Brain and Cranial Nerves 2

Question 1

Diencephelon componenets:
Brainstem components:

Answer 1

Epithalamas, thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain, hindbrain: pons + medulla oblangata

Question 2

Epithalamus:
- Partially forms posterior roof of diencephelon and covers __________ ventricle
- Pineal gland: secretes __________, a hormone that regulates circadian rhythm
- Habenular nuclei: relays signals from __________ system to __________: involved in visceral and emotional responses to __________

Answer 2

• Third
• Melatonin
• Limbic system to midbrain
• odor

Question 3

Thalamus

Paired masses of __________ matter on each side of __________ ventricle
- Left and right masses are connected by midline __________ __________ (middle commissure)

• Each mass is composed of about __________ thalamic nuclei with axons projecting to regions of cerebral cortex
• Sensory impulses from all conscious senses EXECPT __________ converge on thalamus and synapse in at least one nuclei
• Main __________ point for sensory information that will be projected to __________ cortex

Answer 3

Grey, 3rd

• interthalamic adhesion
• 12
• Olfaction
• Relay, Somatosensory

Question 4

Hypothalamus

The __________ region of diencephelon
Thin, starlike __________ extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to __________ __________.
Anterior to infundibulum is __________ and posterior is __________ __________.

• Master control of __________ nervous system
• Master control of __________ system
• Regulation of body __________
• Control of __________ behavior
• Control of __________ intake
• Control of __________ intake
• Regulation of __________ rhythms

Answer 4

Anteroinferior
infundibulum, pituitary gland
optic chiasm, mammillary body

• Autonomic
• Endocrine
• temperature
• emotion
• food
• water
• cricadian

Question 5

Optic chiasm is __________ point
infundibulum connects __________ to __________
Mammillary body is partially tied up with __________ system. It processes sensations like __________ and controls __________
Pituitary gland is housed in __________

Answer 5

• Crossover
• Hypothalamus to pituitary
• Limbic, olfaction, swallowing
• Sella turcica

Question 6

Brainstem

Connects __________ and __________ to __________ __________.

Passageway for all tracts between __________ and __________ __________

Contains many __________ and __________ centers
Houses nuclei of many cranial nerves

Three regions of midbrains:
__________
__________ + __________= __________

Answer 6

Forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
cerebrum and spinal cord

Autonomic, reflex

Midbrain
Pons + medulla oblangata = Hinbrain

Question 7

Midbrain

__________ __________ extends through midbrain and connects third and fourth ventricles
- Surrounded by __________ __________ matter
- Nuclei of __________ nerve (CNIII) and __________ nerve (CN IV) are housed in midbrain
- Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex through __________ __________ to spinal cord
- __________ __________ __________ connect cerebellum to midbrain

• __________ is between substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray matter; relays between cerebrum and cerebellum. Includes __________ nucleus
• Substantia nigra houses neurons that produce __________; involved in motor control, emotion, pleasure, and pain
• Degeneration of substantia nigra underlies __________ disease
• Tectum contains two pairs of nuclei : __________ and __________ are visual and auditory reflex centers.

Also called Tectal plate or corpora quadrigemina

Answer 7

Cerebral aqueduct
- Periaqueductal gray matter
- Oculomotor, trochlear
- cerebral peduncles
- superior cerebellar peduncles

• Tegmentum, red
• dopamine
• parkinson’s disease
• Superior and inferior colliculi

Question 8

Cerebral peduncles and oculomotor nerves are in __________ part of midbrain

Tectum and superior colliculi are in __________ part of midbrain

Answer 8

Anterior
Posterior

Question 9

Pons is a bulging region on __________ brainstem containing sensory and motor __________

__________ __________ __________ are transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum

Contains autonomic nuclei in __________ __________ center that help regulate breathing

Houses sensory and motor cranial nerve nuclei for __________ (CN V), __________ (CN VI), and __________ (CN VII)

Superior __________ __________ nuclei in the inferior part receive AUDITORY input and help localize sound source

__________ __________ is located throughout brainstem

Answer 9

Anterior, tracts

Middle cerebellar peduncles

pontine respiratory

Trigeminal, abducens, facial

Olivary complex

Reticular formation

Question 10

`CN I

Answer 10

Olfactory

Question 11

NERVES:

CN I
CN II
CN III
CN IV
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

Answer 11

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glosspharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Question 12

Medulla oblangata is the most__________ part of brainstem
Pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the __________ tracts
Most axons in pyramids cross midline at __________ of the __________

• Contains inferior __________ __________ that relays proprioceptive information to cerebellum

-Inferior __________ __________ connect medulla to cerebellum

• Contains nucleus __________ and nucleus __________ which relay somatic sensory information to thalamus
• Contains several autonomic nuclei:
• Cardiac center
• vasomotor center
• medullary respiratory center
• others involving coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing

Answer 12

Inferior
Corticospinal
decussation of the pyramids

olivary nucleus

cerebellar peduncles

cuneatus, gracilis

Question 13

Cerebellum

3 regions:
- Outer gray matter of __________ __________
- Internal region of what matter called __________ __________
- __________ __________ in deepest layer

• A narrow __________ sits on midline between hemisphere
• Folds of cerebellar cortex are called __________
• Cerebellum coordinates and fine tunes __________
• Stores memories of previously learned movements
• Adjusts muscle activity to maintain posture
• Uses proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to regulate body’s position
• Monitors position of body joints and muscle tone

Answer 13

• Cerebellar cortex
• Arbor vitae
• Cerebellar nuclei
• vermis
• folia

Question 14

Limbic system
Contributes to emotional function

• __________ __________ : ridge superior to the corpus collosum; Brings emotions into consciousness
• __________ : nucleus shaped like a seahorse in temporal lobe; used in navigation and essential in long-term memory
• Parahippocampal gyrus: tissue associated with hippocampus, functions in memory
• Amygdaloid body: involved in emotion, especially __________ . Helps sort out and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
• __________ bulbs, tract, cortex: odors can provoke emotions/memories
• __________ : thin tract of white matter connecting hippocampus to limbic structures

Answer 14

Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus

fear

olfactory

Fornix

Question 15

CN II

Answer 15

Optic nerve

Question 16

CN III

Answer 16

Oculomotor

Question 17

CN IV

Answer 17

Trochlear

Question 18

CN V

Answer 18

Trigeminal

Question 19

CN V!

Answer 19

Abducens

Question 20

CN VII

Answer 20

Facial nerve

Question 21

CN IX

Answer 21

Glosspharyngeal

Question 22

CN X

Answer 22

Vagus

Question 23

CN XI

Answer 23

Acessory

Question 24

CN XII

Answer 24

Hypoglossal

Question 25

Nerves close to midline

Answer 25

CN I - Olfactory bulb CN II - Optic nerve CN III - Oculomotor CN VI - Abducens CN XII - Hypglossal

Question 26

How many nerves in each: Telencephalon: Diencephelon: Mesencephelon: Metencephelon (pons): Myelencephelon (medulla):

Answer 26

1 1 2 4 4

Question 27

Cranial exits: Cribiform plate: Optic canal: Superior orbital fissure: Foramen rotundum: Foramen ovale: Internal auditory meatus: Jugular foramen: Hypoglossal canal: Foramen spinosum: Foramen magnum:

Answer 27

I II III, IV, VI, T1 T2 T3 VII, VIII IX, X, XI XII Middle meningeal artery Spinal cord

Question 28

Olfactory nerve (I) Sensory function: Origin: Loss:

Answer 28

Olfaction (smell) Receptors (bipolar neurons) in olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity Anosmia

Question 29

Optic nerve (II) Sensory function: Origin: Loss:

Answer 29

Vision Retina of eye Anopsia

Question 30

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens Origins and somatic motor functions: Cranial nerve 3 = Cranial nerve 4 = cranial nerve 6 =

Answer 30

SO4, LR6, O3 Other muscles, nucleus within midbrain Superior oblique, nucleus within midbrain Lateral rectus, nucleus within pons

Question 31

Eyelid droop: Eyes not parallel Double vision

Answer 31

Ptosis Strabismus Diplopia

Question 32

Trigeminal nerve (VI) Sensory or motor? Which divisions? V1: V2: V3: Origin: Foramina: V1: _________ to _________ V2: _________ to _________ V3: _________ to _________ to _________

Answer 32

Ophthalmic, Sensory Maxillary, Sensory Mandibular, Both Nucleus in pons Superior orbital fissure to supraorbital foramen Foramen rotundum to infraorbital foramen Foramen ovale to Mandibular foramen to Mental foramen

Question 33

Trigeminal nerve (VI) Sensory function Sensory stimuli are _________, _________, and _________ V1: sensory from - V2: sensory impulses from - V3: sensory impulses from - Somatic motor function: Innervates muscles of _________ (temporalis, masseter, lateral, medial pterygoids), _________, anterior belly of _________, _________ _________ muscle, and _________ _________ _________

Answer 33

touch, temperature, pain Cornea, nose, forehead, anterior scalp, meninges Nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek meninges anterior 2/3 of tongue, meninges, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, 1/3 from sensory axons of auricle of ear mastication, mylohyoid, digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor veli palatini

Question 34

Facial nerve (VII) 6 parts: Which branch goes backwards: Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car) Origin: Initial exit: External exit: Passes through _________ gland and divides Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue Somatic motor function - Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles

Answer 34

Nucleus in pons Posterior auricular Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical Nuclei with pons Internal auditory meatus Sylomastoid foramen Parotid anterior 2/3 - Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

Question 35

Facial nerve (VII) 6 parts: Which branch goes backwards: Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car) Ganglios of facial nerve Origin: Initial exit: External exit: Passes through _________ gland and divides Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue Somatic motor function - Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles

Answer 35

Nucleus in pons Posterior auricular Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical Geniculate Internal auditory meatus Sylomastoid foramen Parotid fland anterior 2/3 - Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

Question 36

Vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory nerve) VIII Origin: Sensory function: Conditions caused by damage: Nucleus of _________ What is the ganglion

Answer 36

Vestibular branch, vestibule of inner ear, cochlear branch, cochlea of inner ear Hearing and balance Loss of balance, nausea, dizziness, deafness Pons Vestibular

Question 37

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Origin: sensory axons originate on _________ _________ and _________ of _________ _________ of _________, as well as _________ _________ motor axons originate in _________ in the _________ _________ Sensory function: General sensation and taste to _________ _________ of tongue, general sensation to most of _________: _________ receptor Somatic motor function: Innervates _________ (a pharynx muscles) Conditions caused by damage: reduced _________ secretion, loss of _________ There is both superior and inferior ganglion

Answer 37

Taste buds, mucosa, posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid bodies Nuclei in medulla oblangata posterior 1/3, pharynx, chemoreceptor Stylopharyngeus Saliva, taste

Question 38

Vagus nerve (X) Origin: Nuclei in _______ _________ Sensory function: visceral sensory information from _________, _________ and most _________ organs. General sensory information from _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, and _________ Motor function: innervates most _________ and _________ muscles Conditions caused by damage: Paralysis leads to a variety of _________ problems including hoarseness, monotone voice, loss of voice. Other lesions may cause difficulty _________ or impaired GI system mobility

Answer 38

Medulla oblangata heart, lungs, abdominal external acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharnyx, larynx Pharynx, larynx Larynx, swallowing

Question 39

Accessory nerve (XI) Origin: nucei in _________ _________ and _________ _________ Somatic motor function: Cranial root: travels with _________ fibers to _________ Spinal root: Innervates _________ and _________ If damaged: loss of _________ and _________

Answer 39

medulla oblangata and spinal cord CN X (vagus) fibers to pharynx Trapezius, steroncleidomastoid Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

Question 40

Hypoglossus nerve (XII) Origin: nucleus in _________ _________ Somatic motor function: innervates _________ and _________ _________ muscles Conditions caused by damage: _________ and _________ difficulties due to impaired tongue movement; if a single hypoglossus nerve is paralyzed, a _________ tongue deviates to the side of damaged nerve

Answer 40

Medulla oblangata intrinsic and extrinsic tongue speech and swallowing, protruded