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Biology > 5.1.4 > Flashcards

5.1.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

a tissue/organ
secretes hormones/ enzymes
directly into blood
ductless

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2
Q

Do endocrine organs or tissues have ducts?

A

no

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3
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

produce hormones that are transported by ducts that carry the secretion to another place

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones
Steroid / lipid soluble hormones

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5
Q

What do peptide hormones do?

A

not soluble so dont enter the cell

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6
Q

How do peptide hormones enter the cell?

A

1st messenger
2nd messenger

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7
Q

What dp steroid/ lipid soluble based hormones do?

A

pass through the membrane and enter the cell
acting upon DNA in nucleusu

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8
Q

Outline the action of adrenaline?

A

1) Adrenaline receptor site has shape change coplimentary to adrenaline

2) Adrenaline activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase

3) Adenyl Cyckase cinverts ATP into cAMP which activates enzmes inside the cell

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9
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline an example of?

A

peptide hormone

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the adrenaline receptor site and adrenaline?

A

complimentary and specific in shape

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11
Q

What enzyme does adrenaline activate?

A

adenyl cyclase

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12
Q

What does adenyl cyclase do in the action of adrenaline?

A

converts ATP into cAMP

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13
Q

Where is the medulla?

A

centre of adrenal glands

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14
Q

Where is the cortex?

A

surrounding medulla ina drenal glands

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15
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

produced non-essential hormone

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16
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

produces essential hormones

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17
Q

What hormoned does the cortex produce?

A

essential hormones
cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones

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18
Q

What hormones do the medulla produce?

A

non-essential
adrenaline
noradrenaline

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19
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

N+ and k+ reabs in kidneys

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20
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A

inc heart rate
stimulates glycogenosis
triggers fight/flight

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21
Q

What is the function of noradrealine?

A

inc heart rate
stimulates glycogenosis
triggers fight/flight

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22
Q

Wht is the dunction of cortisol?

A

stimulates glycogenolysis
reduces inflammation
regulates B.P

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23
Q

what do sex hormones do?

A

aid development of gametes

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24
Q

What do exocrine glands do in pancreas?

A

enzymes are carried to the gall bladder in the pancreatic duct

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25
What do endocrine glands do in pancreas?
insulin and glucagon are relased directly into the blood stream
26
What are the 2 cells in the islet of langerhans
alpha cells beta cells
27
What do alpha cells produce?
glucagon
28
What do beta cells produce?
insulin
29
What is the normal blood glucose concentration?
4 and 6 mmol dm-3
30
What increases blood glucose conc?
eating a carbohydrate rich diet glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
31
What decreases blood glucose concentration?
respiration glycogenesis
32
What is insulin detected by?
beta cells
33
What happens when blood glucose rises too high?
Detected by beta cells in islets of langerhans hormone insulin secreted into blood target cells are hepatocytes in the liver insulin binds to receptors on plasma membrane of the hepatocytes Adenyl cyclase activates cAMP More glucose channels are placed in the plasma membrane of the liver/muscle cells more glucose enters the cell glucose is converted to glycogen for storage aka glycogenesis More glucose is converted into fats More glucose ised in respiration inc metabolic activity causes blood glucose concentration to fall
34
What are target cells when blood glucose is too high?
hepatocytes
35
What does insulin do?
bind to receptors on plasma membrane of heaptocytes
36
What does adenyl cyclase do?
activate cAMP
37
What happens to glucose channels when blood glucose is too high?
more glucose channels placed in plasma membrane of the liver/muscle cells
38
What happens to glucose when blood glucose concentration is too high?
glycogenesis into glycogen converted into fats respiration
39
Why does glycogenesis happen?
storafe
40
What happens when glucose is sued in repsiration when blood glucose is too hgih?
inc in metabolic rate
41
What happens when blood glucose concentration is too low?
alpha cells detected in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas glucagon secreted into blood target cells are hepatocytes in liver Glycogen converted into glucose by glycogenolysis more fatty acids used n resp amino acids and fast converted into glucose gluconeogenesis causes blood glucose concentration to rise
42
What detects blood glucose falling too low?
alpha cells
43
What hormone is secreted into blood when blood glucose falls too low?
glucagon
44
What are the target cells when blood glucose falls too low?
hepatocytes
45
What happens to glycogen when blood glucose falls too low?
converted to glucose by glycogenolysis
46
What happens to fatty acids when blood glucose falls too low?
more are used in resp
47
What happens to amino acids and fats when blood glucose falls too low?
converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis
48
What happens to blood glucose concentration?
continues to rise
49
How is insulin released?
Cell membrane has potassium and calcium ion channels potassium ion channels are normally open so K+ flow out when blood glucose concentration is too high the glucose moves into cells glucose is metabolised to produce ATP ATP closes potasisum ion channels
50
What do K+ ions do in the release of insulin?
K+ flow out
51
What happens to glucose when blood glucose conc is too high during release of insulin?
glucose moves into ce;;
52
What is metabolised to produce ATP after moving into the cell in the release of insulin?
glucose
53
What closes after glucose is metabolised into ATP in the release of insulin?
K+ channels
54
What causes the inside of the cell to become less negative?
accumulation of K+ ions altering the P.D across the cell membrane
55
What does the change in the potential differnce in the relase of insulin cause?
Ca2+ channels to open
56
What do ca2+ do in the relase of insulin?
Ca2+ cause vesicles of insulin to fuse with the cell membrane and releasing insulin by exocytosis
57
What causes blood glucose levels to fluctuate?
eating exercise
58
What is diabetes mellitus?
disease body can no longer control the blood glucose levels
59
What can diabetes mellitus cause?
hyperglycaemia hypoglycaemia
60
What is hyperglycaemia>
blood sugar level too high
61
What is hypoglyceamia?
blood sugar level too low
62
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune disease genetic triggered by env factor
63
What happens in type 1 diabetes?
body no longer produces any insulin cells not functioning properly
64
When is type 1 diabetes?>
childhood
65
When is type 2 diabetes?
later in life
66
What factors can cause diabetes to happen earlier?
obesity over-eating sugar physical inactivity high bp asian / afro carribean descent family history inc with age males
67
What causes type 2 diabetes?
glycoprotein for insulin doesnt work properly
68
What is type 2 diabetes?
body doesn't respod properly to insulin insulin not produced
69
What are lifestyle treatments for diabetes?
reducing amount of sugar in diet more exercise
70
What is a type 1 diabetes treatment?
genetically engineering insulin making beta cells
71
Why is genetically engineering insulin from bacteria advantgeous?
less ethical / religious issues lots can be produced in short amount of time
72

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