Senses: General and Special Flashcards by User 28

Temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure are ___________ senses

Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, hearing are ___________ senses

General, special

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Receptors act as ___________ and they change from one energy to another

e.g visual receptors change light energy into electrical energy on the optic nerve

Receptors have ___________ ___________ which are areas through which their sensitive ends are distributed

Transducers, receptive fields

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Tonic receptors ___________ adapt (only slowly decrease firing in response to a constant stimulus)

Phasic receptors ___________ adapt to constant stimuli (fire only in response to changing stimuli)

___________ sense receptors are distributed throughout skin and organs

___________ sense receptors are housed in complex organs in head

Slowly

Rapidly

General

Special

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Receptor distribution
- ___________ sensory receptors
in skin, mucous membranes lining body cavities, joints, muscles, tendons
Monitor a variety of stimuli including texture, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, stretch

___________ sensory receptors
In walls of internal organs and blood vessels
Detect stretch, changes in chemical concentrations, temperature, pain
___________ sense receptors
Specialized, complex sense organs located in the head
Special senses are smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Somatic

Visceral

Special

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Stimulus origin
___________ detect stimuli from external environment
- includes receptors in skin, in body cavity linings, special sense organs

___________ detect stimuli in internal organs
- include stretch receptors in smooth muscle as well as receptors for pain, pressure, temperature, chemical changes in viscera

___________ detect stimuli pertaining to body position
- Found in muscles, tendons, and joints

Exteroceptors

Interoceptors

Proprioceptors

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Modality of stimulus

___________: detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid
___________: detect changes in temperature
___________: detect changes in intensity, color, position in light
___________: detect touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
___________: detect pressure changes within body structures
___________: detect painful stimuli

Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors:
Nociceptors

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Phantom pain is a sensation associated with a part of the body that has been ___________

___________ ___________ syndrome: excitation of a CNS neuron that was formerly excited by the amputated limb interpreted as pain in that limb

___________ pain occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating from the dermatome of the skin, and not the viscera
E.g heart attack may be referred to dermatomes of T1-T5

Amputated

Phantom limb syndrome

Referred

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sites of referred pain

Liver and gallblader, appendix, ureter, heart, stomach, pancreas, ovary, kidney, urinary bladder

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Tactile receptors are the most ___________ type.

They are ___________ receptors that react to touch, pressure, vibration

___________ receptors have nerve endings wrapped in CT or glial cells

___________ receptors do not

Numerous,

mechano

Encapsulated

Unencapsulated

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Unencapsulated:
- ___________ ___________ in dermis
- ___________ ___________ around follicles
- ___________ ___________ associated with tactile (merkel) cells in stratum basale

Encapsulated types:
- ___________ corpuscle
= ___________corpuscle in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, synovial membrane, and some viscera

___________ corpuscle
= Messner’s corpuscle in dermal papillae, especially lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, genitals

___________ an ___________ corpuscles also found in dermis as well as other locations

Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Tactile discs

Lamellated
Pacinian

Tactile
Meissner’s

Bulbous (ruffini’s) and Krause’s end bulbs

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Phasic or tonic?

Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Tactile disc
Lamellated
Tactile corpuscle
Bulbous corpuscle
End bulb

Phasic or tonic
Phasic
Tonic
Phasic
Phasic
Tonic
Tonic

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Meissner’s corpuscle:

Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic

Reception field size: small
Adaptation speed: Rapid
vibration frequency: low
location: Shallow in dermis
action: stroking
Tonic

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Merkel cell

Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic

Reception field size: small
Adaptation speed: slow
vibration frequency: low
location: basal epidermis
action: light touch
Tonic

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Pacinian (Lamellated)

Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic

Reception field size: Large
Adaptation speed: Rapid
vibration frequency: High
location: Deep in dermis
action: Pressure
Phasic

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Ruffini’s corpuscle (bulbous)

Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic

Reception field size: large
Adaptation speed: slow
vibration frequency: high
location: Deep in dermis
action: skin stretch
Tonic

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Olfaction is the sense of smell and __________ are dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity and detected

__________ __________ lines the superior part of nasal cavity

Olfactory receptor cells detect __________
__________ cells replace olfactory receptors
__________ cells sustain olfactory receptors

Deep to the epithelium is the __________ __________ which contains mucin secreting __________ (Browman’s) glands

Olfactory receptor cells are specialized __________ neurons

Each has a single dendrite with many __________ __________ containing receptors

Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form __________ __________

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Odorants

Olfactory epithelium

odors
Supporting cells
Basal cells

Lamina propria, olfactory glands

Bipolar neurons

Olfactory hairs

Olfactory nerves

__________ is the sense of taste and are housed in taste buds

Taste buds are located on the __________ surface of the tongue in epithelial and CT elevations called __________

__________ papillae: small numerous keratinized bumps LACKING taste buds

__________ papillae: mushroom shaped bumps on top and sides of tongue containing FEW buds

__________ papillae: Round bumps arranged in a “V” on posterior dorsal surface of tongue contains MANY taste buds

__________ papillae: subtle ridges on posterior later surface of tongue housing FEW tastebuds in EARLY childhood but are less prominent in adulthood

What are the five taste sensations (and which molecules involved) -

Taste buds from anterior 2/3 of tongue conduct gustory information to CNS from __________

Tate buds from posterior 1/3 of tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through __________

Motor innervation:
__________ nerve for all muscles except __________ (by vagus nerve)

Vagus nerve carries taste information from __________ and __________

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Gustation

Dorsal, papillae

Filiform

Fungiform

Vallate

Foliate

Sweet; sugars
Salt: metal ions (Na+)
Sour: acids
Bitter: alkaloids
Umami: amino acids

Facial (CN VII)

Glossophyngeal (CN IX)

Hypoglossal, palatoglossus

Palate and epiglottus

Eyelids: movable anterior protective coverings for eye. Superior and inferior __________ plates form the CT core.

Tarsal glands are __________ glands within eye, secretion prevents overflow of tears and sticky eyelids
__________ fissure is space between eyelids
medial and lateral __________ __________ are corners of eyes
__________ __________ is the medial pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion

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Tarsal

Sebaceous

Palpebral, Palpebral commissures

Lacrimal caruncle

__________ gland: produces tears
__________ __________: contains modified sweat glands:
__________ __________: Small “holes” in caruncles
__________ __________: drains lacrimal fluid into lacrimal sac

__________ __________: receives tears from lacrimal sac and drains into nasal cavity

__________ __________(tears) is produced in lacrimal gland. It is dispersed across eye field when we blink.
Enters __________ __________, drains into __________ __________, collects in __________ __________.

Lacrimal fluid from __________ __________ drains through __________ __________

Lacrimal fluid enters the nasal cavity near inferior nasal concha

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Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal caruncle
Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal canaliculus
Nasolacrimal duct

Lacrimal fluid, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac

Lacrimal sac

The conjuctiva is the stratified __________ epithelium lining over
anterior surface of eye: __________ __________
Internal surface of eye: __________

The space where it folds back on itself is the __________ __________

Contains blood vessels and nerves as well as goblet cells that lubricate eye

Does not cover __________`

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Columnar

Ocular conjunctiva
Palpebral conjuctiva

Conjuctival fornix

Cornea

__________ __________ cushions the eye within the socket
Anterior cavity is in front of lens and contains __________ __________ __________

Posterior cavity is behind the lens and contains __________ __________ __________

3 layers of Eye walls:

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Orbital fat

Circulating aqueous humor

Permanent vitreous humor

Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, retina (nervous tunic)

Fibrous tunic

Cornea: transparent, __________ layer that receives oxygen and nutrients from lacrimal fluid and aqueous humor

What makes up majority of fibrous tunic?

Considered “white” part of eye. Provides shape, protects, internal parts of eye. Made of __________ __________ CT

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Avascular,

Sclera, Dense irregular

Vascular tunic

__________: contains vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to RETINA

__________ __________: composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes; changes lens SHAPE

__________: PIGMENTED part of anterior eye; defines pupil and controls amount of light entering eye
- __________ __________ pupillae
- __________ __________ pupillae

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Choroid

Ciliary body

Iris
- Circular sphincter (constriction)
- Radial dilator (dilation)

Retina (nervous tunic)

Pigmented later: attached to __________; absorbs __________that passes through retina. Also provides __________ with vitamin A, nutrients, oxygen
Neural layer: houses __________ and associated neurons. Receives light, converts energy into __________ __________

__________ __________ is the jagged margin between __________ and __________ (anterior) part of retina, near ciliary body

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Choroid, light, retina, photorecepters

Photoreceptors, nerve impulses

Ora serrata, photosensitive, nonphotosensitive

Organization of retina __________ cells: outermost layer, composed of rods and cones - Rods are important in __________ light - Cones are important for __________ vision and __________ __________ cells: Synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells - Some __________ cells are between photoreceptors and bipolar cells __________ cells: innermost layer of retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form optic nerve - Some __________ cells are between bipolar and ganglion The __________ __________ is a blind spot on retina lacking photoreceptors - located where the __________ cell exits __________ to form optic nerve and blood vessels enter and exit retina - The __________ __________ is a depression in the retina containing the highest portion of __________ and almost no __________. - area of __________ vision - located within __________ __________ (lateral to optic disc)

Photoreceptor - Dim - Precise, color Bipolar - horizontal Ganglion - Amacrine optic disc, ganglion, retina - Fovea centralis, cones, rods, sharpest, Macula lutea

The lens is a transparent, deformable structure held behind the pupil by __________ __________. Sensory ligaments attach to __________ capsule of lens Changes in shape of lens caused by __________ muscle Accommodation = __________ lens shape = for __________ sight __________ fibers excite ciliary muscle ---> ciliary muscle __________---> suspensory ligaments __________ ----> lens becomes __________

Suspensory ligaments outer, shape - ciliary muscle of ciliary body Accommodation, spherical, near - Parasympathetic, contracts, slacken, spherical

Anterior cavity: between __________ and __________, filled with __________ __________ - The __________ subdivides this into anterior and posterior chambers Posterior cavity: between __________ and __________: filled with __________ __________ - Fluid is __________, transparent, permanent - __________ __________ is remnant of developmental hyaloid blood vessel Process of aqueous humor secretion:

Lens and cornea, aqueous humor - Iris lens, retina, vitreous humor - Gelly-like - Hyaloid canal - Posterior chamber ---> pupil --> anterior chamber --> scleral venous sinus of limbus

Visual pathways: Retinal photoreceptors convert light to neural signals - Simulus is passed to ________ and ________ cells Axons of of ganglion form ________ - Optic nerves converge at ________ where axons of ________ retina cross to other side - Most optic tract axons extend to ________ ________ ________ of ________ From thalamus, axons project to the ________ ________ of the ________ lobe Some optic tracts project to the ________ - Some go to ________ ________ to coordinate visual reflexes involving extrinsic eye muscles - Some go to ________ ________ to control pupillary and accommodation reflexes

- bipolar, ganglion - optic nerve - optic chiasm, medial - lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe Midbrain - Superior colliculi - Pretectal nuclei

Describe visual pathway

Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate Optic radiation Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe

External ear ________: skin covered funnel-shaped elastic cartilage supported structure Auricle leads to a bony tube called ________ ________ ________ which ends at ________ ________ (eardrum) Deep within the external auditory meatus, glands produce a waxlike secretion called ________ to impeded growth of microorganisms

Auricle External acoustic meatus, Tympanic membrane Cerumen

Middle ear contains air filled ________ ________, just medial to tympanic membrane The ________ ________ connects middle ear to nasopharynx Three ________ ________ (small bones) transmit sound waves to inner ear - ________ between tympanic membrane an incus - ________ is the middle ossicle - ________ between incus and oval window to inner ear ________ and ________ ________small muscles contract to restrict ossicle movement when loud noises occur The stapes at the oval window generates ________ waves in the ________ within ________ ________ Remaining pressure waves are transferred to the ________ ________ and exit the inner ear via ________ ________

Tympanic cavity Auditory tube Auditory ossicles - Malleus - Incus - Stapes Stapedius, tensor tympani pressure, perilymph, scala vestibuli Scala tympani, round window

Inner ear: Within bony labryinth are fluid filled tubes and spaces called the ________ ________ - Receptors for ________ and ________ are here Space between bony membranous labryinths is filled with a fluid called ________ Membranous labryinth contains fluid called ________ Bony labyrinth has 3 regions: - Cochlea: houses ________ ________ ________ - Vestibule: houses two membranous sacs: the ________ and ________ - Semicircular canals each containing a ________ ________ ________

Membranous labyrinth - Equilibrium, hearing Perilymph Endolymph Membranous cochlear duct utricle, saccule membranous semicircular duct

________ refers to awareness of head position ________ ________ consists of sensory receptors in utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts - the ________ and ________ detect ________ equilibrium (head position when head is stationary) and linear acceleration - The semicircular ducts detect ________ ________ (rotational movement) The ________ of the vestibule are located along the internal walls of the utricle and saccule. The sensory epithelium lining the two macule contains ________ and ________ cells Har cells' apical surface contain more than 50 stiff microvili called ________ and one long cilium called a ________

Equilibrium Vestibular apparatus - Utricle and saccule, static - Angular acceleration Maculae hair, supporting Stereocilia Kinocilium

Stereocilia and kinocilium projecting from hair cells of maculae are embedded in a gelly mass called _______ - Small calcium carbonate crystals Otoliths and gelatin layer form the ________ ________

Otoliths Otolithic membrane

The semicircular canals are continuous with the ________ What are the 3 canals: Receptors within semicircular ducts detect ________ movement of head Within each semicircular canal is an expanded region called ________ - contains an elevated region called ________ ________ that is covered by hair cells and supporting cells The stereocilia and kinocilia of the hair cells embed into an overlying gelatinous dome called ________ When the head rotates, the ________ pushes against ________ and bends stereocilia

utricle rotational ampulla Crista ampullaris Cupula Endolymph, cupula

The ________ is the inner ear organ of hearing - snail shaped with bony axis called ________ - Membranous labyrinth within cochlea is the ________ ________ The bony labyrinth surrounds the cochlear duct is split into what two chambers? ________ ________ of cochlea is a thick sensory epithelium with hair and supporting cells resting on the basilar membrane The stereocilia and kinocilium of each hair cell project into the ________ _______. At base of hair cells are sensory neurons called ________ ________

Senses: General and Special Flashcards

(36 cards)