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MD3002 > development of the GU system > Flashcards

development of the GU system Flashcards

1
Q

when does gastrulation happen

A

week 3

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2
Q

when does cephalo-caudal and lateral folding happen

A

18 days

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3
Q

what does folding create

A

tube of pharynx and oesophagus, stomach, GI tract, glands

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4
Q

what is the allantois

A

a sac that is part of the conceptus that helps the embryo handle waste
later becomes a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins the umbilical cord

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5
Q

what does the urogenital sinus form

A

urethra and bladder

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6
Q

what separates the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and rectum

A

urorectal septum

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7
Q

what tissue makes up the posterior abdominal wall

A

the mesoderm

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8
Q

what do the lateral folds do

A

close the body wall and enclose the intraembryonic coelom

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9
Q

what tissue makes up the somites adjacent to the notochord and neural tub

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm form

A

the coelom

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11
Q

what does the coelom become

A

the peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

what are the 3 stages of the renal primordia

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

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13
Q

where do the renal primordia form

A

in the mesoderm of the posterior abdominal walls

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14
Q

where do the mesonephric ducts open in to

A

the cloaca

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15
Q

what two structures make up the kidney

A

ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema

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16
Q

what does the ureteric bud form

A

the ureter and collecting ducts

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17
Q

what does the metanephros form

A

the renal tissue (glomeruli and loops of Henle)

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18
Q

when is the kidney functional

A

10 weeks

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19
Q

what happens if the collecting ducts do not meet the nephric vesicles

A

cysts form within the kidney

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20
Q

what congenital kidney defects may arise

A

pelvic kidney and horseshoe kidney

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21
Q

what abnormalities may arise in the ureter

A

bifid ureter

failure to branch leading to renal agenesis

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22
Q

what is the urachus

A

a fibrous remnant of the allantois which is a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.

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23
Q

what does the urorectal septum become

A

the perineal body

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24
Q

how does the anal canal form

A

cloacal membrane ruptures

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25
Q

what forms the phallus

A

the genital tubercle

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26
Q

what does the proximal part of the UG sinus form

A

the bladder

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27
Q

what does the pelvic part of the UG sinus form

A

the prostatic and membranous urethrae

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28
Q

what four structures contribute to the urinary system

A

the metanephros, uteric bud, urogenital sinus and the allantois

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29
Q

what do mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts form

A

the reproductive ducts and structures

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30
Q

what forms the gonad

A 
mesoderm of the genital ridge which is developed
from the overlying
coelomic epithelium; and
germ cells that have
migrated from the yolk
sac
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31
Q

what cells go on to produce ova and sperm

A

germ cells

32
Q

what forms the female genitalia

A

the paramesonephric duct

the mesonephric duct degenerates due to lack of testosterone

33
Q

what is a Gartner’s cyst

A

a remnant of the mesonephric ducts which form cysts near the vagina, epoophoron and paraoophoron

34
Q

at what week does sexual differentation occur

A

week 8 to week 12

35
Q

what is the appendix epididymis

A

remnant of the proximal end of the mesonephric ducts

36
Q

what is the appendix testis and prostatic utricle

A

remnants of the paramesonephric ducts

37
Q

what does the mesonephric duct form when it moves caudally

A

the epididymis, vas and seminal vesicle

38
Q

what is the sino vaginal bulb derived from

A

the posterior aspect of the urogenital sinus

39
Q

what do the two paramesonephric ducts fuse with

A

the sino vaginal bulb

40
Q

how does proximal vagina and uterus form

A

the ducts zip together in a cranial direction

41
Q

how do the uterine tubes form

A

the Mullerian ducts stay seperate as the left and right uterine tubes with fimbriated ends that open into the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

how does the broad ligament form

A

As the ducts lift off the posterior
abdominal wall they lift peritoneum as
the broad ligament

43
Q

describe some uterine abnormalities

A 
double uterus and double vagina
double uterus 
bicornate uterus
separated uterus 
unicornate uterus 
cervical atresia
44
Q

what is the gubernaculum

A

a cord that connects the testes with the bottom of the labioscrotal folds and causes descent of the testes in the fetus

45
Q

what two ligaments tether the gonads

A

the suspensory ligament and gubernaculum

46
Q

what does the gabernaculum do in the male

A

shrinks to draw the testes down the posterior abdominal wall to the inguinal canal then through the canal at 8 months so the testes should be in the scrotum by birth

47
Q

what does cryptorchidism mean

A

failure of the testes to descent

48
Q

what does the gubernaculum form in the female

A

round ligament

49
Q

what is the processus vaginalis

A

the testes take a loop of peritoneum with them which remains as the tunica vaginalis

50
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis

A

the serous covering of the testis

51
Q

what happens if the processus vaginalis stays open

A

indirect inguinal hernia and hydrocele

52
Q

what is hydrocele

A

the accumulation of serous fluid in a body sac

53
Q

what forms the endodermal urethral plate

A

the UG sinus

54
Q

what structures are formed by the urethral plate

A

the genital tubercle, the UG folds and the labioscrotal folds to form the external genitalia

55
Q

what forms the scrotum

A

genital swellings on either side of the urethral fold

56
Q

how does the penile urethra form

A

As the penis elongates, the edges of the urethral folds move

towards each other and fuse in the midline. the urethra ‘zips up’ from proximal to distal

57
Q

what is hypospadias

A

failure of the urethral folds to form or to extend along the penis and fuse

the urethra opens onto the ventral surface of the penis

58
Q

why are connections and fistulae of the UG tract and the rectum/ anal canal common

A

common origin and proximity

59
Q

What is the cloaca

A

the distal hindgut which will go on to form the rectum, anal canal, urogenital system

60
Q

what structures make up the renal primordia

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

61
Q

where do the kidneys form

A

pelvis and then travel upwards

62
Q

if the uteric bud fails to reach the metanephros why wont the kidney form

A

the uteric bud induces development

63
Q

what are somites formed from

A

mesoderm

64
Q

what is the coelom formed from

A

mesoderm

65
Q

what is the urinary and reproductive system formed from

A

mesoderm and coelomic epithelium

66
Q

what is the vas formed from

A

mesonephric duct

67
Q

what forms the prostate and membranous urethrae

A

the pelvic part of the UG sinus

68
Q

what does the prostate form from

A

the urethra

69
Q

what is the genetic basis for female sex

A

absence of the Y chromosome and the SRY gene

70
Q

what is the SRY gene

A

sex determining region Y

found on the Y chromosome and involved in male sex determination

71
Q

what duct forms the fallopian tube, uterus and upper part of the vagina

A

Mullerian duct

72
Q

what duct forms the epidymis and vas

A

Wolffian duct

73
Q

what forms the lower third of the vagina

A

sinovaginal bulb which is an endodermal bud of the UG sinus

74
Q

what does the UG sinus form in males

A

upper -urinary bladder
pelvic - prostatic and membranous urethra
phallic - urethra

75
Q

what does the UG sinus form in females

A

pelvic- sinovaginal bulb - lower vagina

upper- bladder

MD3002 (56 decks)

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