Abnormal Immune Response

Question 1

What categories of immunodeficiency are there?

Answer 1

Primary and secondary

Question 2

Name the 5 types of immunodeficiency

Answer 2

T-Cell disorders
B-cell disorders 
T and B cell disorders 
Complement disorders 
Disorders of phagocytosis

Question 3

Treatment of immunodeficiency

Answer 3

Gamma globulin (antibody) replacement therapy or bone marrow or thymus transplant

Question 4

Hypersensitivity is?

Answer 4

Over exaggerated or inappropriate immune response

Question 5

What types of hypersensitivity are there?

Answer 5

Allergy, cytotoxic, immune complex, and delayed

Question 6

What are the characteristics of allergy HS?

Answer 6

Most common type of hypersensitivity, due to allergens and is a rapid response

Question 7

Primary immunodeficiency is?

Answer 7

Congenital or genetic, resulting from a development failure

Question 8

Secondary immunodeficiency is?

Answer 8

Acquired post-natal from infection, cancer treatment or immunosuppressive drugs

Question 9

Cytotoxic HS

Answer 9

Antibodies mistarget surface antigens on self cells. Antigen bearing cells are destroyed by complement, phagocytosis and inflammation

Question 10

What is an example of cytotoxic HS?

Answer 10

Incompatible blood transfusion

Question 11

Immune complex HS characteristics

Answer 11

antibody-antigen complex (immune complex) is deposited in endothelium of capillaries and when machrophages kill IC holes form in endothelium

Question 12

Why is the immune complex not broken down?

Answer 12

Because of size or because it is insoluble

Question 13

Delayed HS

Answer 13

Macrophage ingests microbe and presents it to T cell which becomes sensitized, then cytotoxic T cells are produced which destroy the the self-cell leading to inflammation and tissue damage

Question 14

What is an example of delayed HS

Answer 14

TB test

Question 15

What are the types of shock?

Answer 15

Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, and distributive

Question 16

What is anaphylactic shock?

Answer 16

Severe allergic reaction

Question 17

What is immunodeficiency?

Answer 17

Partial or complete loss of the immune response

Question 18

Allergy HS is divided into what two categories

Answer 18

Sensitization and re-exposure

Question 19

Sensitization phase of allergy HS

Answer 19

Exposure to allergen leads to a helper T cell stimulating B cells which release IgE molecules that attach to mast cell, making the mast cell sensitized

Question 20

How many times does sensitization occur?

Answer 20

Only once

Question 21

Re-Exposure phase of allergy HS

Answer 21

The antigen binds directly onto IgE on mast cell which leads to mediator release and inflammation

Question 22

Anaphylactic shock patho physiology

Answer 22

Since mast cells were previously sensitized and flowing throughout the whole body, the allergic reaction is systemic when the antigen binds to the mast cell

Question 23

What occurs in the body during anaphylactic shock?

Answer 23

Excessive systemic vasodilation, increase permeability, decrease vascular resistance leading to hypoperfusion, and edema systemically

Question 24

What is a bronchospasm?

Answer 24

When mediators bind to smooth muscle in the respiratory tract and the muscle constricts and stays constricted

Question 25

Characteristics of septic shock are what?

Answer 25

Systemic vasodilation, hypoperfusion and hypotension due to infection and many mediators being released

Question 26

What does septic shock result in?

Answer 26

Multiple organ dysfunction

Question 27

What occurs during autoimmunity?

Answer 27

Antibodies target self antigens

Question 28

Why does autoimmunity occur?

Answer 28

Because there is a loss of self-tolerance and confusion occurs between self and non-self

Question 29

What three ways can self-tolerance be lost?

Answer 29

Abnormal T cell activity, molecular mimicry, or exposure of previously masked self-antigens

Question 30

What is an example of abnormal T cell activity resulting in autoimmunity?

Answer 30

Cytotoxic T cells are not suppressed once foreign microbe has been destroyed

Question 31

What is an example of molecular mimicry resulting in autoimmunity?

Answer 31

Self cell has very similar epitope as microbe leading to confusion of antibody and it accidentally bonds to self cell

Question 32

What is an example of exposure of previously masked self antigens resulting in autoimmunity?

Answer 32

Proteins that were kept internally rather than externally, but during injury the internal proteins moved to the surface of the cell to compensate for damage leading to the antibodies not recognizing these unmarked self cells and thinking they’re foreign