Biology Final Chapter 3 Flashcards
Nucleus
The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material. It is one of many organelles found within Eukaryotic cells but not in their simpler prokaryotic cousins.
Mitochandria
Membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes. They use oxygen to extract energy from food and convert that energy into a useful form. Found in both plants and animal cells. Defects in this organelle leads to death.
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle made up of stacked membrane-enclosed discs that packages proteins and prepares them for transport.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells where proteins and lipids are synthesized. “Rough” ER makes proteins; “Smooth” ER makes lipids.
Ribosomes
A complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells. It can be found in all cells.
Lysosome
An organelle in eukaryotic cells filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures.
Vacuole
Storage bubbles found in cells; can be found in both plant and animal cells but are much larger in plant cells. They might store food or any nutrients needed to survive. They can also store waste products, protecting the cell from being contaminated.
Simple Diffusion
the movement of small, hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; simple diffusion does not require an input of energy.
Facilitated Diffusion
The process by which large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins; does not require an input of energy. Also known as passive transport. Many substances enter the cell by facilitated diffusion such as glucose and water.
Active transport
The energy-requiring process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an are of lower solute (hypotonic) concentration to and area of higher solute (hypertonic) concentration. In an Isotonic solution where the solute concentration is the sam as the cell’s cytoplasm, there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. Water moves in a direction that will tend to even out each side of the membrane.
Cell reactions to hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions
Cells placed in a hypotonic (lower concentration) solute will tend to take up water and swell. Cells placed in a hypertonic (higher concentration) solution will tend to lose water and shrivel.
Organelles shared by all cells
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, and genetic material (DNA).
