Bio Chapter 2 Test

Question 1

What are the 5 functional traits that all living things can have in common?

Answer 1

1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Homeostasis
4. Sense and respond to stimuli
5. Ability to obtain and use energy

Question 2

Growth

Answer 2

The process of increasing in size. For unicellular organisms growth is an increase in cell size before reproduction. For multicellular organism growth refers to an increase in the organism’s size as the number of cells making up the organism increases.

Question 3

Reproduction

Answer 3

The process of producing new organisms. Offsprings are similar, but not necessarily identical, to their parents in general structure, function, and properties.

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.

Question 5

Sense and respond to stimuli

Answer 5

The process of reacting to their environment.

Question 6

Ability to obtain and use energy

Answer 6

allowing them to do work. All living organism require an input of energy to power their activities. Organisms obtain energy from food (which they either produce themselves through photosynthesis or through environmental food) Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. The sum total of all these reactions is metabolism.

Question 7

Matter

Answer 7

anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 8

element

Answer 8

substances that cannot be chemically broken down

Question 9

atom

Answer 9

the smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of that element. Atoms have distinct chemical properties that are determined by the number of subatomic particles.

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

dense core of an atom

Question 11

Protons

Answer 11

Positively charges subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Question 12

Neutrons

Answer 12

electrically uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Question 13

Electrons

Answer 13

negatively charged subatomic particle that orbit around the nucleus with negligible mass.

Question 14

Atomic number

Answer 14

number of protons

Question 15

Atomic mass

Answer 15

total number of protons and neutrons.

Question 16

Carbon

Answer 16

The fourth most common element in the universe; second most common in the human body. It is the key component of the molecules of living organisms. Carbon atoms can bond up to 4 atoms.

Question 17

Covalent Bonds

Answer 17

The sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

Question 18

Molecules

Answer 18

formed when atoms are linked by covalent bonds.

Question 19

Organic Molecules

Answer 19

A molecule with a carbon-based backbone and at least one C-H bond

Question 20

Inorganic molecules

Answer 20

A molecule that lacks a carbon based backbone and C-H bonds.

Question 21

Molecules of life: Macromolecules

Answer 21

Macromolecules are large organic molecules composed of subunits called monomers. Monomers link together to form polymer chains.

Question 22

What are the 4 types of macromolecules that make up living things?

Answer 22

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Are made up of sugar monomers. Carbohydrates act as energy storing molecules in many organisms. Other carbohydrates provide structural support for cells.

Question 24

Monosaccharides

Answer 24

The building block or monomer of a carbohydrate. The backbone is most often arranged in a ring.

Question 25

Proteins

Answer 25

Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers. They move things through and around cells and even help entire cells move.

Question 26

Nucleic Acids

Answer 26

are made up of of nucleotides monomers.

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Lipids are not made of repeating monomers. Lipids are made up of hydrophobic molecules, meaning they don’t mix with water.

Question 28

Cell

Answer 28

basic Structural unit of life. All cells have some basic architecture

Question 29

Cell membrane

Answer 29

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells.

Question 30

Water

Answer 30

considered a proxy for life. All of life’s chemical reactions take place in water. Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Many of its functions are due to its shape

Question 31

Polar Molecules

Answer 31

Electrons in bonds not shared equally between atoms. Partial negative charge at one end and a partial positive charge at the other.

Question 32

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 32

The special type of electrostatic attractions between both water and other molecules.

Question 33

Properties of water

Answer 33

Cohesion, Adhesion, large liquid range (freezing and boiling points), solid water is less dense than liquid water, and it is a universal solvent. It can dissolve other polar molecules and substances that contain ionic bonds.

Question 34

Ionic bonds

Answer 34

Strong bonds formed between oppositely charged ions.

Question 35

Ion

Answer 35

A charged atom due to a loss or gain of an electron.

Question 36

pH

Answer 36

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Water molecules briefly split into separate hydrogen and hydroxide ions. pH ranges from 0 to 14.

Question 37

Acids

Answer 37

Have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH closer to 0.

Question 38

Bases

Answer 38

Have a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH closer to 14

Question 39

Viruses

Answer 39

An infectious agent made up of a protein shell that encloses genetic information. They are not cellular and they infect other cells and use host cell machinery to replicate.

Question 40

Prions

Answer 40

A protein-only infectious agent. They are also not cellular, they are infectious proteins that replicate in cells, causing disease.

Question 41

4 different types of lipids

Answer 41

Fatty acids: Acids that contain long chains of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to hydrogen atoms.

Sterols: have four connected carbon rings, Cholesterol is a sterol that’s an important component of cell membranes, other sterols may be hormones or color-inducing pigments.

Triglycerides: Also known as fat, have three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol. Fats store large amounts of energy and also provide padding and thermal insulation.

Phospholipids: have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule. They are an important component of cell membranes.