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Biology > 6.1.3 > Flashcards

6.1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Sanger chain termination technique?

A

1) extract DNA and cut it into fragments of various lengths. Amplify
2) Sequence the DNA by adding it to 4 different solutions, DNA nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers and a terminator base
3) Electrophoresis

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2
Q

What do you do after extracting the DNA?

A

cut into fragments of various lengths

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3
Q

What do you do after cutting DNA into fragments?

A

amplify

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4
Q

What happens after amplifying DNA fragments?

A

sequence DNA by adding it to 4 different solutions

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5
Q

What do the solutions in Sanger technique contain?

A

terminator base
DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase
Primers

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6
Q

What happens after sequencing the DNA?

A

electrophoresis

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7
Q

What will electrophoresis do?

A

separates DNA depending on mass

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8
Q

What is a faster technique for DNA sequencing?

A

Massive parallel sequencing
Next gen sequencing
High throughout sequencing

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9
Q

What do we do after sequencing?

A

take solutions that have our bases in and place them into wells in electrophoresis

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10
Q

Which direction should the current be in for electrophoresis?

A

negative to positive

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11
Q

How do DNA fragments move through electrophoresis?

A

DNA is slightly negatively charged so repelled by cathode and attracted to anode

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12
Q

Why do smaller fragments travel futher up?

A

less resistance

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13
Q

What are 2 ways to see DNA?

A

Southern blotting using radioactive DNA probes and X rays

Using green fluorescent protein , DNA probe and UV light

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14
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

software is developed to process and understand large complex data using computational biology

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15
Q

What does bioinformatics allow?

A

acsess to large amounts of data

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16
Q

What is compuational biology?

A

acsess to large amounts of data on DNA and proteins

information is universal

allows rapid comparison of sequencs with newly sequenced alleles

amino acid sequence / protein structures held in database

computer modelling of new protein structure from base sequence

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17
Q

What does bioinformatics allow the rapid comparison of?

A

sequences and newly-sequenced allels

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18
Q

What is synthetic biology?

A

field of science
involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities
to solve problems in medicine, manufacturing

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19
Q

What can synthetic biology do?

A

problems in medicine
manufacturing and agriculture

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20
Q

What is bioinformatic used in?

A

epidemology

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21
Q

How can bioinformatics be used for in epidemology?

A

identfiy source o outbreak
identfiy bulnerable pop
esign vaccination programmes t target certain individuald

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22
Q

What is proteomic?

A

large scale study of a set f proteins in an organisms

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23
Q

Why do we compare genomes?

A

universal
look at phylogeny

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24
Q

What are the uses of DNA profiling?

A

paternity testing
forensics

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25
Why are introns used in DNA profiling?
in most people the genome is very similar using coding sequences of DNA would not proide unique profiles non-coding DNA contains VNTR / STR / repeating sequences
26
What are the stages of DNA profiling?
Amplify DNA using PCR Cut DNA using RE at specific areas Put DNA onto gel electrophoresis separate DNA based on mass visualise using UV light
27
Outline genetic engineering?
Restriction endonucleases are used to cut desired gene from DNA
28
What do restriction endonucleases do?
cut the desired gene from DNA
29
What does restriction endonucleases cutting desired genes from DNA cause?
Sticky ends to be created
30
What does sticky ends allow?
makes it easier to insert desired gene
31
What is the plasmid / vector cut with?
same restriction enzymes to produce complementary sticky ends
32
What does the DNA ligase do?
helps insert desired gene into the plasmid
33
What is added to a desired gene when it is inserted into the plasmid?
marker
34
What does the marker do?
fluorescent marker to see if desired gene has been taken up by vector
35
What type of DNA is inserted into the host cell?
recombinant
36
What is electroporation?
electric shock makes membrane porous so plasmids can pass through membrane of the host cell
37
What process does the host cell undergo?
mitosis
38
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA combined from 2 sources
39
What are the vectors in plants, animals and bacteria?
Virus
40
Outline genetic engineering?
1) Restriction endonucleases cut desired gene from DNA 2) creates sticky ends which make it easier to insert desired genes 3)plasmid cut using same restriction enzymes to produce complementary sticky ends 4)desired gene inserted into plasmid / vector using DNA ligase. desired gene inserted with a marker 5) recombinant DNA inserted into host cell using electroporation 6) host cell undergoes mitosis reproducing desired gene
41
Why do we use PCR?
Amplify DNA
42
Outline PCR?
Denaturation heat 94-98 degrees breaks H2 bonds Annealing cool 55-70 degrees primer needed to allow Taq polymerase to join Extension 66-72 degrees heated to the optimum temp for the enzyme
43
Where is Taq polymerase found?
extremophiles bacterial that live in hot springs | kkkk
44
What is done to the soil of the soya plant?
modify the soil to make it produce a protein called Bt
45
What is the protein Bt?
insecticide toxic to insects and resistant to weedkiller
46
What are ethical issues of genetically modified soya?
patenting issues
47
What is the argument FOR genetically modified soya?
widely used in organic farming no chemicals sprayed onto plants higher yield of crops less expense less labour
48
What is the argument against genetically modified soya?
insects may become resistant to the toxic Bt protein genes might spread to wild populations resulting in superweeds reduces biodiversity
49
What can scientists genetically modify to develop medical treatments?
pathogens
50
What is the argument FOR genetically modifies pathogens?
used for medical and epidemological research to find treatments
51
What is the argument against genetically modified pathogens
health and safety risks of the researcher and the wider public
52
What are ethical concerns of genetically modified pathogens?
used in biological warefare
53
What is pharming?
genetic modification of animals creating transgenic organisms
54
What are the ethical issues of pharming?
putting human genes into animals has questionable ethics creating transgenic animals may cause the animal harm welfare of animal may be at risk
55
What is the argument FOR pharming?
animal has desired gene which can lead to decrease disease risk faster growth rate production of a human protein in milk that we can harvest
56
What is the argument AGAINST pharming?
unknown risks of GM
57
What are issues with patenting and technology transfer?
genetically modified seeds are not available to poor farmers
58
What is patenting
where a company creates a GM seed and legally prevents others from using it without payment
59
What are arguments FOR patenting?
allows company who created the GM seed to make profits from the design
60
What are arguments against patenting?
can only be used for a year and then they need to buy a new seed
61
What are ethical concerns with patenting?
poor farmers who need drought or flood resistant crops with high yield can't afford to buy the GM seeds
62
What cells does somatic cell gene therapy affect?
body cells
63
What does somatic cell gene therapy do to body cells?
changes their DNA
64
What are the advantages of somatic cell gene therapy?
targets specific tissues in need of treatment extends life span
65
What are disadvantages of somatic gene therapy?
repeat treatments are needed as cure is temporary inserted gene cannot be passed onto offspring unknown side effects virus vector may cause disease / triggers immune response
66
What cells does germ line therapy affect?
gametes
67
What does germ line therapy do to gametes?
makes changes
68
What are advantages of the germ line therapy?
Long term cure offspring inherit healthy gene
69
What are disadvantages of germ line therapy?
cannot target a specific tissue ethical implications

Biology (26 decks)

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