5.1 - Individual Differences

Question 1

What is state anxiety?

Answer 1

Anxiety felt in a particular situation

Question 2

What is trait anxiety?

Answer 2

A trait that is enduring in an individual. Refers to anxiety as a characteristic of a person

Question 3

State 5 characteristics of type A personality?

Answer 3

High levels of stress
Strong desire to success
High levels of alertness
Work at fast pace
Need to be in control

Question 4

State 5 characteristics of type B personality’s?

Answer 4

Relaxed
Tolerant approach
Lower personal stress
Less competitive
Delegate easily

Question 5

What is a stable personality trait?

Answer 5

Traits which are unchangeable, remain constant and predicatable

Question 6

What is an unstable personality trait?

Answer 6

Traits which are changeable and unpredictable

Question 7

What is an extrovert?

Answer 7

A trait of a person who seeks social situation and excitement but lacks concentration

Question 8

What is an introvert?

Answer 8

A trait of a person who doesn’t seek social situations and likes peace and quiet, but is good at concentrating

Question 9

What is the social learning approach to personality?

Answer 9

Our personalities are shaped by those around us and that we are more likely to adopt the personality of role models that we come into contact with

Question 10

What is the interactionist approach to personality?

Answer 10

We are all born with certain personality characteristics but some of these can be changed by interacting with the environment

Question 11

What are the elements of the triadic model of attitudes?

Answer 11

Beliefs - cognitive element
Emotions - affective element
Behaviour - behavioural element

Question 12

What are the 4 components of persuasive communication? (4)

Answer 12

The persuader - must be of high status and perceived to be significant
The message - needs to be presented in a way that the recipients want to change their attitude
The recipients - attitude more easily changed if recipient wishes to be change
The situation - attitudes are easier to change of there are other persuaders present

Question 13

Why would some people have positive attitudes towards sport? (7)

Answer 13

Believe in value of exercise
Enjoy activities and have fun or enjoy the competition
Are good at the activity
Experience excitement due to physical challenge
Enjoy physical sensations and personal expression
Experience relaxation and see it as an escape from stress
See participation as a social norm

Question 14

Why would some people have a negative attitude to sports? (6)

Answer 14

Believe it is harmful or they’re better of doing other things
Dislike the experiences involved
Lack physical or perceptual skills needed
Frightened of the activity
Experience stress/anxiety when they participate
See the social norm as not having to participate

Question 15

What are the 2 types of motivation?

Answer 15

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

Question 16

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 16

Internal drive to do well or participate

Question 17

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 17

External factors which can increase drive to do well or participate

Question 18

What is arousal ?

Answer 18

The amount of drive we experience to achieve something

Question 19

What does drive theory state ?

Answer 19

As arousal increase so does performance

Question 20

What does inverted U theory state?

Answer 20

As arousal increases so does performance
Until it reaches an optimum point - usually at moderate arousal level
Once past the moderate arousal level, performance begins to decline

Question 21

What does the catastrophe theory state?

Answer 21

As arousal increase so does performance
Until it reaches its optimum performance level around moderate arousal
Performance then has an extreme decline
It will then either continue to decline or gradually increase, dependant on somatic and cognitive anxiety

Question 22

What is peak flow experience?

Answer 22

Optimum performance levels have been achieved and are associated with a particular emotional response

Question 23

What is competitive trait anxiety?

Answer 23

Perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension or tension

Question 24

What are the 4 factors related to competitive anxiety?

Answer 24

Individual differences
Different types of anxiety
General or specific anxiety
The competition process

Question 25

How can you achieve being in the zone? (7)

Answer 25

Be relaxed
Be confident
Be completely focused
Activity is effortless
Movements are automatic
Fun
In control

Question 26

What is cue utilisation?

Answer 26

Performer concentrates on the relevant cues at the particular time

Question 27

What does aggression mean?

Answer 27

Intent to harm outside the rules of the sports event

Question 28

What is assertion?

Answer 28

Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event

Question 29

What does the instinct theory of aggression say?

Answer 29

Aggression is a natural response

Question 30

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 30

Hypothesis states that frustration will always leads to aggression because any blocking of goals than an individual is trying to reach increases that individuals drive, which in turn increases aggression.

Question 31

What is aggressive cue hypothesis?

Answer 31

When an individual is frustrated, their arousal increases and this creates a readiness for aggression

Question 32

What is social facillitation?

Answer 32

Positive influence of others, who may be watching or completing, on sports performance

Question 33

What is social inhibition?

Answer 33

Negative influence of others, who may be watching or completing, on sports performance

Question 34

What are the factors affect performance according zajnoc?

Answer 34

Presence of an audience increases levels of arousal
Increase in arousal means performer is more likely to perform the dominant response
If the skill is simple or performer is an expert, the dominant response is likely to be the correct one and performance will improve
If the skill is complex or the performer is a novice, then the dominant response is likely to be wrong and performance will decline

Question 35

What is evaluation apprehension?

Answer 35

Cottrell went on to state that arousal level increased only when others present were evaluating, or were perceived by the performer to be evaluating or judging performance.

Question 36

What factors effect social facilitation?

Answer 36

Personality factors
Levels of experience
Types of skills or activities