5/12- Exam

Question 1

globus sensation

Answer 1

feeling like something stuck in throat

normal findings. associated with anxiety

Question 2

which cytokine exclusively made by T cells

Answer 2

IL-2

Question 3

umbillicated papules. think…

Answer 3

molluscum contagiosum (pox)

Question 4

what happens to GFR after nephrectomy

Answer 4

immediately- cuts by 50%

six weeks later- goes back up to 80% due to structural and hemodynamic changes

Question 5

what dilates with viagra

Answer 5

smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum

Question 6

myasthenia gravis associated with which cancer

Answer 6

thymomas

Question 7

Na and K levels in DKA

Answer 7

Na decreased

K increased

Question 8

dandy walker malformation

Answer 8

absence of cerebellar vermis
dilatation of 4th ventricle
enlargement of posterior fossa

Question 9

treat pheochromocytoma

Answer 9

alpha blocker (phenoxybenzamine)

Question 10

germinal matrix

Answer 10

dense vascular subendymal zone of brain that goes away 28 weeks in utero

fragile so can cause intraventricular hemorrhage

Question 11

majority of cancers in head and neck are…

Answer 11

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 12

allelic heterogeneity vs. polygenic disease

Answer 12

allelic het: different loci on same gene

polygenic: different genes

Question 13

hemochromatosis symptoms

Answer 13

hepatomegaly, liver disease
DM secondary to pancreatic islet destruction
arthtopathy
pituitary hormone deficiencies 
hyperpigmentation
cardiomyopathy

Question 14

Bruton agammaglobunemia

Answer 14

x-linked

defect in brutons tyrosine kinase

B cells cant mature

Question 15

n-terminal signal peptides carry preprohormones from where to where

Answer 15

cytosol to ER

Question 16

Glucagon uses what what kind of receptor

Answer 16

Gs

Question 17

sweating uses what innervation

Answer 17

cholinergic postganglionic fibers of sympathetic system

Question 18

what should you ablate to eliminate over-sweating in axilla

Answer 18

thoracic sympathetic trunk

Question 19

red safranin stains what?

Answer 19

cartilage (type II collagen)
mast cells
mucin

Question 20

what is a vestige of the gubernaculum that projects from the uterus to labia majora via the inguinal canal

Answer 20

round ligament of uterus

Question 21

ischemic colitis pathology

Answer 21

mucosal hemorrhage, patchy areas of necrosis

Question 22

associations with Crohn’s

Answer 22

fistulas
apthous oral ulcers
bowel obstruction
fissures
abscesses

terminal ileum

Question 23

treatment for hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 23

lactulose- -degraded in colon to form lactic acid and acetic acid–>
convert NH3–>NH4+
more NH3 comes in from blood to gut to be acidified

Question 24

beta 2 agonist work through what type of receptor

Answer 24

Gs

Question 25

recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate...

Answer 25

intrinsic muscles of larynx: posterior, lateral, oblique, transverse crioarytenoids thyroiarytenoid (but not the cricothiroid)

Question 26

what does the right vs left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?

Answer 26

right- right subclavian artery left- aortic arch

Question 27

which nerves are unmyleinated?

Answer 27

postganglionic autonomic nerves afferent neurons that conduct heat, and slow-onset burning or pain first order bipolar sensory neurons of olfaction

Question 28

which layer makes a callus

Answer 28

stratum corneum

Question 29

can indirect cholinergic agonists have effect on pupil?

Answer 29

no, only direct

Question 30

acanthosis nigricans associations

Answer 30

obesity, insulin resistance if sudden--> malignancy of GI or lung

Question 31

alpha 1 uses what type of receptor

Answer 31

Gq

Question 32

in fetal circulation, what connects umbilical vein to IVC

Answer 32

ductus venosus

Question 33

steps to PCR

Answer 33

1. heat to 94-96 to denature strands 2- cool to 50-65 to anneal DNA primer 3. heat again to 72 so taq DNA polymerase can synthesize new strand

Question 34

right vs left supraclavicular lymph node drainage

Answer 34

right- mediastinum, lungs, esophagus left (virchow)- thorax, abdomen via thoracic duct