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Biology > 5.2.1 > Flashcards

5.2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for photsynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water
->
glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

rate of photosynthesis and rate of respiration are the same / equal

because the volume of carbon dioxide entering the plant is the same as the volume of carbon dioxide leaving the plant

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3
Q

What is the compensation period?

A

The time it takes a plant to reach it’s compensation point

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4
Q

What does photosynthesis rely on?

A

light

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5
Q

What s the relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis?

A

as light intensity increases
we get a higher rate of photosynthesis
compared to respiration

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6
Q

How can you tell from the compensation point graph that light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis compared to respiration?

A

more CO2 is being taken in than being taken out

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7
Q

What is the liquid inside the chloroplast known as?

A

stroma

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8
Q

What size are the ribosomes in a chloroplast?

A

70S

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9
Q

What is embedded in the thylakoid membrane?

A

ATP synthase

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10
Q

What is the role of the loop of DNA in the chloroplast?

A

contains genetic information on enzymes involved in photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the role of the starch granule in a chloroplast?

A

glucose is stored as starch

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12
Q

What is advantageous about the many grana in chloroplasts?

A

provides a large surface area for photosynthetic pigments

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13
Q

Describe 2 ways in which the grana is adapted to it’s function?

A

large SA for light absorption

contain photosystems

contain ATP synthase / electron carriers

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14
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

photosynthetic pigments arranged in special structures.
held in place by proteins embedded in the grana

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15
Q

Where is the primary pigment kept?

A

at the reaction centre of each photosystem

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16
Q

What is the primary pigment?

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

What are the names of other pigments?

A

chlorophyll B
xanthophylls
cartenoids

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18
Q

What do pigments that are not chlorophyll a do with light that is different?

A

chlorophyll B, xanthophylls, cartenoids
absorb different wavelengths of light

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19
Q

Where are chlorophyll B, xanthophylls and cartenoids found?

A

in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast#in the antenna complex

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20
Q

What pigments are known as acsessory pigments?

A

chlorophyll B and cartenoids

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21
Q

What 2 groups can cartenoids be?

A

xanthophyll or beta carotene

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22
Q

What do carotenoids do with light?

A

absorb blue light and reflect yellow and orange

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23
Q

Why is there different pigments?

A

to absorb different wavelengths of light

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24
Q

What do the acsessory pigments do?

A

pass energy to the primary pigment

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25
Explain why the rate of photosynthesis varies during a 24 hour period but the rate of respiration does not?
Photosynthesis depends on light so the rate of photosynthesis is 0 in the dark and the rate increases as light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis is highest at around midday when the env is warmer for respiration and this could increase the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions respiration doesnt depend on light for photosynthesis a higher temperature may speed up enzyme catalysed
26
Why is a pestle and mortar used in the TLC?
To break down the cell wall and release photosynthetic pigments
27
What is the first stage of the light dependent stage?
Photolysis of water
28
What happens in photolysis?
Water is broken into hydrogen ions and oxygen and an electron
29
How is oxygen released after photolysis?
Released from the plant through diffusion through the stomata
30
What happens to the electrons after photolysis?
Used in the photosystem
31
What happens in the light dependent stage?
Pigments absorb light Electrons are excited to higher energy levels Acsessory pigments pass energy yo reaction centre and primary pigments Primary pigments become oxidised losing electrons Electrons are passed to the etc FOR lc=d
32
What do pigments absorb?
light
33
What is beneficial about having many grana?
provides a large surface area for photosynthetic pigments
34
How are pigments arranged?
photosystems
35
What holds the photosystems in place?
proteins embedded in grana
36
What is the primary pigment?
chlorophyll A
37
Where is chlorophyll A found?
the reaction centre of each photosystem
38
Why is there different pigments?
to absorb different wavelengths of light
39
Where are chlorophyll a, carotenoids and xanthophylls found?
embedded in thylakoid membrane
40
What are some examples of accessory pigments ?
Carotenoids Chlorophyll B
41
How do these pigments work?
- different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light - acsessory pigments either xanthophyll or beta carotene pass energy to primary pigment - range of acsessory pigment has allows a range of wavelengths to be absorbed - primary pigment becomes excited and loses electrons to the ETC - These excite electrons to a higher energy level - to be used in the light dependent reaction
42
What do different pigments absorb?
different wavelengths of light
43
What do acsessory pigments do with energy?
pass it to the primary pigment
44
What happens after the primary pigment recieves energy?
becomes excited and loses electrons
45
What reaction are the electrons used in?
light-dependent reaction
46
Why do we crush the plant using a pestle and mortar?
to break down cell wall and cell membrane to release photosynthetic pigments
47
Why should we handle the TLC with gloves?
to avoid amino acids on hands to contaminate results
48
Why is the pigment allowed to dry between reapplications?
makes it more concentrated
49
Why is the line drawn in pencil?
pen would dissolve in solvent
50
What is RuBP
5 carbon compound
51
How does the CO2 even enter the light independent reaction?
diffuses into the stomata
52
What does RuBP do when it comes into contact with CO2?
2 X GP
53
What enzyme converts RuBP into 2 GP's?
rubisco
54
What is carbon fixation?
where the carbon from carbon dioxide is fixed to the RuBP to make 2 lots of GP
55
What is GP?
A 3 carbon compound
56
What is GP converted into?
2 X TP
57
What is used to convert GP into TP?
NADPH + H+ from light dependent reaction
58
What does the GP gain from ATP?
an inorganic phosphate
59
What forms and goes back to the light dependent stage when TP is formed?
NADP
60
What phosphorylates ADP into ATP
ATP synthase from the light dependent stage
61
What is product regeneration?
1 carbon is removed from TP's RuBP regenerated
62
63
What is non-cyclic phosphorylation?
1) e- passes through PSII 2) e- passes along electron carriers 3) e- passes into PSI 4) e- binds to NADP to form NADPH
64
What is cyclic phosphorylation?
1) e- passes down e- carriers 2) using energy from a series of redox reactions, H+ actively transported into IMS 3) e- excited to higher energy level in PSI 4) e- re-enters ETC
65
Why would a plant undergo cyclic phosphorylation?
lack of water
66
Why do plants undergo cyclic phosphorylation when they have a lack of water?
e- is being recycled and the e- is from photolysis so ATP still produced
67
How is ATP produced in photosynthesis?
chemiosmosis
68
Explain what is meant by a limiting factor.
the factor that will , determine / limit / AW , the rate  when at , low(er) / sub-optimal / AW , level 
69

Biology (26 decks)

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