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UWorld Wrongs Flashcards

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1
Q

what cells are in glomerular crescents?

A

fibrin, parietal cells, monocytes, macrophages

–> sclerotic

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2
Q

Potter sequence

A

bilateral renal agenesis causes –> oligohydromnios

triad: pulmonary hypoplasia, facial and lower limb deformities

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3
Q

which two vitamins are insufficient in breastmilk?

A

Vit K and D

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4
Q

Hawthorne vs Pygmalian effect

A

Hawthorne- subjects know that being watched –> change behavior

Pygmalian: researcher’s beliefs about efficacy change outcomes

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5
Q

what do homeobox (hox) genes encode?

A

txn factors

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6
Q

do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have multiple origins of replication?

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

beta blockers MOA to reduce bp

A
  1. reduce contractility, HR

2. reduce renin release

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8
Q

renal blood flow formula

A

=(PAH clearance)/(1-hermatocrit)

PAH clearance= (urine PAH * urine flow rate)/ plasma PAH

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9
Q

cholera pathogenesis

A

produces toxin that doesnt invade mucosa

activates AC–> cAMP–> Cl influx and decreased Na reabs

mucin ejection by goblet cells–> mucus and sloughed off epithelial cells (rice water stool)

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10
Q

candida in 37 degree culture

A

true hyphae- germ tubes

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11
Q

bacteria that do transformation

A

Steptococcous, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Bacillus

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12
Q

clues that back pain is due to spinal mets

A
  • advanced age
  • worse at night
  • progressive, not relieved by analgesics or posiitons
  • history of malignancy
  • can have systemic symtoms (fever, weight loss)
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13
Q

1 factor to reduce mortality, especially in diabetics

A

smoking cessation

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14
Q

von willebrand disease

A

lifelong history of mucosal bleeding- gums, menstrual, nose, GI

normal platelets but impaired - increased bleeding time

normal PT/PTT

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15
Q

TSS from staph activates…

A

T cells –> IL-2, IL- 1, TNF from macrophages

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16
Q

virulence factor for Haemophilus type B

A

polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)- capsule protects against phagocytosis , binds factor H

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17
Q

homocystinuria symptoms and treatment

A

marfan, Intellectual disability, thromboembolic occlusion, ectopia lentis

treat with vitamin 6 (pyroxidine) supp

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18
Q

Klinefelter hormone levels

A

decreased T

increased FSH, LH (no feedback inhibition)

increased estradiol –> gynecomastia

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19
Q

what is the cause of hyperacute transplant rejection? and what is the pathology?

Study These Flashcards
A

preformed antibodies in recipient to graft

pathology: gross mottling, cyanosis, arterial fibrinoid necrosis

20
Q

Niacin def

Study These Flashcards
A

3 D’s of pellagra: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

21
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

Study These Flashcards
A

Acute: N/V, vertigo, blurred vision

Chronic: HSM, hepatotoxicity, dry skin, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, vision issues, papilledema (psedotumor cerebri)

Teratogenic!

22
Q

how does pyruvate kinase deficiency lead to splenomegaly?

Study These Flashcards
A

no pyruvate kinase –> insufficient ATP –> disrupt cation gradient in RBC –> hemolysis –> damaged RBCs accumulate in spleen (red pulp hyperplasia)

23
Q

enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol

Study These Flashcards
A

aldose reductase, uses NADPH

shifted in hyperglymic states (uncontrolled DM)

sorbitol can be converted to fructose via sorbitol dehydrogenase

24
Q

smooth ER versus rough ER function

Study These Flashcards
A

smooth: steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis; detox
rough: synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane synthesis; posttranslational modification of collagen (hydroxylation of proline and lysin) using vitamin C as cofactor

25
biotin is used as a cofactor for ....
pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate --> oxaloacetate)- gluconeogenesis acetyl CoA carboxylase (acetyl Coa --> malonyl CoA)- fatty acid synthesis propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA)- fatty acid oxidation
26
what deficiency happens from eating too many eggwhites?
biotin
27
what sequence is at the 3' end of tRNA as a recognition? sequence
CCA
28
amatoxins
poison found in wild mushrooms bind to DNA dep RNA pol II --> halt mRNA synthesis abdominal pain, cholera-like diarrhea, vomit, hepatic and renal failure
29
what affects glycogen degradation in muscle
Calcium ions! Ca--> activates phosphorylase kinase activate glycogen phosphorylase --> glycogenolysis
30
management of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
ketogenic diet-- lysine and leucine are ketogenic amino acids
31
thiamine deficiency
Vitamin B1 Dry beriberi: polyneuritis, muscle wasting Wet Beriberi: high output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome- confused, opthalmoplegia, ataxia
32
ristocetin test
measures vWF-dependent platelet aggregation ristocetin normally activates GPIb receptor to be available to vWF if no vWF or GPIb (Bernard-Soulier), abnromal test If add fresh platelets (that has vWF) vWF defiency corrects, but Bernard Soulier doesnt
33
attrituable risk percent formula
= (1-relative risk)/ relative risk *100 =(risk in exposed-risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed *100
34
how does mutated huntingtin protein cause disease?
deactylation of histones--> silences genes for neuronal survival
35
typical complication of acute MI on 5th day
rupture of LV free wall--> cardiac tamponade --> shock
36
verapamil MOA
block L type Ca channels --> slowing of phase 4 depolarization --> reduced conduction velocity in SA and AV nodes
37
A delta fibers
free nerve endings detect pain and temp
38
pacinian corpuscles vs ruffini
both mediate touch, proprioception, and vibration pacinian- rapidly acting ruffini- slow acting
39
common cause of retroperitoneal hematomas
pancreatic injury
40
cyanide poisoning manifestation
reddish hint to skin, tachypnea, N/V, confused, weak, progress to seizure and CV collapse lactic acidosis, narrowed arterial-venous PO2 gradient
41
cyanide poisoning pathogenesis and treatment
cyanide binds ferric Fe3--> inhibit cytochrome c oxidase--> no oxidative phosphorylation (no etc) treat with inhaled amyl nitrate- which oxidizes Fe2 into Fe3 to attract and sequester cyanide away
42
where is angio I concerted to angio II?
small vessels of lung
43
how many days after fertilization is hcg detected in serum versus urine?
urine- 14 days serum- 8 days
44
signs of digoxin toxicity
confusion, lethargy, weak, visual symptoms, N/V cardiac arrhythmia elevated K- due to inhibit Na-K ATPase
45
whats a future risk of cryptochordism
testicular cancer
46
TH2 stimulates which cytokines to activate IgE production?
IL-4 and IL-13

Wrongs (36 decks)

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