessory organs

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__________ is introduction of materials in mouth

__________ involves voluntary and involuntary contractions that mix and move materials through GI tract

__________ is a ripple wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move along GI tract

__________ is churning movements in small intestine that disperse materials and combine with digestive secretions

Ingestion

Motility

Peristalsis

Segmentation (mixing)

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Secretion involves release of __________ or fluids such as acid, bile are digestive enzymes

Mucin

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Digestion breaks large food items down
- __________ digestion physically breaks down materials (including mastication)

__________ digestion breaks down ingested materials into smaller molecules using enzymes

Mechanical

Chemical

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__________involves movement of molecules across GI tract epithelium and into blood and lymph

Elimination involves __________ of indigestible waste products (feces)

Absorption

Elimination

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The oral cavity is lined by __________ __________ __________ epithelium

Oral cavity boundaries

Superior:
Inferior:
Anterior:
Posterior

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Palate
mylohyoid muscle
teeth and lips
oropharynx

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The Vestibule is between __________/__________ and __________

The oral cavity proper is medial to __________ __________ of jaw bones

Cheeks/lips, gums

alveolar processes

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The __________ cover the alveolar processes of teeth

Internal surface of lip is attached to it by __________ __________

Gingivae

Labial frenulum

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The __________ is the opening from oral cavity to oropharynx

bound anteriorly by __________ __________
bound posteriorly by __________ __________

the __________ __________ are housed between two arches

Fauces

Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch

Palatine tonsils

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The __________ forms the roof of oral cavity

Anterior 2/3 of palate is the __________ __________
- Consists of __________ bones and __________ bones
- Ridges called __________ __________ __________ which help tongue in manipulation of food

Palate

Hard palate
- Maxilla, palatine
- Transverse palatine folds

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Posterior 1/3 of palate is __________ __________
- __________ extends posteriorly
- elevates during swallowing and closes off posterior entrance to nasopharynx

Soft palate
- uvula

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The tongue is made most of __________ muscle
- superior surface has __________
- manipulates ingested material and helps compress into __________
- assists in swallowing

Skeletal
- papillae
- bolus

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The inferior surface of tongue attaches to floor of mouth by __________ __________
- posterioinferior surface has __________ __________

Lingual frenulum
Lignual tonsils

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Saliva
- __________ materials to become a slick bolus
- moistens, cleanses, lubricates the structures of oral cavity
- Begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates with __________
- Antibacterial action with __________
- Dissolves food so __________ __________ can be simulated

Moistens

amylase
Lysosome
taste receptors

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__________ __________ glands produce a small amount of saliva within the mouth
- contains __________ __________

Intrinsic salivary
- lingual lipase

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How many cells are in intrinsic salivary glands?

Unicellular

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Three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands make most of saliva:

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual `

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Three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands make most of saliva:

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual `

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What is the largest salivary gland?

Parotid

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Parotid salivary
- anterior and inferior to the __________
- Parotid duct runs parallel to __________ __________ across the masseter muscle and pierces __________ muscle before opening into mouth near second upper molar

Ear
- Zygomatic arch, buccinator

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What salivary gland secretes 25-30% of saliva?

What salivary gland secretes 3-5% of saliva?

What salivary gland secretes 60-70% (majority) of saliva?

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

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Sublingual salivary gland is __________ to the tongue - contains multiple __________ __________ opening into __________ surface of oral cavity

Inferior Sublingual ducts, inferior

Submandibular salivary glands reside __________ to mandible Produce __________ of saliva Submandibular duct opens through a __________ in floor of mouth next to __________ __________

Inferior Majority Papilla, lingual frenulum

Two types of cells in salivary glands Mucous cells: secret __________ which forms mucus upon __________ Serous cells: secretes fluid with __________, __________ and salivary __________

Mucin, hydration ions, lysozyme, amylase

Teeth are collectively known as __________ - a tooth has an exposed __________, a constricted __________, and one or more __________

Dentition - crown, neck, roots

Roots fit into __________ __________ (sockets) and are connected to jaw bone with __________ __________ - Each root is covered with hard __________

Dental alveoli periodontal ligaments cementum

The crown is formed by tough __________ __________forms primary mass of tooth center of tooth is __________ __________ that contains connective tissue called __________

Enamel Dentin Pulp cavity, pulp

Root canal is continuous with __________ __________ and opens at __________ __________ - __________ __________ and __________ pass through opening and are housed in pulp

Pulp cavity, apical foramen blood vessels, nerves

What are milk teeth called? When do they erupt? How many are there?

Deciduous teeth 6 and 30 months 2-

How many permanent teeth are there? What do they replace?

32 Deciduous

What are the surface of the teeth?

Medial Distal Buccal Labial Lingual Occlusal

Incisors: __________ and shaped like chisels for __________ Canines: posterolateral to __________, pointed for __________ and __________

anterior, slicing Posterolateral, puncturing and tearing

premolars: posterolateral to __________, have __________ crowns with __________ for crushing and grinding

canines, flat, ridges

Molars: __________ and most __________ teeth - adapted for __________ and __________

Thickest, posterior Crushing, grinding

What type of tooth is wisdom tooth?

Third molar

__________ pertioneum lines inside surface of body wall

Parietal

__________ peritoneum covers surface of internal organs within cavity

Visceral

__________ __________ between two serous peritoneums organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum called __________ __________ (stomach)

Peritoneal cavity Intraperitoneal organs

Organs that lie against posterior abdominal wall are only covered by peritoneum on anterolateral surfaces are called __________ __________

Retroperitoneal organs

Stomach is an example of __________ organ

Intraperitoneal

Pancreas and rectum are __________ organs

Retroperitoneal

__________ are folds of peritoneum that support __________ organs

Mesenteries, intraperitoneal

__________ vessels, __________ vessels, nerves are sandwhiched between two folds and supply digestive organs

Blood, lympatic, nerves

Types of mesenteries __________ omentum connects lessert curvture of stomach and proximal end of duodenum of liver __________ omentum extends inferiorly like an apron from greater curvature of stomach and covers most abdominal organs

Lesser Greater

The __________ __________ suspends most of small intestines from posterior abdominal wall

mesentery proper

What two mesecolons are peeritoneal folds that attach parts of the large intestine to posterior abdominal wall?

Transverse, sigmoid

Coronary ligament connects: Falciform ligaments connects: Lienorenal ligament connects:

Liver to diaphragm Liver to abdominal wall Spleen kidney

Tunics of GI Wall Mucosa: - __________ epithelium - Underlying areolar CT called __________ __________ - Thin layer of smooth muscle called __________ __________

inner - lamina propria - muscularis mucosae

Tunics of GI wall Submucosa: __________ or __________ __________ CT __________ ducts __________ secreting glands __________ vessels nerves including __________ __________ __________

Areolar or dense irregular Lymphatic mucin blood Submucosal nerve plexus

Muscularis: Inner circular layer: constricts __________ and forms __________ Outer longitudinal layer: __________ tube Nerve fibers and associated ganglia between two layers of muscle is called __________ __________ __________

Lumen, sphincters shortens Myentric nerve plexus

Adventitia or serosa __________ layer of GI tract wall - Adventitia is made of __________ CT with __________ and __________ fibers Serosa is the same but covered by __________ __________

Outermost Areolar, collagen, elastic Visceral peritoneum

Esophagus moves food from __________ to __________ Passes through opening in diaphragm called __________ __________ before it connects to __________

Pharynx to stomach esophageal hiatus, stomach

Esophagus runs anterior to __________ __________

Vertebral bodies

Esophageal mucosa has __________ __________ epithelium Submucosa is thick with many __________ fibers and __________ glands

Stratified squamous Elastic, mucous

muscularis of esophagus contains both __________ and __________ muscle

Skeletal and muscle

The esophageal muscularis transitions from skeletal muscle (__________ control of swallowing) to smooth muscle __________ superior esophageal spincter - ring of __________ muscle at top of esophagus, closes during __________ to prevent air entry inferior esophageal sphincter: - ring of __________ muscle at bottom of esophagus, prevents materials from __________ from stomach

voluntary, inferiorly skeletal, inhalation smooth, regurgitating

Three phases of swallowing - voluntary phase occurs in __________ - pharyngeal phase begins as __________ enters oropharynx and involves __________ swallowing reflex controlled by __________ __________ -esophageal phase: consists of 5-8 seconds when bolus passes involuntarily through __________ to __________

mouth bolus, involuntary, medulla oblangata esophagus, stomach

Pharyngeal phase: __________ palate and __________ close off __________ __________ elevates so __________ closes over laryngeal opening

Soft, uvula Larynx, epiglottus

Esophageal phase __________ __________ __________ closes __________ __________ __________ opens

Superior esophageal sphincter inferior esophageal sphincter

stomach is in __________ __________ quadrant of abdomen bolus is processed into __________

Upper left Chyme

Four regions of stomach - cardia: entryway, meets esophagus at opening called __________ - Fundus: dome shaped portion __________ and __________ to cardiac orifice -body: largest part, __________ to cardiac orifice and fundus - pylorus: funnel-shaped, includes __________ __________ and __________ __________ smooth muscle __________ __________ controls opening to duodenum

Cardiac orifice superior and lateral inferior pyloric antrum, pyloric canal pyloric sphinter

Inferior convex border of stomach is __________ __________ superior concava border is __________ __________ internal surface of stomach has __________ __________

greater curvature lesser curvature gastric folds (rugae)

Stomach is lined by __________ __________ epithelium lining is indented by __________ __________ at base of each pit is opening to several __________ __________

Simple columnar Gastric pits gastric glands

Gastric secretions surface mucous cells secrete __________ fluid with __________ Mucous neck cells secrete __________ fluid with __________ parietal cells secrete __________ __________ and __________ __________ (necessary for absorbing vitamin B12

alkaline, mucin acidic, mucin hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor

Chief cells secrete __________ Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones such as __________ (aids in gastric motility)

Pepsinogen Gastrin

Small intestine finishes chemical digestion and is responsible for most _________ absorption Food spends about _________ hours in small intestine

Nutrient 12

3 parts of small intestine:

Duodenum, ileum, jejunum

Duodenum is C shaped in originates at _________ _________ - continuous with jejunum at _________ _________ - contains _________ _________ _________ which is site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter GI tract - _________ _________ _________ receives small amount of pancreatic juice

Pyloric sphincter - duodenojejunal flexure - major duodenal papilla - minor duodenal papilla

Jejunum is _________ portion of small intestine - primary region for _________ digestion and _________ absorption

Middle Chemical, nutrient

Ileum - _________ segment of small intestine - distal end terminates at _________ _________ , a sphincter that controls entry of materials into large intestine

Last Ileocecal valve

histology of small intestine mucosal and submucosal tunics are _________ _________ _________ are on surface of it

Circular folds villi

_________ are on surface of villi _________ _________ between villi are invaginations of mucosa that release secretin - stimulates production of digestive juices submucosal glands of duodenum produce _________ _________

Microvilli Intestinal glands alkaline mucus

Large intestine absorbs fluids and compacts waste and solidifies into _________ - stores feces until _________

feces defacation

The cecum is a blind sac located in _________ _________ quadrant _________ _________ is a thin hollow appendage with lymphatic nodules _________ _________ is a junction between small and large intestine

Lower right vermiform appendix Ileocecal valce

Ascending colon extends upward from _________ along right lateral border of abdomen - near liver, makes 90 degree turn called _________ _________ _________

Cecum Right colic flexure

Transverse colon extens from _________ ________ _________ to _________ _________ _________

Right colic flexure to left colic flexure

Descending colon runs down left side of abdomen and terminates at _________ _________

Sigmoid colon

Sigmoid colon has S shape ( the _________ _________) and is suspended by _________ _________. Terminates at _________

Sigmoid flexure sigmoid mesentery, Rectum

rectum has three thick transverse folds called _________ _________ - ensure fecal material is retained during passage of gas rectum terminates at _________ _________ passes through opening of _________ _________ muscles of pelvic floor

Rectal valves Anal canal Levator ani

_________ _________ lines internal surface of anal canal _________ _________ secrete mucin for lubrication during defacation internal and external anal sphincters _________ during defacation veins in anus are _________ when swollen inside or outside anus

Anal columns Anal sinuses relax hemorrhoids

Histology of large intestine - mucosa lined with _________ _________ epithelium with many _________ cells longitudinal muscle is incomplete, forming bundles called _________ _________ - contraction of it bunch up intestine into many sacs called _________ extending off external surface of _________ is lobules of fat called _________ _________

Simple columnar, goblet Teniae coli haustra haustra, omentum appendices