5.2.2

Question 1

What happens when you add water to ATP?

Answer 1

ADP and Pi and energy form

Question 2

How many phosphate groups in ADP and ATP?

Answer 2

3 phosphate groups in ATP
2 phosphate groups in ADP

Question 3

What is the reaction called where ATP is converted into ADP?

Answer 3

HYDROLYSIS

Question 4

wHAT IS THE REACTION THAT CONVERTS ADP INTO ATP?

Answer 4

CONDENSATION

Question 5

What is the name of the sugars in ATP and ADP?

Answer 5

RIBOSE

Question 6

What is the name of the base in ATP and ADP?

Answer 6

adenine

Question 7

Why do cells ned a supply of ATP molecules?

Answer 7

to act as an immediate energy source

Question 8

What processes require ATP?

Answer 8

active transport
maintaining resting potentials in neurones
muscle contraction
cell division and growth
and most metabolic reactions

Question 9

Why is respiration needed in mammals?

Answer 9

to generate heat
supply ATP for muscle contraction for movement

Question 10

Why is respiration needed in plants?

Answer 10

to generate ATP for movement of sucrose in mass flow

Question 11

What is ATP used for in bacteria?

Answer 11

ATP needed for mitosis

Question 12

What does ATP synthase do?

Answer 12

involved in making ATP

Question 13

What is the process called that makes ATP using ATP synthase?

Answer 13

chemiosmosis

Question 14

Where is the ATP synthase found?

Answer 14

embedded in cristea

Question 15

What is the matrix?

Answer 15

fluid-filled substance embedded in mitochondria

Question 16

What is the role of the matrix?

Answer 16

contains enzymes for the Kreb’s cycle

Question 17

What is the role of the intermembrane space?

Answer 17

important in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

What is the cristea?

Answer 18

folding of the inner membrane

Question 19

What is the role of the cristea?

Answer 19

inc the SA for attachment of enzymes

Question 20

What is the role of the ribosomes?

Answer 20

protein synthesis

Question 21

What is the role of granules?

Answer 21

partciles containing phospholipids, proteins and Ca

Question 22

What is the role of DNA?

Answer 22

codes for proteins

Question 23

What is the role of the outer membrane?

Answer 23

separates mitochondrion from the cytoplasm of the cell
(compartmentalisation)

controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the mitochondria

Question 24

What are some examples of substances that the outer membrane controls the entry and exit of?

Answer 24

Pyruvate
Oxygen
ATP
CO2

Question 25

What is the inner membrane?

Answer 25

folded into cristea

Question 26

What is the role of the inner membrane?

Answer 26

contains the electron transport chain ATP synthase

Question 27

c

Question 28

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 28

cytoplasm

Question 29

What happens during glycolysis?

Answer 29

1 6 carbon molecule is split into 2 3 Carbon molecules of pyruvate

Question 30

What happens to the pyruvate at the end of glyolysis?

Answer 30

actively transported into mitochondria for next stage (LR)

Question 31

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 31

addition of Po43- to a molecule

Question 32

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 32

formation of ATP without ETC transfer of phosphate group from phosphorylated intermdiate

Question 33

What is lysis?

Answer 33

splitting / breaking down of a molecule

Question 34

What is dehydrogenation?

Answer 34

removal of hydrogen from a molecule (oxidation)

Question 35

How does glucose convert into hexose bisphosphate?

Answer 35

using 2 molecules of ATP glucose is phosphorylated

Question 36

How does hexose biphosphate become 2 lots of triose phosphate?

Answer 36

hydrolysis

Question 37

How does the 2 lots of Triose phopshate become 2 lots of biphosphate?

Answer 37

phosphorylation

Question 38

How does the 2 lots of triose biphosphate convert into pyruvate?

Answer 38

NAD is reduced by dehydrogenation ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 39

What is the net prod of ATP in glycolysis per 1 moleclule of glucose ?

Answer 39

2 4 molecules of ATP and 2 are used 4-2 = 2

Question 40

What is the net prod of NADH2 per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 40

2

Question 41

What is the net prod of pyruvate per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

Outline the process of glycolysis?

Answer 42

1) 6C glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP molecules into hexose biphosphate 2) 6C Hexose biphosphate is converted into 2 lots of Triose phosphate 3C by hydrolysis 3) 2X Triose phosphate 3C phosphorylated into 2X triose biphosphate 3C using Pi from cytoplasm NOT ATP 4) 2X Triose biphosphate converted into 2X pyruvate by reducing NAD by dehydrogenation, forming ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 43

Where are the inorganic phosphates found in phosphorylation of triose phosphate into triose biphosphate?

Answer 43

cytoplasm

Question 44

d

Question 45

How many times does the link reaction occur per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 45

2

Question 46

Where does the link reaction take place?

Answer 46

matrix

Question 47

What stage was the pyruvate formed in?

Answer 47

glycolysis

Question 48

What reaction starts when the pyruvate enters the mitochondria?

Answer 48

the link reaction

Question 49

What does the pyruvate do when it enters the matrix?

Answer 49

pyruvate decarboxylated to produce CO2

Question 50

What happens after pyruvate is decarboxylated?

Answer 50

dehydrogenated NAD is reduced into reduced NAD

Question 51

How is NAD reduced in the link reaction?

Answer 51

accepts hdyrogen from pyruvate

Question 52

What forms after pyruvate i decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?

Answer 52

acetate

Question 53

What does acetate do to form acetyl coenzyme A?

Answer 53

combine with coenzyme A

Question 54

Outline the link reaction?

Answer 54

1) Pyruvate 3C is decarboxylated to produce CO2 2) Pyruvate is dehydrogenated and NAD is reduced into reduced NAD 3) acetate 2C combines with Coenzyme A to produce Acetyl coenzyme A

Question 55

What are the products of the link reaction per 1 glucose molecule?

Answer 55

2 CO2 2 red NAD 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 56

How much CO2 is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 56

2

Question 57

How much reduced NAD is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 57

2

Question 58

How much acetyl coenzyme A is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 58

2

Question 59

e

Question 60

Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?

Answer 60

matrix

Question 61

How many times does the Krebs cycle occur per 1 glucose molecule?

Answer 61

twice

Question 62

What does the acetyl coenzyme A bring to the Krebs cycle?

Answer 62

acetate

Question 63

What does acetate do in Kreb's cycle?

Answer 63

binds to oxaloacetate forming citrate 6C coenzyme A goes back to link reactionhy

Question 64

Why does coenzyme A go back to the link reaction?

Answer 64

to bring more acetate to Kreb's cycle

Question 65

What happens to citrate in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 65

citrate decarboxylated so 1 carbon removed so CO2 formed

Question 66

What happens to citrate after being decarboxylated?

Answer 66

dehydrogenated as NAD is reduced into NADH2

Question 67

What forms when citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?

Answer 67

5C compound

Question 68

What happens to the 5C compound in Kreb's cycle?

Answer 68

decarboxylated and CO2 forms

Question 69

What happens after the 5C compound is decarboxylated?

Answer 69

5C compound is dehydrogenated NAD reduced into reduced NAD

Question 70

What happens after 5C compound is dehydrogenated?

Answer 70

5C compound is phosphorylated and ATP forms by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 71

What happens to the 5C compound after phosphorylation?

Answer 71

coenzyme FAD is reduced into reduced FAD dehydrogenation

Question 72

What happens to the 5C compound after dehydrogenation with FAD?

Answer 72

dehydrogenation with NAD into reduced NAD

Question 73

What forms after the final dehydrogenation with NAD into reduced NAD in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 73

oxaloacetate forms

Question 74

Outline the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 74

1) Acetyl coenzyme A brings acetate and the coenzyme A leaves for L.R 2) citrate forms and reacts with oxaloacetate forming acetate 3) acetate forms and is decarboxylated forming CO2 and then dehydrogenation occurs where NAD is reduced into reduced NAD 4) 5C compound forms and this is decarboxylated and CO2 forms 5) 5C is dehydrogenated as NAD is reduced forming rediced NAD. 6) 5C compound is phosphorylated 7) 5C compound undergoes futher dehydrogenation as FAD another coenzyme is reduced 8) 5C compound undergoes more dehydrogenation where NAD is reduced 9) Oxaloacetate forms

Question 75

What are the products per 1 molecule of glucose in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 75

4CO2 6 red NAD 2 red FAD 2 ATP

Question 76

How many CO2 are produced form the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 76

4

Question 77

How many reduced NAD formed from Krebs cycle?

Answer 77

6

Question 78

How many reduced FAD are formed from the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 78

2

Question 79

How many ATP are formed from Kreb's cycle?

Answer 79

2

Question 80

f

Question 81

What does NAD do?

Answer 81

accept hydrogen atoms to become reduced

Question 82

What is NAD used in?

Answer 82

aerobic and anarobic pathways

Question 83

What are acetate groups made from?

Answer 83

fatty acids and amino acids

Question 84

What does FAD do?

Answer 84

accpets 2 hydrogen atoms to become reduced

Question 85

Where is FAD used?

Answer 85

areobic respiration

Question 86

g

Question 87

In oxidative phosphorylation, what is in the matrix at the beginning?

Answer 87

red NAD and red FAD

Question 88

What do red NAD and red FAD dissociate into?

Answer 88

hydrogen ions and electrons

Question 89

What do the dissociated electrons do?

Answer 89

move down electron carriers and releases energy

Question 90

What is the energy that is released from electrons moving down electron carriers used for ?

Answer 90

actively transporting hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space

Question 91

What does the active transport of hydrogen ions into the IMS?

Answer 91

establishes a proton gradient

Question 92

What happens because of protons entering the IMS?

Answer 92

build up of protons

Question 93

What happens after making a proton gradient?

Answer 93

hydrogen ions move through ATP synthase to get to matrix again

Question 94

What happens to ATP synthase when protons flow into ATP synthase?

Answer 94

MAKE ATP by chemiosmosis

Question 95

What happens when hydrogen ions leave ATP synthase and electrons that leave ETC?

Answer 95

join to oxygen to make water

Question 96

How much ATP will be formed by 1 molecule of NAD?

Answer 96

2.5

Question 97

How much ATP will be formed by 1 molecule of FAD?

Answer 97

2.5

Question 98

How many ATP molecules are made altogether?

Answer 98

32