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S1 Anatomy > Glute and Thigh > Flashcards

Glute and Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

regions and corresponding bones of the LE

A 
thigh - femur
leg - tibia and fibula
foot - tarsal bones
hip - coxal bone, femur
knee - patella, femur, tibia
ankle (talocrural) - tibia, fibula, talus
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2
Q

tarsal bones (9)

A 
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
medial (first) cuneiform
intermediate (second) cuneiform
lateral (third) cuneiform
metatarsal bones
phalanges
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3
Q

coxal bone components

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

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4
Q

femur components

A 
head
neck
body
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
gluteal tuberosity
spiral line
pectineal line
linea aspera
medial and lateral condyles
intercondylar notch (fossa)
adductor tubercle
medial and lateral epicondyles
ligament of head of femur
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5
Q

intertrochanteric line

  • location
  • function
A

anterior

attachment of ligaments that support hip joint

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6
Q

intertrochanteric crest

  • location
  • function
A

posterior

attachment of muscles

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7
Q

spiral line

-location

A

medial lip of linea aspera

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8
Q

pectineal line

-location

A

continuation of intertrochanteric line

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9
Q

linea aspera

  • splits to form…
  • categorization function
A

splits to form medial and lateral supracondylar lines

divides thigh into compartments

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10
Q

ligament of head of femur

  • location
  • held in place by…
  • function
A

attached to inferior portion of acetabulum
held in place by transverse acetabular ligament
allows insertion of vasculature of head of femur

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11
Q

fracture of the neck of the femur

  • primary culprit
  • primary determinant of healing
A

culprit
-aging
determinant
-blood supply

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12
Q

patella

  • what type of bone?
  • points of interest
  • location of points
A 
sesamoid bone
apex
-points inferiorly
base
-superiorly
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13
Q

tibia

-points of interest

A 
medial and lateral condyles
medial and lateral tibial plateaus
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity (attachment of patellar ligament)
medial malleolus
fibula rnotch
shaft or body
interosseus border (lateral)
soleal line, vertical line
popliteal area
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14
Q

hip joint

  • motions allowed
  • points of interest
A 
motions
-flexion-extension
-abduction-adduction
-medial-lateral rotation
-circumduction
acetabular labrum
fibrous capsule
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15
Q

acetabular labrum

  • composed of what type of tissue
  • function
A

fibrocartilage

deepens the acetabular fossa

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16
Q

fibrous capsule

  • ligaments
  • additional part
  • ligament origin and attachment
A

ligaments
-iliofemoral ligament (“Y” ligament)
–static stabilizer for upright posture
-ischiofemoral ligament
-pubofemoral ligament
-circular part of each ligament forms an orbicular (circular) part
origin
-acetabular rim
attachments
-intertrochanteric line (iliofemoral and pubofemoral)
-neck of the femur medial to base of greater trochanter

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17
Q

ligament of head of the femur origin and attachment

A

from acetabular wall and transverse acetabular ligament to the pit in the head of the femur

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18
Q

hip joint blood supply

  • from which arteries
  • how do they provide blood to the femur?
A

blood supply from articular arteries off of the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries
-they anastosome (I think this means that they branch and interconnect a lot) around and through the head with an artery in the ligament of the head of the femur

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19
Q

avascular necrosis

  • what
  • how
A

deterioration of the head of the femur following a compromise in the blood supply
causes
-age
-broken hip (Bo Jackson)

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20
Q

knee joint

  • type of joint
  • permits which actions
A

hinge type synovial joint permitting some rotation
permits
-flexion and extension of the leg
-rotation of the leg when fixed

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21
Q

when knee is fully extended and “locked”

  • relation between femur and tibia
  • how do you unlock?
A

femur is medially rotated on the tibia
to unlock
-popliteus muscle laterally rotates the femur (tibia fixed due to standing)

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22
Q

knee intrinsic capsular ligament (external ligaments of the knee)

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments
patellar ligament
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament

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23
Q

oblique popliteal ligament

-portion of…

A

portion of the tendon of semimembranosus that supports the posterior part of the joint capsule

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24
Q

arcuate popliteal ligament

-what is it?

A

branched ligament

from head of fibula to the intercondylar space of the thigh and lateral epicondyle of the femur

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25
Q

internal ligaments of the knee

A

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

medial and lateral collateral menisci (not really ligaments but seemed like a good place to put them)

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26
Q

how is the knee joint supplied with blood?

A

genicular arteries from an anastomotic circulation around it

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27
Q

gluteal region

  • superior and inferior boundaries
  • marked superficially by..
A

superiorly bounded by iliac crest
inferiorly bounded by inferior border of gluteus maximus
marked superficially (surface anatomy) by gluteal sulcus

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28
Q

lateral surface of ilium

  • marked by limits of…
  • how do these mark it
  • what do we call these “marks”
A

marked by limits of the origins of the named gluteal muscles (maximus, medius, minimus)
these muscle attachments leave small elevation or roughened surface on the bone
knows as the posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
more likely to be seen or real bone than models

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29
Q

obturatur internus

-originates where and with what muscle?

A

within pelvic cavity with piriformis

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30
Q

piriformis

  • originates where
  • how does it leave pelvis
  • where does it insert?
A

originates on
-pelvic side of the sacrum
-associated ligaments
-ilium at edge of the greater sciatic notch
leaves pelvis in an anterolateral direction through the greater sciatic foramen
insert on the greater trochanter of the femur

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31
Q

obturator internus

  • originates…
  • exits…
  • inserts…
A

originates
-within limits of the pelvis
-bony surfaces of the ischium and ilium surrounding the obturator foramen
-obturator membrane
exits
-somewhat posteriorly below the sacrospinous ligament through the less sciatic foramen (notch)
inserts on the medial surface of the greater trochanter after bending anterolaterally after moving through lesser sciatic foramen

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32
Q

obturator internus tendon

-protected by

A

protected by a bursa as it swings around the bony edge of the ischium

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33
Q

obturator foramen

-partially covered by ____ with a small opening called___

A

obturator membrane

obturator canal

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34
Q

obturator externus

-originates…

A

on external side of the obturator membrane

adjacent rami of the ischium and pubic bones

35
Q

piriformis

-separates…

A

separates the exiting of the superior and inferior gluteal nerve and artery from the pelvis

36
Q

sciatic nerve

  • exits where
  • “usual” orientation relative to piriformis
  • what are other configurations
A 
exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch in relation to the piriformis
"usual" orientation
-comes out inferior to piriformis
other configurations
-split around or through piriformis
37
Q

glute muscle action and walking

-medius and minimus

A

gluteus medius and minimus extremely important in walking

  • to take step with right foot, thigh and leg of the left side must be fixed
  • allows elevation of the right leg and foot on the opposite side
  • achieved by having these muscles tilt and stabilize pelvis, so hip doesn’t sag on the right side when its support is removed
  • this allows opposite foot to clear the ground
38
Q

if pelvis sags during walking

  • name
  • causes
  • how do patients compensate?
A

Trendelenberg’s sign
causes
-neuromuscular damage to the superior gluteal nerves and/or the muscles
-broken bone so that muscles don’t have a fixed point from which to pull
compensation
-patients walk with a lurching gait

39
Q

plexuses in general

-formed from

A

formed from primary ventral rami of spinal nerves

40
Q

primary ventral rami

  • divide into…
  • plexus is formed by…
  • what type of nerves are ventral rami?
A

divide into a dorsal and ventral division
plexus is formed by the dividing and mixing of individual spinal nerves into the formation of peripheral nerves
ventral rami are mixed nerves
-contain both sensory and motor axons

41
Q

sacral plexus

  • created by…
  • form…
  • also gives rise to…
A

created by dorsal division of the ventral rami of L4, L5-S2
form the common peroneal part of the sciatic nerve
also gives rise to
-superior and inferior gluteal nerves

42
Q

superior and inferior gluteal nerves

-function

A

innervate three named gluteus muscles and the piriformis

43
Q

superior and inferior gluteal nerves

  • leave the pelvis via…
  • ventral divisions give rise to…
A

via greater sciatic foramen
ventral divisions give rise to
-tibial part of the sciatic nerve
-nerves of the obturator internus and quadratus femoris

44
Q

damage to the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region results in…

A

affects ability to

  • extend and abduct the thigh
  • flex the leg
  • dorsiflex the foot (foot drop)
45
Q

sacral plexus nerve divisions also give rise to…

A

the pudendal nerve

-seen in gluteal region

46
Q

pudenal nerve

-function

A

carries sensory information and autonomic fibers to and from genital region

47
Q

lumbar plexus

-which nerves?

A

collections of dorsal and ventral divisions of ventral rami of spinal nerves (T12), L1-L5

48
Q

femoral nerve created by

A

dorsal division of ventral rami of L2-L4

49
Q

obturatur nerve created by

A

ventral divisions of ventral rami of L2-L4

50
Q

lumbosacral trunk created by

A

dorsal division of L4 and L5

51
Q

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

  • branches off of…
  • travel where and with what?
A

branches off of the internal iliac artery

travel into the gluteal region with superior and inferior gluteal nerves

52
Q

superior gluteal artery vascular distribution

A

provides blood for all named gluteal muscles

53
Q

inferior gluteal vascular distribution

A

provides blood to

  • gluteus maximus
  • other small muscles of the gluteal region
54
Q

superior gluteal and inferior gluteal arteries participate in…

A

anastomotic circulation

55
Q

anastomotic circulation of superior and inferior gluteal arteries formed between
-termed the

A

these two arteries
medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
first branch of the profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery)
termed the
-cruciate anastomosis of the thigh

56
Q

anastomotic circulation of thigh supported by…

-this is a branch of the…

A

artery that is following the ligament to the head of the femur
-branch of the obturator artery

57
Q

branches of cruciate anastomosis send…

A

retinacular vessels along the neck of the femur

58
Q

cruciate anastomosis compromise

  • cause
  • result
A

cause
-aging common
result
-difficulty in repair of fractures of the neck of the femur
-bone maintenance and repair process is marginal at best, and the neck or head of the femur begins to deteriorate
-this is known as avascular necrosis

59
Q

internal pudendal artery

  • branch off of…
  • where does it travel?
  • function
A

branch off of the internal iliac artery
leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and then re-enters via the lesser sciatic foramen
-loops around the ischial spine, underneath the sacrotuberous ligament
function
-gives blood to the external genitalia and deep muscles of the pelvis and gluteal region

60
Q

fascia lata

  • what
  • how is it attached?
  • lateral side of fascia lata
A

dense connective tissue sheath that forms the deep fascia of the thigh
attached in a ring fashion to much of the pelvis and invests the thigh muscles
lateral side
-thicked as the iliotibial band (tract)

61
Q

IT band

  • what inserts into it
  • purpose of this insertion
A

TFL and gluteus maximus insert into and tight it

aid in stabilization of pelvis

62
Q

superficial veins of thigh

-seen where?

A

seen overlying the dense connective tissue (fascia lata)

run in the subcutaneous space

63
Q

deep veins

-located where?

A

run along with paired named arteries

64
Q

how are superficial and deep veins connected?

A

by valved interconnections

65
Q

deep veins of the thigh and leg contain…

A

valves that help in the prevention of pooling of blood in the lower extremities

66
Q

what happens if this venous system breaks down?

A

blood pools in peripheral veins

leads to vericose veins

67
Q

3 important veins

A

great saphenous vein
lesser saphenous vein
femoral vein

68
Q

great saphenous

  • saphenous opening
  • what is a common use of this vein
A

saphenous opening
-area in fascia lata that allows great saphenous vein to dump into femoral vein
great saphenous commonly used in cardiac bypass surgery

69
Q

arteries of the thigh and popliteal fossa

A
  • external iliac artery becomes femoral artery after passing inguinal ligament
  • deep femoral artery (profundis femoris)
  • perforating branches
  • lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries
  • descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral arteries
  • descending genicular branch
  • popliteal artery (femoral artery after it passes through adductor canal)
  • superior - medial and lateral - and inferior - medial and lateral - genicular arteries
  • anterior tibial artery
  • posterior tibial artery
  • peroneal artery
70
Q

branches of internal iliac artery that reach the thigh

A 
superior and inferior gluteal artery
obturator artery (adductor region)
71
Q

nerves of thigh and popliteal fossa

A 
femoral
sciatic
obturator
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
72
Q

femoral nerve

  • formed from
  • innervates…
A 
formed from lumbar plexis
-dorsal divisions of L2-L4
innervates
-anterior thigh muscles
-cutaneous innervation of anterior and medial sides of leg
73
Q

saphenous nerve

-location

A

enters femoral triangle with femoral nerve

travels with femoral artery through adductor canal

74
Q

obturator nerve

-formed from…

A

formed from ventral divisions of L2-L4

75
Q

femoral triangle

  • clinical significance and location of this
  • boundaries
A 
can palpate femoral pulse in this region
location
-2-3 cm inferior to inguinal ligament
boundaries
-superior (base) - inguinal ligament
-medial - lateral border of adductor longus
-lateral - medial border of sartorius
-floor - bodies of pectineus and iliopsoas
76
Q

femoral triangle

-contents

A

contents

  • femoral artery, nerve, vein
  • profunda femoris artery - chief after of thigh
  • lymph nodes
77
Q

femoral triangle

-important contents from lateral to medial

A

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
femoral canal

78
Q

femoral sheath

-what is it?

A

extension of abdominal transversalis fascia and iliac fascia that encases all of the contents of the femoral triangle for 4 cm, except the femoral and saphenous nerves

79
Q

femoral sheath compartments

-purpose of compartments

A

3 compartments

-for femoral artery, vein, and canal

80
Q

femoral canal

  • contents
  • function
  • superior border
  • covered by
  • what happens if ruptured?
A

contents
-empty with few lymph nodes and vessels
function
-allows for venous expansion of vein during times of high venous return
superior border
-femoral ring
covered by a weak covering of abdominal peritoneum
if ruptured
-small intestine can bulge into and/or become strangulated (different than inguinal hernia)

81
Q

adductor canal

  • location
  • purpose
  • where does it end?
  • boundaries
A

tunnel beneath the sartorius
carries
-femoral artery and vein
-saphenous nerve
ends at the adductor hiatus in adductor magnus
boundaries
-lateral - vastus medialis
-posteromedial - adductor longus and magnus
-anterior - sartorius
-roof - sartorius and subsartorial fascia

82
Q

popliteal fossa

  • location and appearance
  • boundaries
A

diamond shaped area at the posterior aspect of the knee
boundaries
-superolateral: biceps femoris
-superomedial: semitendinosus and semimembranosus
-inferomedial and inferolateral: medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
-floor: next slide
-roof: skin and fascia

83
Q

floor of popliteal fossa

A

popliteal surfaces of femur and tibia
oblique popliteal ligament
part of the semimembranosus tendon
popliteus fascia

84
Q

popliteal fossa contents

A

popliteal artery and genicular anastomosis
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
-branch of sciatic nerve usually branches at/near superior point of popliteal fossa
common peroneal nerve - other branch of sciatic nerve

S1 Anatomy (31 decks)

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