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Uworld > Test 72: All > Flashcards

Test 72: All Flashcards

1
Q

Th1 lymphocytes release what? then what happens?

A

interferon-gamma

-recruits macrophages

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2
Q

What causes Th1 lymphocytes to release interferon gamma

A

IL-2 from macrophages

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3
Q

“red ragged” muscles fibers are seen in what type of disease

A

mitochondrial disease

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4
Q

What drug is used for treatment of bradycardia

A

Atropine, decreases vagal influences of SA and AV nodes

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5
Q

side effects of atropine

A

increase intraocular pressure

- may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma

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6
Q

which ions are responsible for resting membrane potential at -70

A

high K conductance and some sodium conductance

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7
Q

What does alludes reductase convert

A

glucose into sorbitol

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8
Q

What does sorbitol dehydrogenase convert

A

Sorbitol into glucose

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9
Q

What is the treatment for von Willebrand disease? How does it work

A

Desmopressin

- releases vWF stored in endothelium

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10
Q

Where is vWF and factor VIII produced

A

endothelial cells

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11
Q

What receptors do Desmopressin work on

A

V2, not as much of V1

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12
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries are a branch off of what

A

middle cerebral artery

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13
Q

How does pontine hemorrhage present

A
  1. coma ( reticular activating system)
  2. total paralysis ( cortiocspinal and corticobulbar)
  3. pinpoint pupils ( descending sympathetic path )
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14
Q

MOA for sulfonylureas

A

increase insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells independent of blood glucose concentration

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15
Q

Risk factor for sulfonylureas

A

hypoglycemia

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16
Q

Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Mecafungin are what type of drugs

A

Echinocandins

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17
Q

MAO for Echinocandins

A
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of Beta-glucan ( component of fungal wall cell)
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18
Q

What are Echinocandins used for

A
  • Invasive aspergilloisis

- Candida

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19
Q

Adverse effects of Echinocandins

A
  • GI upset

- flushing ( by histamine release)

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20
Q

MAO fo Amphotericin B

A
  • binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
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21
Q

MOA for Flucytosine

A

inhibits synthesis of both DNA and RNA in fungal cells

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22
Q

Griseofulvin MOA

A

binds microtubules and inhibits mitosis

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23
Q

Itraconazole MOA

A

inhibits ergosterol synthesis

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24
Q

MOA for Terbinafine

A

inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase

- leads to decrease ergosterol synthesis

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25
Q

Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration is characteristic of what disease

A

hyperparathyroidism

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26
Q

persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals

A

osteopetrosis

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27
Q

Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic is what problem

A

Paget’s

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28
Q

Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

A

Vitamine D deficiency

29
Q

Vertical, midline incision is made at posterior vaginal opening through the vaginal and subvaginal mucosa? what is also most likely to be cut

A

Perineal body

30
Q

Folate synthesizes what

A

nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

- ex. dTMP

31
Q

What is a salvage pathway for dTMP

A

thymidine kinase

32
Q

Location of SA node

A

junction of right atrium and superior vena cava

33
Q

What vitamins are not found in breast milk for newborns

A

D and K

34
Q

pancreatic islet amyloid deposition is characteristic of what disease

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

35
Q

What makes Hep D antigen infectious

A

Hepatits B surface antigen of Hep B. virus must coat the Hepatitis D antigen of Hep D

36
Q

What are two things that play a role in osteoclast differentiation

A
  1. macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF)

2. receptor for activated nuclear factor kappa-B ligand ( RANK-L)

37
Q

Patient has pain and deformity of long bones with hearing loss ?

A

Paget’s disease of bone

38
Q

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

A
  • decreases binding of RANK-L to RANK

- reduces osteoclast

39
Q

MOA for Denosumab

A

inhibits the RANK/RANK-L interaction also leads to increased bone density

40
Q

What is the role of heme oxygenase? color?

A

converts heme to biliverdin

- Biliverdin causes greenish color to develop in bruises several days after injury?

41
Q

The best and most reliable auscultatory indicator of the degree of mitral stenosis is what

A

A1-OS interval.

- shorter interval indicates more severe stenosis

42
Q

pulmonary vascular bed does what during tissue hypoxia

A

vasoconstriction

43
Q

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase reflects what activity

A

osteoblastic

44
Q

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect what activity? which on e is more reliable

A

osteoclastic activity

- deoxypyridinoline

45
Q

The afferent limb of the light reflex pathway is what nerve

A

optic nerve

46
Q

the efferent limb of the reflex pathway is

A

parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve

47
Q

AAUAA is what signal

A

polyadenylation signal for polyermase A on RNA

48
Q

HbF contains

A

gamma-globin and alpha

49
Q

HbA

A

alpha and beta globin

50
Q

Role of class III anti arrhythmic drugs

A
  • blocks potassium channels

- inhibit outward potassium currents during phase 3 of cardiac action potential

51
Q

Absence of normal enteral stimulation in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition leads to what 3 things.

A
  1. decreased cholecystokinin release
  2. decreased biliary stasis
  3. increase risk of gallstones
52
Q

role of cholecystokinin release

A
  • increase pancreatic secretion
  • increase gallbladder contraction
  • decrease gastric emptying
  • increase sphincter of Oddi relaxation
53
Q

what causes schistocytes

A
  1. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

2. prosthetic cardiac valve

54
Q

what are serum levels when schistocytes are seen

A
  1. decreased haptoglobin

2. increased LDH and bilirubin

55
Q

Intermittent respiratory symptoms in a patient with a normal chest x-ray, sputum eosinophils, and reduced FEV1 suggests what diagnosis

A

asthma

56
Q

What is Hartnup disease

A

Deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in

  1. proximal renal tubular cells
  2. on enterocytes

exces loss of dietary tryptophan

57
Q

Hartnup disease is a result of what deficiency

A

niacin deficiency

58
Q

Niacin is synthesized from what

A

tryptophan

59
Q

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and precursor for what

A
  1. nicotinic acid
  2. serotonin
  3. melatonin
60
Q

Hartnup disease clinical presentation

A
  • pellagra like symptoms
61
Q

Family history of sarcoma, leukemia, adrenal and breast cancer suggests what in a female with lump in breast

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

62
Q

What causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A
  • autosomal dominant mutation in tumor suppressor gene TP53
63
Q

right border of the right is formed by what

A

right atrium

64
Q

What happens in IgA deficiency during blood transfusion

A
  • anaphylaxis

- blood may contain small amounts of IgA

65
Q

gonadal artery arises from what artery

A

aorta

66
Q

What causes Pasteurella multocida

A

soft-tissue infection that develops within 24 hours of following a dog or cat bite

67
Q

What is the number one thing to do to prevent catheter infection in patient

A

alcohol based hand scrub prior to beginning the procedure

68
Q

patient with bone pain, fatigue, anemia, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia has what

A

multiple myeloma

Uworld (63 decks)

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