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Biology > 5.1.1 > Flashcards

5.1.1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Why do plant need to respond to their external env?

A

avoid herbivory
grow towards sunlight / water

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2
Q

Why do animals need to respond to their environment?

A

eat/catch prey
avoid predation

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3
Q

What are abiotic and biotic factors?

A

abiotic is non-living
biotic is living

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4
Q

What needs to be regulated in the internal environment?

A

blood glucose concentration
internal temperature
water potential
cell pH

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5
Q

What needs to be regulated in the external environment?

A

humidity
external temperature
light intensity
new or sudden sound

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6
Q

What is a transducer?

A

a receptor that will convert one form of energy into another form of energyW

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7
Q

What is an example of a transducer?

A

receptors

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8
Q

What is a feature of receptors?

A

specific to 1 particular stimulus

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9
Q

What is an effector?

A

brings about a response to a stimulus

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10
Q

What secretes hormones?

A

glands

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

Lipid-based
Non-lipid based

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12
Q

What can lipid-soluble hormones do?

A

diffuse straight through the phospholipid bilayer and act upon DNA

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13
Q

Why can peptide hormones not diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

too large

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14
Q

How do peptide hormones enter the phospholipid bilayer?

A

1st messenger and 2nd messenger response

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15
Q

What is the 1st messenger?

A

hormone

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16
Q

What does the hormone do?

A

binds to receptor on the cell surface membrane

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17
Q

How does the hormone bind to the receptor?

A

complimentary and specific in shape

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18
Q

What happens when the hormone binds to the receptor in the 1st msg 2nd msg response?

A

activates enzyme
adenyl cyclase

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19
Q

What does adenyl cyclase do?

A

activates 2nd messenger

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20
Q

What is the 2nd mesenger?

21
Q

What does cAMP do?

Study These Flashcards
A

trigger a response inside the cell

22
Q

Outline the entire 1st messenger 2nd messenger response?

Study These Flashcards
A

First messenger = hormone
hormone binds to receptor
on c.s.m
as they are complimentary and specific in shape
activates adenyl cyclase enzyme
adenyl cyclase activates cAMP
cAMP triggers a response inside the cell

23
Q

What is cell signalling?

Study These Flashcards
A

communication between cells
cell recognition / identification
cells working together
to trigger a response

24
Q

What is homeostasis?

Study These Flashcards
A

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment / state
within narrow limits
even though the env is changing

25
Why does core body temp need maintaining?
enzymes and other proteins like channel proteins are sensitive to changes in temp optimum temp low temp - no efficient
26
Why does blood glucose concetration need to be maintained?
Glucose is used as a repsiratory substrate by cells so they need a constant supply keeping it constant, ensures a constant water potential
27
What is ATP used for?
muscle contraction and active transport
28
What is glucose used for?
to generate ATP
29
Why does the W.P of blood need to be maintained? | W.P
changes in the water potential of blood may cause cells to shrink or expand as water leaves/ enters by osmosis if not kept constant cells cannot function properly
30
What is negative feedback?
effector causes a change to bring internal env back to normal conditions
31
What is positive feedback?
situation is amplified until a change is brought about
32
What are endotherms?
Warm blooded animals that regulate their own internal temperature
33
What are ectotherms?
cold-blooded animal that does not regulate its own internal temperature using behaviourial responses
34
Why do ectotherms bask in the sun?
aerobic respiration to generate ATP for muscle contraction
35
What does hypothalamus do?
sends messages to parts of body by ANS contains thermoreceptors
36
What happens in vasoconstriction?
less blood flow near surface of skin
37
What happens to blood flow in vasodilation?
more blood flows clsoer to skin surface
38
What do hair erector muscles do?
contracts relaxes hairs standing on end trap insulating layer of air
39
What happens when temp inc?
temp receptors on skin detect inc temp sensory neurone passes this to thermoreceptors motor neurones pass this to skeletal muscles to prevent shivering vasodilation relaxation of hair erector muscles shivering dec production of thyroxine and adrenaline dec in metabolsim dec in heat production as by product of aerobic repsiration normal temp
40
What initally detects the inc in temp?
temp receptors in skin
41
What passes impulses from temp receptors in skin to thermoreceptors?
sensory neurone
42
What passes impulses form thermoreceptors to effectors?
motor neurones
43
What do effectors do when temp inc?
skeletal muscle prevent shivering vasodilation relaxation of hair erector muscles sweating dec production of adrenaline and thyroxine
44
What happens when the temp dec compared to normal?
temp receptors in skin detect dec sesnory neurone sends impulses to thermoreceptors in hypothalamus motor neurones send impulses to effectors skeletal muscles shivering vasoconstirction contractipon of hair erector myscle hairs stand on end trapping insulating layer of air no/little sweating inc prod of adrenaline and thyrioxine inc in metabolism inc heat prod as by product of areobic resp
45
What sends impulses from receptors in skin to hypothalamus?
sensory
46
What sends impulses from the thermoregulatory centre to the effector?
motor neurones
47
What does the effector do when temp dec?
skeletal muscles shivering vasoconstirction contractipon of hair erector myscle hairs stand on end trapping insulating layer of air no/little sweating inc prod of adrenaline and thyrioxine inc in metabolism inc heat prod as by product of areobic resp
48
Why do smaller organisms struggle to maintain their body temperature compared to mammals and birds?
(insects are smaller and) have a , large(r) / AW , surface area to volume ratio  (insects have) greater rate of heat loss  mammals and birds have , more effective / thicker , insulation  ref to a method of more precise control of body temperature in birds and mammals 
49
Why are moths and bumblees described as endothermic?
scales and hair help to reduce heat loss  generate heat from , respiration / metabolism 

Biology (26 decks)

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