Test 35: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

N-myc oncogene is seen in what

A

Neuroblastoma

- see increased number of n-myc

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2
Q

K-ras protooncogene mutation is responsible for what in colorectal cancer

A

increase in size of adenomatous polyps

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3
Q

mutation of WT-1 leads to development of what

A

Wilms tumor

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4
Q

role of p53 in colorectal cancer

A

malignant transformation of preexisting large adenomatous polyps

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5
Q

What is the clinical feature of fat embolism syndrome

A
  1. long bone and/or pelvic fracture
  2. acute-onset neurologic abnormalities
  3. hypoxemia
  4. petechial rash
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6
Q

axonal reaction

A
  • increased protein synthesis that facilitates axon repair
  • enlarged rounded cells with peripherally located nuclei
  • dispersed finely granular nissel substance are seen
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7
Q

Irreversible neuronal injury looks like what

A
  • shrinkage of the neuronal body
  • deep eosinophilia of cytoplasm
  • pyknosis of nucleus
  • loss of nissl substances
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8
Q

A paraneoplastic syndrome of hypercoagulability may be seen in some patients with what

A

adenocarcinomas of pancreas, colon, or lung

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9
Q

Trousseau syndrome? what is it? what does it indicate?

A
  • Superficial venous thromboses ( migratory superficial thrombophlebitis)
  • indicates visceral cancer
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10
Q

What is mutated in congenital long QT syndrome

A

mutations in K+ channels

  • decrease outflow K during phase 3
  • prolonged action potential
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11
Q

how can a congenital long QT syndrome present

A

Torsades de pointes
syncope
seizure
sudden cardiac death

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12
Q

genetic defect in asymmetric hypertrophy of left ventricle occurring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  1. cardiac myosin-binding protein C

2. cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene

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13
Q

2 characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  1. left ventricle dilation

2. systolic dysfunction

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14
Q

What is key clinical finding for acute tubular necrosis

A

granular “muddy brown” casts

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15
Q

oliguria

A

low urine output

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16
Q

what part of the kidney and most likely to become impacted by acute tubular necrosis

A
  • straight proximal tubules

- thick ascending limb of Henle’s loops located in outer medulla

17
Q

Brown pigment stones are associated with what

A

-biliary tract infection

18
Q

Black pigment stones are associated with

A
  • chronic hemolytic anemia

- increased enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin

19
Q

Fever, progressive weakness, and dyspnea
presence of vegetations on mitral valve
what do i have?

A

infective endocarditis

20
Q

predisposing factor for infective endocarditis

A

valvular abnormalities and bacteremia/fungemia

  • rheumatic heart disease
  • mitral valve prolapse
  • prosthetic valves
  • congenital heart disease
21
Q

Chronic valvular inflammation and scarring associated with rheumatic heart disease predispose to an increase risk of what

A

infective endocarditis.

22
Q

vegetations caused by bacterial colonization in infective endocarditis grow on what

A

sterile fibrin-platelet nidus that forms damaged/disrupted endothelial surface of the valvular apparatus

23
Q

Epidural hematoma occurs due to a tear of what? between what layers

A

meningeal artery

- bone and dura matar

24
Q

clinical presentation of epidural hematoma

A
  • “lucid interval” followed by loss of consciousness
25
Q

What bone is usually impacted with epidural hematoma

A

temporal bone

26
Q

CT for epidural hematoma

A
  • hyperdense biconvex (lentiform) blood collection

- does not cross suture lines

27
Q

Blood vessel involved with subdural hematoma

A
  • bridging cortical veins
28
Q

blood vessel involved with subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Aneurysm or AV malformation of anterior and posterior communicating arteries

29
Q

subdural hematoma between what layers

A

dura and arachnoid

30
Q

between what layers subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

arachnoid and pia mater

31
Q

Clinical manifestation of subdural hematoma

A

gradual onset of headache and confusion

32
Q

clinical manifestation of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

severe headache “worst headache of my life”

- fever and nuchal rigidity

33
Q

CT scan of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

blood in basal cistern

34
Q

CT scan of subdural hematoma

A

crescent-shaped hematoma