6.2.1

Question 1

What are natural clones?

Answer 1

produced through asexual reproduction by mitosis
identical copies produced

Question 2

How are natural clones produced?

Answer 2

asexually by mitosis

Question 3

How do we produce clones from cutting?

Answer 3

Use a healthy shoot / cut a healthy shoot from a plant

Cut stem at a slant

between nodes

dip in rooting powder / plant hormones / auxin

place in soil / compost and add water

cover with plastic bag / remove some leaves

Question 4

When producing clones from cuttings, what should we do with our cut, healthy shoot?

Answer 4

dip in rooting powder

Question 5

When producing clones from cuttings, how should we cut the shoot?

Answer 5

use a healthy shoot
cut at a slant
between nodes

Question 6

When producing clones from cuttings, what should happen after dipping the shoot in rooting powder?

Answer 6

place in soil / compost and add water

Question 7

When producing clones from cuttings, what should you do after placing the shoot into soil and adding water to reduce transpiration?

Answer 7

cover with plastic bag / remove some leaves

Question 8

What is grafting?

Answer 8

joining the shoot of 1 plant to the growing stem and root of another plant

Question 9

Why should you cut the shoot at an angle when grafting?

Answer 9

inc SA for adhesion

Question 10

What are the advantages of cloning?

Answer 10

can clone seedless fruit
clones have a desired ___(genetic makeup)
quick growth compared to seeds
cheap

Question 11

What is a disadvantage of cloning?

Answer 11

Low genetic diversity / monoculture

Question 12

How is low genetic diversity a limitation of cloning?

Answer 12

less likely to be able to adapt to selection pressures

Question 13

What is micropropogation?

Answer 13

using tissue culture

Question 14

What is the method for micropropogation?

Answer 14

Aseptic conditions
Cut the plant material into explants
sterilise the explant with alcohol / bleach
Place the explant on agar
containing glucose and amino acids
a callus will form
high auxins and cytokines
sub-divide the callus
treat to induce the roots
change plant hormone ratio
transfer to a green house

Question 15

What conditions are used in micropropogation / tissue culture?

Answer 15

aseptic

Question 16

What is the plant material cut into in tissue culture?

Answer 16

explants

Question 17

What is an example of an explant ?

Answer 17

leaf
root
bud

Question 18

What do you use to sterilise the plant?

Answer 18

bleach
alcohol

Question 19

What should you place the explant on?

Answer 19

agar

Question 20

What should the agar contain?

Answer 20

glucose and amino acids

Question 21

What will form once the explant is placed onto agar?

Answer 21

a callus

Question 22

What process causes the callus to form from an explant?

Answer 22

cell division
mitosis

Question 23

How can you change the way a callus develops?

Answer 23

change the plant to hormone ratio

Question 24

What gets sub-divided?

Answer 24

THE CALLUS

Question 25

What do you do once a plantlet forms?

Answer 25

transfer to a greenhouse

Question 26

What is a strength for artificial plant cloning?

Answer 26

desirable genetic characterisitcs are always passed on to clones it produces lots of plants quickly compared to the time it would take to grow them from seeds used to reproduce seedless fruits /plants

Question 27

What are arguments against artificial plant cloning?

Answer 27

low genetic diversity low gene pool disease will easily wipe them out

Question 28

What is artifical twinning?

Answer 28

animals with the desired trait are given hormone treatment to release more eggs

Question 29

What is the process of artifical twining?

Answer 29

Animal with desired trait are given hormone treatment to release more eggs Fertilisation Eggs flushed out Totipotent blastocysts split into several smaller zygotes in vitro Implanted into surrogate

Question 30

What are the arguments for animal cloning?

Answer 30

Desirable characteristics of ____ are always passed onto the clones faster avoid mating risks

Question 31

What are the arguments against animal cloning?

Answer 31

expensive no genetic variability / more susceptibility to disease cloned animals have shorter life spans poor sucsess rate ethical issue

Question 32

/

Question 33

What is biotechnology?

Answer 33

large scale / commercial use of living organisms for human consumption

Question 34

What are the applications of biotechnology?

Answer 34

healthcare agriculture industry food science

Question 35

What are some food production examples of biotechnology processes?

Answer 35

Quorn aka mycoproteins

Question 36

What organisms are involved in food production (Quorn )of biotechnology processes?

Answer 36

Fusarium

Question 37

What organisms are involved in food production (Cheese making) of biotechnology processes?

Answer 37

Lactobacillus

Question 38

What are the examples of the production of enzymes / chemicals for commercial use?

Answer 38

pectinase calcium nitrate

Question 39

What organisms involeved in the production of enzymes and chemicals for commercial use?

Question 40

What are examples of drugs and pharmaceutical chemical production?

Answer 40

penicillin and insulin production

Question 41

What organsism is involved in pencillin?

Answer 41

Penicillum (fungus)

Question 42

What organism involved in insulin production?

Answer 42

E coli

Question 43

What are examples of bioremeditation of waste products?

Answer 43

removal of waste products like oil spills

Question 44

What organisms are involved in bioremeditation of waste products?

Answer 44

various bacteria and fungi break down waste products into less harmful substances

Question 45

What are 4 features of microorgansims that make them suitabe for large-scale processes?

Answer 45

rapid life cycles, grow on unwanted food can be genetically engineered, fast reproduction use low temp, pressure What

Question 46

What are the advantages of using microorganisms?

Answer 46

quick and easy growth of large numbers microorganisms can be grown anywhere at anytime can be grown on waste products

Question 47

What are disadvantages of microorganisms?

Answer 47

growth conditions are also ideal for contaminating microorganisms so aspetic conditions needed if conditions arent optimal microorganisms can make toxins Separation of microorganisms / proteins from nutrient medium and possible contaminants is necessary

Question 48

What are limiting factors of the growth of bacterial colonies?

Answer 48

Temp Nutrients available oxygen aailability changes in pH build-up of waste

Question 49

How is temperature a limiting factor of the growth of bacterial colonies?

Answer 49

need to maintain optimum temp for enzyme-controlled reactions like aerobic respiration

Question 50

How is nutrient availability a limiting factor of bacterial growth?

Answer 50

nutrient level will become insufficient to support futher growth and reproduction unless more are added

Question 51

How is oxygen a limiting factor?

Answer 51

needed for aerobic respiration

Question 52

How are changes in pH a limiting factor of bacterial growth?

Answer 52

pH falls as CO2 is produced impacts enzymes involvde in metabolic processes like resp so pH buffer used

Question 53

How is a build-up of waste a limiting factor affecting the growth of bacterial colonies?

Answer 53

as bacterial numbers rise, anaerobic respiration may occur which can lead to ethanol / lactic acid which can kill the microorganisms

Question 54

what is insdie the pH resevoir?

Answer 54

pH buffer

Question 55

What does the paddle do in the fermenter?

Answer 55

mixes contents

Question 56

Why is asepsis important?

Answer 56

avoids unwanted microbes that would compete for nutrients decreases yield of products contamination of product changes condition in fermenter

Question 57

What is batch fermentation?

Answer 57

when microorganisms starter pop mixed with a specific quantity of nutrient solution then allowed to grow for a fixed period of time

Question 58

What type of culture is a batch process?

Answer 58

closed

Question 59

What is the continuous process

Answer 59

where microorganisms are inoculated into a sterile medium which is added continually to the culture once it has reached an exponential point of growth

Question 60

What happens to waste products in the continuous process?

Answer 60

waste products removed

Question 61

What are the differences between batch and continuous culture?

Answer 61

Batch culture growth rate is slower because nutrient levels decline with time Continius culture growth rate is higher as nutrients are continuously added to the tank BATCH easy set up Continuous difficult set up

Question 62

What is the lag phase?

Answer 62

reproduction rate is higher than the death rate

Question 63

What is the log or exponential phase?

Answer 63

reproduction rate is much higher than the death rate

Question 64

What is the stationary phase?

Answer 64

when total growth rate is 0 reproduction rate is similar to death rate

Question 65

What is the death phase?

Answer 65

death rate is higher than the reproduction rate

Question 66

What are primary metabolites?

Answer 66

molecules needed for cells to function normally like amino acids and enymes and proteins