Inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation is a response to what?

Answer 1

Injury

Question 2

What are the two main goals of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Localize agents of injury, and remove agents of injury

Question 3

Acute inflammation is characterized as?

Answer 3

Short in duration and is the initial or early response

Question 4

Chronic inflammation is characterized by?

Answer 4

Being longer in duration and problematic

Question 5

Acute inflammation can be broken into which two categories?

Answer 5

Vascular response and cellular response

Question 6

Which mediators release histamine and prostaglandin during the vascular response?

Answer 6

Leukocytes, mast cells and platelets

Question 7

What results from histamine release?

Answer 7

Increased vascular permeability and increased dilation

Question 8

What results from prostaglandins being released?

Answer 8

Increased permeability, increased dilation and mediation of pain

Question 9

Why is vasoconstriction an immediate response during the vascular response of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

To minimize blood loss

Question 10

What results from vasodilation when it occurs later during the vascular response phase of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

Increased blood flow resulting in redness and warmth, increased permeability and exudate begins to form

Question 11

What causes swelling?

Answer 11

The shift of exudate into the tissues

Question 12

What are the three key occurrences of the vascular response?

Answer 12

Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased permeability

Question 13

What is “rouleau formation” and what is its purpose?

Answer 13

The stacking of erythrocytes which slows down blood flow

Question 14

What is it called when a leukocyte attaches to the endothelial wall?

Answer 14

Margination or pavementing

Question 15

Why do leukocytes attach to endothelial walls?

Answer 15

In order to move out of the capillary

Question 16

What is the movement called of a leukocyte moving out of the capillary into the surrounding tissue?

Answer 16

Diapedesis or emigration

Question 17

What three things characterize the cellular response?

Answer 17

Chemotaxis of neut & leuk
Margination & emigration of neut & leuk
Phagocytosis of MO

Question 18

What are the adhesion molecules that assist in margination of leukocytes?

Answer 18

Selectins, integrins, and PCAM-1

Question 19

Name 5 local manifestations of inflammation

Answer 19

Erythema (d/t increased dilation), swelling (d/t exudate), warmth, pain, loss of function

Question 20

What is exudate compromised of?

Answer 20

Cells, proteins, fluid

Question 21

What determines the different types of exudates?

Answer 21

The concentrations of cells, proteins, or fluids

Question 22

Serious exudate

Answer 22

Increased fluid concentration, and is seen in mild acute inflammation because not as many cells were required for defence

Question 23

Purulent/Suppurative Exudate

Answer 23

Comprised of the main components and pus, WBC, and necrotic debris.
Seen in more severe injury.

Question 24

Hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 24

Comprised of main components and RBCs, seen in severe injury

Question 25

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 25

Sticky and mesh-like, composed of regular components plus fibrin strands

Question 26

Membranous exudate

Answer 26

Development on mucous membrane - think strep throat

Question 27

What are the two categories of inflammation?

Answer 27

Acute and chronic

Question 28

C-Reacive Protein (CRP) is what?

Answer 28

A marker of inflammation, plays a role in non-specific defence by complement system

Question 29

5 treatments for inflammation

Answer 29

Cold, elevation and pressure, heat, NSAIDs, and steroidal anti-inflammatory

Question 30

What is the benefit of apply heat as a treatment for inflammation?

Answer 30

It stimulates phagocytosis

Question 31

What are the 3 benefits of using steroidal anti-inflammatories?

Answer 31

Decrease permeability, decrease leukocyte and mast cell activity, decrease prostaglandin and histamine release.

Question 32

Why is elevation and pressure used as a treatment for inflammation?

Answer 32

It decreases blood flow to the affected area which decreases exudate formation and therefore resulting in decreased swelling