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252 > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hyperlipidemia?

A

Increased cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglyceride levels in blood

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2
Q

How are lipids transported in the blood?

A

Apoproteins

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3
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

Apoprotein-lipid complex

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4
Q

What are the different lipid densities?

A

LDL
VLDL
HDL

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5
Q

Which lipids don’t you want in your blood?

A

LDL

VLDL

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6
Q

Which lipids are good lipids?

A

HDL

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7
Q

How are lipids transported into the blood through the intestinal tract?

A

Cholymicrons

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8
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atheroma that forms in the intima of a larger blood vessel wall

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9
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

Fibrofatty tissue

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10
Q

What does atherosclerosis result in?

A

Hypoperfusion (ischemia) of tissues

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11
Q

What is an infarction and what is it a result from?

A

Cell death due to ischemia

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12
Q

What are the three stages of a lesion in atherosclerosis?

A

Fatty streak
Fibrous atheromatous plaque
Complicated lesion

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13
Q

What is the “fatty streak” stage of a lesion?

A

Cells and lipids are deposited in the vessel wall resulting in discolouration. Change only occurs in blood vessel wall. There is still 90% patency of BV

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14
Q

Describe the “fibrous atheromatous plaque” stage

A

Further deposition of cells (macrophage and platelets) lipids, fibres and smooth muscle cells. Change still only occurs in the vessel wall. 40%-50% compromise

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15
Q

Describe “complicated lesion” stage

A

This stage triggers an MI, stroke. Change occurs in the lumen of the BV. The thrombus can be dislodged and travel elsewhere in the body and cause a blockage.

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16
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A

Monocytes and other inflammatory cells bind to endothelium, once monocytes enter endothelium they become macrophages. Macrophage release free radicals (causing more injury) and engulf lipids, foam cells release growth factor causing muscle cell proliferation in BV forming an atheroma, blood then hemorrhage a into plaque/atheroma resulting in a thrombus

17
Q

What is a macrophage that has engulfed a lipid called?

A

Foam cell

18
Q

Where are the most common sites for atherosclerosis?

A

Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries
Proximal coronary arteries
Thoracic aorta, femoral and popliteal arteries
Vertebral, basilar, and middle cerebral arteries

19
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Persistently increased blood pressure that cannot be brought back to normal

20
Q

Why is a normal blood pressure needed?

A

To properly perfuse tissues

21
Q

What are four major control systems of BP?

A

Arterial baroreceptors
Renin-angiotensin system
Vascular auto regulation
Regulation of fluid volume

22
Q

Where are arterial baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid artery and aorta

23
Q

How does the RAAS system regulate BP?

A

Enzyme renin is released by kidney which coverts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which increases BP by vasoconstriction, increases Na+ reabsorption in kidney

24
Q

How does the vascular auto regulation system regulate BP?

A

Vessels constricting or dilating on their own

25
Q

How does the regulation of fluid volume occur to regular BP?

A

ADH and aldosterone act on kidney to increase water and sodium reabsorption

26
Q

If someone has a BP that overlaps in two categories, how do we categorize their HTN?

A

Err on side of caution and categorize their HTN in the higher category

27
Q

What are risk factors of CVD?

A 
Smoking
HTN
Hyperlipidemia 
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Obesity
Physical inactivity
28
Q

What is malignant HTN?

A

When the diastolic BP is >120, very serious

29
Q

What are the manifestations of HTN

A

Increased BP

30
Q

What are late complications of HTN

A

Palpitations, AM headache, blurred vision, dizziness, organ damage

31
Q

What is the first type of treatment for HTN?

A

Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss)

32
Q

What is the first line drug therapy used for HTN?

A

Diuretic

33
Q

How does a diuretic decrease BP?

A

Kidneys excrete more water which decrease blood volume and decreases BP

34
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do to decrease BP?

A

They block the channel calcium takes to cross the cell membrane and is necessary for creating an action potential. The less calcium that crosses means the hearty decrease number or strength of beats

35
Q

What does an angiotensin II reception blocker do to decrease BP?

A

It blocks receptors that angiotensin II binds to and prevents vasoconstriction

36
Q

What do ACE I medications do to decrease BP?

A

They inhibit the enzyme (ACE) that conveys angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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