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S1 Anatomy > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

skin

  • layers
  • general composition of each layer
A

epidermis
-epithelial layer (ectoderm)
dermis
-connective tissue (mesoderm)

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2
Q

dermis

-interdigitation properties

A

dermal papillae
-projections of dermis into epidermal base
epidermal ridges
-adjoining epidermal projections that correspond to dermis surface

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3
Q

interdigitations

  • purpose
  • take what type of configurations in thin vs. thick skin
A 
purpose
-provide structural and morphological integrity between epidermis and dermis (in addition to cellular connections)
configuration in thin skin
-peg and socket
thick skin
-ridges and grooves
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4
Q

hypodermis

  • location
  • type of tissue
  • contains
  • how does it connect to skin?
  • underlying tissue covered by…
A

location
-deep to dermis
tissue type
-subcutaneous loose connective tissue
contains adipocytes (fat cells)
not part of skin, but forms loose adhesion of skin to underlying tissue
underlying tissue covered by a fascia plane, which has a variable appearance

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5
Q

skin functions (4)

A

receptor organ
protection against impact and friction
protection against UV - pigment melanin
thermoregulation, body metabolism and excretion via glands, blood vessels, and adipose

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6
Q

epidermis

  • type of tissues
  • contains
A

type
-stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (named for most superficial strata of epidermis)
contains
-keratinocytes - keratinizing epidermal cells
-melanocytes
-langerhans cells - immune system
-merkel cells - sensory receptors?

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7
Q

skin thickness

  • epidermis
  • dermis + epidermis
A 
epidermis
-75-150 um (micrometers) vs. 400-600 um
--no explanation of comparison in notes (different areas of the body?)
total
-up to 4 mm
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8
Q

types of skin

-characteristics

A 
thick (glabrous)
-smooth, non-hairy
-some books use stratum lucidum as a marker for this type of skin
thin
-hairy
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9
Q

keratin producing cells (keratinocytes) in epidermis

-names of the layers (5)

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
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10
Q

stratum basale

  • superficial or deep?
  • it is basophilic - explain
  • single cell layer rests on…
  • purpose of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
  • produce filaments called…
  • highly mitotic - why?
A

deepest layer
basophilic
-abundant in rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
-these produce protein
single cell layer rests on basal lamina
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes attach stratum basale to underlying layer
produce filaments called cytokeratins
high mitotic
-partly responsible for constant renewal of overlying layers

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11
Q 
stratum spinosum
-how many layers
-cell shapes
-mitotic or not
-tonofibrils
where is this layer thicker?
A

more than 1 layer
shapes
-variety: cuboidal, polygonal, “slightly” squamous
mitotic
tonofibrils
-tonofilament bundles that attach to the desmosomes interconnecting each cell
-give the spinous appearance in histological preparations
thicker in areas of greater abrasion

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12
Q

stratum granulosum

  • how many layers
  • what shape are the cells?
  • stains dark due to…
  • purpose
  • -what structures are responsible for this process?
A 
3-5 layers
polygonal cells
stains dark due to...
-keratohyalin granules
purpose
-acts as extracellular cement
-purpose achieved due to lamellar granules
--lipid-rich product secreted by these cells to "seal" the skin
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13
Q

stratum lucidum

  • more apparent in…
  • appearance
  • type of cell
  • lacks what function…
  • what structures are missing?
  • densely packed with…
  • what holds the cells together?
A 
more apparent in thick skin
appearance
-extremely flattened
type of cell
-eosoniphilic
lacks protein synthesis
organelles and nuclei are gone
densely packed with cytokeratin filaments embedded in matrix
desmosomes present to hold cells together
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14
Q

stratum corneum

  • appearance
  • is there a nucleus?
  • thickness
  • filled with…
  • -this is embedded in
A 
flattened cells
no nuclei
15-20 layers thick
filled with protein keratin
keratin is embedded in matrix from keratohyalin granules (from stratum granulosum)
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15
Q

other cells found in epidermal layers

  • names
  • primarily found in which layers?
A

melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel’s cells
primarily found in stratum basale and spinosum (2 deepest layers)

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16
Q

melanocytes

  • origin
  • location
  • function
A

neural crest in origin
found in and beneath stratum basale
produce melanin

17
Q

melanin

  • purpose
  • how do they accomplish this purpose?
  • how does it get moved through the skin?
A

purpose
-encircle the nucleus of the keratinocytes to protect their genetic material from UV radiation
movement
-melanin is packaged into vesicles (through a series of changes that darken and condense) and then extruded and picked up by cells of the malpighian layer

18
Q

sun tan

-what does it do to melanin

A

increases the “darkening” of melanin

speeds up release into the malpighian layer

19
Q

what is the malpighian layer?

A

Wikipedia - both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

20
Q

langerhans cells

  • what are they?
  • purpose
A

bone marrow derived macrophages (mesoderm)
purpose
-bind antigens (function with immume system)

21
Q

Merkel’s cells

  • location
  • purpose
A

within thick skin
purpose
-may be sensory due to association with free nerve endings

22
Q

where are the majority of sensory nerve endings in the skin?

A

dermal layer

23
Q

dermis

  • type of tissue
  • layers
  • -characteristics of each layer
A 
tissue type
-connective
-dense irregular
papillary layer
-dermal pegs
-lamina reticularis: reticular fibers that contribute to basement membrane
reticular layer
-dermatan sulfate elastic fiber newtork
24
Q

dermis

  • characteristics
  • location of blood supply
A

encapsulated nerve endings
epithelial invaginations
rich blood supply
-deep to epidermis-dermis interdigitation

25
Q

examples of epithelial invaginations

A

hair
sweat glands
sebaceous (oil-producing) glands

26
Q

sebaceous glands

  • type
  • location
  • function
  • when do they begin to function?
  • associated pathology
A 
type
-acinar (alveolar) glands
location
-ducted into hair follicle
function
-produce sebum
begin to function at puberty
pathology
-acne if plugged
27
Q

sebum

  • what is it
  • how is it secreted?
A

fat of the gland and remnant of dead secretory cells
secretion
-holocrine secretion (whole cell is secreted)

28
Q

sweat glands

-types

A

eccrine

apocrine

29
Q

eccrine

  • another name
  • location
  • appearance
  • function
A 
also called merocrine
location
-open to skin surface
appearance
-simple coiled tubular glands
watery secretion produced in response to changes in body temperature
30
Q

apocrine

  • size compared to eccrine glands
  • location
  • open to…
  • responsible for… why?
A

larger than eccrine
can extend to hypodermis from skin surface
open to hair follicles
responsible for body odor
-secretion is viscous and allows for bacterial decomposition, which leads to odor

31
Q

hypodermis

  • tissue type
  • location
  • function
  • what accumulates there?
A 
type
-subcutaneous
-loose connective tissue
beneath the dermis
loosely binds skin to underlying musculoskeletal system
adipocytes accumulate there
32
Q

types of carcinomas

A

actinic keratosis
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

33
Q

actinic keratosis

  • what is it?
  • can turn into…
  • also knows as…
  • -why
A

precancerous changes to corneal (most superficial) layer of epidermis
may turn into squamous cell carcinoma
also known as Solar keratoses because of…
-prevalence on exposed skin surfaces - arms, face, scalp (in those w/out a nice coif of hair

34
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

-danger level

A

locally invasive

can metastasize

35
Q

basal cell carcinoma

  • how common is it?
  • how destructive?
A

most common type of epidermal cancer

destructive to local tissue

36
Q

malignant melanoma

-why is it malignant?

A

malignant because melanocytes migrate into the epidermal layers
as a result, they will readily leave the local tissue and travel throughout the body and invade all tissues and organs
this makes them a highly metastatic type of cancer

37
Q

wound healing

  • what predicts the type of epithelial and connective tissue response?
  • stages of cutaneous wound healing
A 
thickness of wound predicts response
stages
-immediate or hemostasis
-inflammation
-proliferation
-maturation

S1 Anatomy (31 decks)

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