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Biology > 5.1.2 > Flashcards

5.1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

removal/processing of waste from body
unwanted products of metabolism

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2
Q

What is metabolic waste?

A

waste produced from metabolism
C02, urea

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3
Q

What is egestion?

A

removal of undigested waste by defcation

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4
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of ammonnia from amino acids

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5
Q

What is secretion?

A

process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, organ for a particular function in the organism

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6
Q

Why do CO2 and urea need removing?

A

toxic and would cause damage if not removed

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7
Q

What happens if CO2 is not excreted?

A

hydrogen carbonate ions can reduce the ability to transport oxygen
forms carbaminohaemoglobin which has a lower affinity for oxygen than normal haemoglobin
Respiratory acidosis - drop in blood pH

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8
Q

How does the body remove excess amino acids?

A

deamination
forms a soluble, highly-toxic compound ammonia
Ammonia converted into less soluble and less toxic compound called urea
urea transported to kidneys for excretion

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9
Q

What is the overall reaction equation for deamination of excess amino acids?

A

Ammonia + CO2 = urea + H2O

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10
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

below diaphragm

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11
Q

How many blood supplies does the liver have?

A

2

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12
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies that the liver has?

A

Hepaptic artery
Hepaptic portal vein

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13
Q

How does the hepaptic artery supply blood to liver?

A

brings oxygenated blood from the aorta

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14
Q

How does the hepaptic portal vein supply blood to liver?

A

delivers deoxygenated blood from the digestive tract
contains toxins and nutrients so liver can clean toxins

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15
Q

What happens to blood leaving the liver?

A

blood is carried away by HV to vena cava

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16
Q

Why does the hepaptic vein carry blood away from the liver at a lower pressure?

A

the network of capillaries in the liver have a large surface area

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17
Q

What are the structural differences between hepaptic artery and hepapatic portal vein

A

HPV has a wider diameter - wider lumen

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18
Q

What are sinusoids ?

A

connect HA to HV allowing hepatocytes to remove harmful substances from blood

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19
Q

What are lobules?

A

contain hepatocytes
arranged in irregular branches, interconnected plates around a central vein
as blood enters liver from HA and HPV they go into smaller and smaller vessels

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20
Q

What cells form bile?

A

hepatoyctes

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21
Q

What is the bile duct?

A

takes bile from the liver to the gall bladder

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22
Q

What is a kupffer cell?

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A

attached to the walls of the sinusoid, they remove bacteria and break down RBC
break down Hb to make billrubin which is excreted in bile and in faeces to make a brown pigment

23
Q

What does bile canal do?

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A

connects the vein to the bile duct

24
Q

What is the orinthine cycle?

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A

reactions that convert ammonia into urea

25
What is detoxification?
removal of toxic substances
26
WHAT IS THE EQUATIOn for deamination?
Amino acid + oxygen = keto acid and ammonia
27
Outline deamination?
Use excess amino aicds amine group of each amino acid is removed Ammonia is formed which is highly soluble and highly toxic Keto acid can enter respiration to release energy or stored as fat
28
How does urea become urine?
Transported from the liver to the kidneys in the blood stream where it is ecreted dissolved in water as urine
29
Outline the orinthine cycle?
Ammonia is added and water is formed - condensation, uses ATP water is added and urea is formed - hydrolysis ammonia and CO2 are added and water is formed -condensation, uses ATP
30
What is the process of ultrafiltration?
Afferent arterioles has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole therefore generating hydrostatic pressure the endothelium wall of the capillary has small pores/fenestrations
31
Why is fluid pushed out the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule?
Pressure is higher in the glomerulus than in the Bowman's capusle which pushes fluid into the capsule
32
What is the glomerular filtrate?
fluid in the renal capsule
33
What is the endothelium / fenestartions?
narrow gaps which allow blood plasma and substances to pass through
34
What is the basement membrane?
stops the removal of large substances from thhe blood
35
What are podocytes?
finger-like projections ensure passage of substances
36
Why does odemia happen?
higher blood pressure forces too much fluid out into the glomerular filtrate protein in the urine caused by damage to basement membrane arterial hypertension
37
Where does Selective reabsorption happen?
PCT
38
What is selectively reabsorped and how?
all glucose and amino acid by facilitated diffusion
39
What is the process of selective reabsorption?
1) Na+ actively transported out of cells into tissue fluid 2) Glucose or amino acids enter cells with Na+ by F.D 3) glucose and amino acids diffuse into blood capillary
40
How is water reabsorbed into blood?
osmosis
41
salts, glucose and amino acid reabsorbed?
reduced water potential of cells inc w.p in tubule
42
What happens in the aSCENDING LIMB?
Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the loop of henle decreasing the water potential of the surrounding tissue in the medulla water potential of tissues surrounding the collecting duct s lower than the fluid inside
43
What happens in the descending limb?
the movement of ions causes a decreases in water potential going down the medulla walls are permeable to water water is removed from the descending limb by osmosis into the surrounding tissue
44
What happens in the collecting duct?
Water is removed from urine
45
Why does an animal living in the desert have a longer loop of henle than a human?
needs a steeper water potential gradient so water can reabsorb as much water as possible by creating very low water potential
46
What is the process of osmoregulation?
The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a low concentration of water in the blood ADH is released from the posterior pitutiary gland transported to the kidneys in the blood
47
What is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct wall?
1) ADH detetced by cell surface receptors 2) Enzyme controlled reactions 3) VESICLES containing water-permeable channel aquaporins fuse to membrne More ewater can be reabsorped
48
What are aquaporins?
instrinsic protein pores
49
What happens as a result of low ADH levels?
cell surface membrane folds inwards - creating new vesicles remove the aquaporins making the membrane less permeable urine is more diulte
50
How does pregnancy testing worl?
1) dip stick into urine 2) hCG has a complimentary shape to the monoclonal antibodies , hCG bonds to the monoclonal antibodies to form a hCG antibody complex which moves up the stick with the urine 3) excess antibodies carried up with the urine bind to the immobilised antibopdies in the upper band - this is a control 4) hCG complex binds to immobilized antibodies due to the complimentary shape in the lower band if the woman is preganant 2 lines = pregnant 1 line = NOT
51
What are anabolic steroids?
large molecules built from smaller ones
52
What are steroids derived from?
cholesterol lipid-soluble increase protein synthesis insdie the cell
53
hOW DO WE TEST ATHLETES FOR STEROIDS?
URINE PASSED THROUGH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY to create chromatogram
54

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