6 Flashcards
Grain
(N.)
a)the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
big sacks of grain
Last year’s grain harvest was the biggest ever.
b)a single seed of corn, wheat etc
grains of rice
The natural lines you can see in a substance such as wood, which are the result of its structure
along the grain =in the same direction as the grain
Cut along the grain of the wood.
across the grain =at 90 degrees to the grain
A single very small piece of a substance such as sand or salt
grain of
a grain of sand
There were crumbs and grains of sugar on the table.
A grain of something: a very small amount of something
The story wouldn’t have fooled anyone with a grain of sense.
There is a grain of truth in all folklore and legend.
against the grain: if something goes against the grain, it is not what you would naturally or normally do
Mary is always honest and it went against the grain to tell lies.
The smallest unit for measuring weight, equal to about 0.06 grams. It is used for weighing medicines
Onion
(N.)
A round white vegetable with a brown, red, or white skin and many layers. Onions have a strong taste and smell
Chop the onions finely.
red onions
home-made onion soup
Green bean
(N.)
A long thin green vegetable which is picked before the beans inside it grow
SYN French bean (BrE)
لوبیا سبز
Kidney bean
(N.)
A dark red bean that is shaped like the letter C
لوبیا قرمز
Mung bean
(N.)
A small green bean, usually eaten as a beansprout
ماش
Pea
(N.)
A round green seed that is cooked and eaten as a vegetable, or the plant on which these seeds grow
roast chicken with peas and carrots
Like two peas in a pod (informal): exactly the same in appearance, behaviour etc
نخود
Split pea
(N.)
لپه
Brake
(N.)
A piece of equipment that makes a vehicle go more slowly or stop
Test your brakes after driving through water.
I managed to put the brakes on just in time.
Moira slammed on the brakes =used them suddenly and with a lot of force.
•apply the brakes (formal)
He applied the brakes but failed to stop in time.
•the rear/front brakes
the screech of brakes =the loud unpleasant noise they can make
Act as a brake on something: to make something develop more slowly, be more difficult to do, or happen less
Rises in interest rates act as a brake on expenditure.
Put the brakes on something:
to stop something that is happening
Indicate
(V.)
To show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to be true
>indicate that
Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary.
To say or do something to make your wishes, intentions etc clear
indicate (that)
The Russians have already indicated their willingness to cooperate.
To direct someone’s attention to something or someone, for example by pointing
That’s her, said Toby, indicating a girl on the other side of the room.
To represent something
Sales targets are indicated on the graph by a vertical dotted line
To show the direction in which you intend to turn in a vehicle, using lights or your hands
SYN signal
Don’t forget to indicate before you pull out
Overtake
(V.)
(past tense overtook, past participle overtaken)
To go past a moving vehicle or person because you are going faster than them and want to get in front of them
He pulled out to overtake the van.
Never try to overtake on a bend.
To develop or increase more quickly than someone or something else and become more successful, more important, or more advanced than them
Television soon overtook the cinema as the most popular form of entertainment.
Hingis has now overtaken her in the world tennis rankings.
If something bad, especially a feeling, overtakes you, it happens to you suddenly and has a strong effect on you
>overcome
be overtaken by something
She was overtaken by emotion and started to cry.
A terrible sense of panic overtook him.
Be overtaken by events
if you are overtaken by events, the situation changes, so that your plans or ideas are not useful any more
The diplomatic negotiations were soon overtaken by events
Gear
(N.)
The machinery in a vehicle such as a car, truck, or bicycle that you use to go comfortably at different speeds
His mountain bike had 18 gears.
Andy drove cautiously along in third gear.
Does this thing have a reverse gear
Any cyclist can climb a difficult hill you just change gear. دنده عوض کردن
Don’t turn off the engine while youre still in gear.
It’s a good habit to take the car out of gear while youre at a stoplight.
Used to talk about the amount of effort and energy that someone is using in a situation
During this period
Japan’s export industries were in top gear =were as active as they could be.
The Republican’s propaganda machine moved into high gear.
step up a gear (BrE) =increase the level of effort
United stepped up a gear in the second half.
change gear (BrE),change/switch/shift gears (AmE): to start doing something in a different way, especially using more or less energy or effort The boss expects us to be able to change gear just like that.
A set of equipment or tools you need for a particular activity
He’s crazy about photography – he’s got all the gear.
Well need some camping gear.
A set of clothes that you wear for a particular occasion or activity
Bring your rain gear.
police in riot gear
A piece of machinery that performs a particular job
the landing gear of a plane
heavy lifting gear
Accelerate
(V.)
If a process accelerates or if something accelerates it, it happens faster than usual or sooner than you expectmeasures to accelerate the rate of economic growth
If a vehicle or someone who is driving it accelerates, it starts to go faster
OPP decelerate
The car accelerated smoothly away.
Word
Tin
(N.)
A soft silver-white metal that is often used to cover and protect iron and steel. It is a chemical element symbol Sn قلع
an old tin bath
(BrE) (also tin can) A small metal container in which food or drink is sold SYN can (AmE) tin of a sardine tin a tin of baked beans
A metal container with a lid in which food can be stored
a biscuit tin
(BrE) A metal container in which food is cooked
SYN pan (AmE)
a 7-inch cake tin
a roasting tin
(BrE) A metal container with a lid, in which paint, glue etc is sold
tin of
a tin of brown paint
Copper
(N.)
A soft reddish-brown metal that allows electricity and heat to pass through it easily, and is used to make electrical wires, water pipes etc. It is a chemical element symbol Cu مس
(BrE) Money of low value made of copper or bronze
He offered to do the job for a few coppers.
A reddish-brown colour
her copper hair
(BrE) (informal)
A police officer
coppery adjective
coppery skin
Alloy
(N.)
A metal that consists of two or more metals mixed together
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc
آلیاژ
(V.)
(technical) To mix one metal with another
Iron
(N.)
A common hard metal that is used to make steel, is magnetic, and is found in very small quantities in food and blood. It is a chemical element symbol Fe the iron and steel industry a driveway with large iron gates iron ore =rock that contains iron the absorption of iron from food
A thing used for making clothes smooth, which has a heated flat metal base
have several irons in the fire: to be involved in several different activities or have several plans all happening at the same time
He has several economic irons in the fire, including gold and diamond mines.
A golf club made of metal rather than wood
a 5-iron
irons (especially literary): a chain used to prevent a prisoner from moving
leg irons
Lead
(N.)
A soft heavy grey metal that melts easily and is poisonous, used to cover roofs, or in the past, for water pipes. It is a chemical element symbol Pb سرب
The central part of a pencil that makes the marks when you write
Go down like a lead balloon (informal): if a suggestion or joke goes down like a lead balloon, people do not like it at all
(AmE) (old-fashioned) Bullets
They filled him full of lead.
Leads
a) sheets of lead used for covering a roof
b) narrow pieces of lead used for holding small pieces of glass together to form a window
Lazy
(Adj.)
(comparative lazier, superlative laziest)
Not liking work and physical activity, or not making any effort to do anything
the laziest boy in the class
He felt too lazy to get out of bed.
A lazy period of time is spent doing nothing except relaxing
OPP busy
We spent lazy days relaxing on the beach.
lazily adverb
laziness noun
Hazy
(Adj.)
Air that is hazy is not clear because there is a lot of smoke, dust, or mist in it
hazy sunshine
An idea, memory etc that is hazy is not clear or exact
SYN vague
My memories of the holiday are rather hazy.
hazy about
She was a little hazy about the details.
hazily adverb
haziness noun
Cutlery
(N.)
(especially BrE)
Knives, forks, and spoons that you use for eating and serving food
>crockery
SYN silverware (AmE)
Spoon
(N.)
An object that you use for eating, cooking, or serving food. It has a small bowl-shaped part and a long handle
a spoonful: spoon of
two spoons of sugar
Fork
(N.)
A tool you use for picking up and eating food, with a handle and three or four points
Put the knives and forks on the table.
A garden tool used for digging, with a handle and three or four points
A place where a road, river, or tree divides into two parts, or one of the parts it divides into
the north fork of the Sacramento river
Take the left fork then go straight on.
fork of lightning: a sudden flash of lightning with two or more lines of light
One of the two metal bars between which the front wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle is fixed
Apron
(N.)
A piece of clothing that covers the front part of your clothes and is tied around your waist, worn to keep your clothes clean, especially while cooking
apron strings (informal): the relationship between a child and its mother, especially if the mother controls an adult son or daughter too much
Youre 25 years old, and you still haven’t cut the apron strings.
Jeff is still tied to his mother’s apron strings.
3technical
The hard surface in an airport on which planes are turned around, loaded, unloaded etc
(technical) apron stage: the part of the stage in a theatre that is in front of the curtain
Tablecloth
(N.)
A cloth used for covering a table
Producer
(N.)
Someone whose job is to control the preparation of a play, film, or broadcast, but who does not direct the actors
television film theatre producer
Hollywood producers and movie stars
(also record producer) Someone whose job is to organize and direct the recording and production of a record
A person, company, or country that makes or grows goods, foods, or materials
>consumer
•producer of
South Carolina is the fourth largest producer of tobacco.
•coffee/wine/car etc producer
leading oil producers
Script
(N.)
The written form of a speech, play, film etc
>screenplay
They write all their own scripts.
a film script
The set of letters that are used in writing a language
Arabic script
(BrE) A piece of work that a student writes in an examination
(formal) Writing done by hand
SYN handwriting
a diary entry written in neat black script
Dub
(V.)
(dubbed, dubbing)
To give something or someone a name that describes them in some waylabel, name
be dubbed something
The body, thousands of years old, was found in the Alps and dubbed The Iceman.
To change the original spoken language of a film or television programme into another language
be dubbed into something
a British film dubbed into French
(especially BrE) To make a record out of two or more different pieces of music or sound mixed together
(AmE) To copy a recording from a tape or CD onto another tape
If a king or queen dubs someone, they give the title of knight to that person in a special ceremony
Subtitle
(N.)
Subtitles: the words printed over a film in a foreign language to translate what is being said by the actors
a French film with English subtitles
A second title below the main title in a book, which gives more information about what is in the book, show etc
The opera’s subtitle is The School for Lovers.
The book is subtitled A Psychology of Masculinity.
subtitle verb
subtitled adjective
a subtitled version of the film
Towel
(N.)
A piece of cloth that you use for drying your skin or for drying things such as dishes
Have you got a clean towel I could use
bath/beach/kitchen towel
She dried her hands on the kitchen towel.
paper towel
Toothpaste
(N.)
A thick substance that you use to clean your teeth
Shaving foam
(N.)
(also shaving foam (BrE))
A special cream that you put on your face when you shave
Comb
(N.)
A flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair tidy
>brush
A small flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for keeping your hair back or for decoration
If you give your hair a comb, you make it tidy using a comb
Your hair needs a good comb.
The red piece of flesh that grows on top of a male chicken’s head
A honeycomb
Razor
(N.)
A tool with a sharp blade, used to remove hair from your skin
shaver
an electric razor
a disposable razor
be on a razor/razor’s edge (BrE): to be in a difficult position where a mistake could be dangerous
Politically we are on a razor edge
Appraise
(V.)
(formal) To officially judge how successful, effective, or valuable something is
SYN evaluate
Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environmental costs of such an operation.
(literary) To look carefully at someone or something to make an opinion about them
His eyes appraised her face
Apprise
(V.)
(formal) To tell or give someone information about something
SYN inform
apprise somebody of something
The district chairman was fully apprised of all the details
Juvenile delinquent
(N.)
A child or young person who behaves in a criminal way
SYN young offender
juvenile delinquency noun
Demise
(N.)
(formal)
The end of something that used to exist
demise of
the imminent demise (=happening soon) of the local newspaper
(formal) or (law)
Death
the mystery surrounding Elena’s untimely demise =when death happens sooner than is normal or expected
demise verb
Imminent
(Adj.)
An event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon
imminent danger/threat/death/disaster etc
He was in imminent danger of dying.
A new trade agreement is imminent.
imminence noun
the imminence of the General Election
imminently adverb
Automobile
(N.)
AmE
A car
the automobile industry
Vehicle
(N.)
(formal) A machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck >motor vehicle a description of the stolen vehicle Have you locked your vehicle
(formal)
Something you use to express and spread your ideas, opinions etc
SYN medium
vehicle for
The 1936 Olympics were used as a vehicle for Nazi propaganda.
A film, television programme etc that is made to gain public attention for one of the people in it
vehicle for
MGM made the film as a star vehicle for Brando
Mascara
(N.)
A dark substance used to colour your eyelashes and make them look thicker
Nail polish
(N.)
(also nail varnish BrE)
Coloured or transparent liquid which you paint on your nails to make them look attractive
pink nail polish
Tweezers
(N.)
A small tool that has two narrow pieces of metal joined at one end, used to pull or move very small objects
She was plucking her eyebrows with a pair of tweezers
Lipstick
(N.)
Something used for adding colour to your lips, in the shape of a small stick
Diligent
(Adj.)
Someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough
a diligent student
diligently adv
They worked diligently all morning.
diligence noun
Acumen
(N.)
The ability to think quickly and make good judgments
business/political/financial etc acumen
The firm’s success is largely due to Brannon’s commercial acumen
Sagacious
(Adj.)
(formal)
Able to understand and judge things very well
SYN wise
sagaciously adverb
Third World, the
The poorer countries of the world that are not industrially developed, including most of Africa and parts of Asia and of Central and South America. Some people think this expression is offensive, and the Third World can also be called the South.
>compare first world
Third-World adjective
Third-World economies
Threat
(N.)
A statement in which you tell someone that you will cause them harm or trouble if they do not do what you want
threat of
threat from
He says his family received phone threats from the group.
The government will not give in to terrorist threats.
She dismissed the statement as an empty threat.
The possibility that something very bad will happen
threat of
threat from
under threat
Someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger
threat to
•present/pose a threat (to somebody/something)
Pollution poses a threat to fish
Thread
(N.)
A long thin string of cotton, silk etc used to sew or weave cloth
Im looking for a needle and thread
An idea, feeling, or feature that connects the different parts of an explanation, story etc
thread of
a thread of spirituality in her work
Pick up the threads: to begin something again after a long period, especially a relationship or way of life
They had known each other as children, and were picking up the threads of their friendship
Series of messages concerning the same subject, written by members of an Internet discussion group
I’d like to refer to something that was posted in an earlier thread
(literary) A long thin line of something, such as light, smoke etc
thread of
The Colorado River was just a thread of silver, 4000 feet below
A continuous raised line of metal that winds around the curved surface of a screw
threads(AmE) (old-fashioned) clothes
Chalkboard
(N.)
AmE
A blackboard
She wrote the day’s menu up on a chalkboard
Screen
(N.) The part of a television or computer where the picture or information appears >monitor on a screen Her picture appeared on the screen
a)The large white surface that pictures are shown on in a cinema
He was horrified at some of the images he saw on the screen.
b)Films in general
on screen
a star of stage and screen =the theatre and films
his first appearance on screen
A piece of furniture like a thin wall that can be moved around and is used to divide one part of a room from anotherThere was a screen around his bed
a)Something tall and wide that hides a place or thingscreen of
The house was hidden behind a screen of bushes.
b)Something that hides what someone is doing
screen for
The business was just a screen for his drug-dealing activities
(BrE)A medical test to see whether someone has an illness
SYN screening (AmE)
The company is offering a free health screen to all employees
Wire net fastened inside a frame in front of a window or door to keep insects out
A decorative wall in some churches
A player in a game such as basketball who protects the player who has the ball
Instructor
(N.)
Someone who teaches a sport or practical skill
a driving instructor
ski instructors
(AmE) Someone who teaches in an American college or university and who has a rank below assistant professor
a social studies instructor
Bulletin board
(N.)
(AmE)
A board on the wall that you put information or pictures on
SYN noticeboard (BrE)
A place in a computer information system where you can read or leave messages
Construction site
(N.)
The process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc
construction of
under construction =being built
The hotel is currently under construction.
a road construction project
The process of making something using many parts
Work out the exact design before you start construction
The materials used to build or make something, or its design and structure
The houses were partly timber in construction
(formal)
Something that has been built
a modern construction
The way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc
difficult grammatical constructions
The process of forming something from knowledge or ideas
the construction of sociological theory
constructional adjective
Infrastructure
(N.)
The basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways, banks etc
Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure.
a $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure
infrastructural adjective
Designated
(V.)
To choose someone or something for a particular job or purposebe
•designated something
The lake was recently designated a conservation area.
•designate something as for something
Funds were designated for projects in low-income areas.
•designate somebody to do something
She has been designated to take over the position of treasurer.
To represent or refer to something using a particular sign, name etc
Buildings are designated by red squares on the map
Purchase
(V.)
(formal)
To buy something
You can purchase insurance online.
the growing demand to purchase goods on credit
Where did you purchase the car
purchase from
Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office.
purchasable adjective
purchaser noun
France was the no. 1 purchaser of Iraqi oil
Take place
Phrasal verb
To happen, especially after being planned or arranged
The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
Talks between the two sides are still taking place.
Major changes are taking place in society
Crappy
(Adj) (spoken) (not polite)
Very bad
a crappy hotel
Creepy
(Adj.)
(informal)
Making you feel nervous and slightly frightened
There’s something creepy about the way he looks at me.
The whole place feels creepy.
Ginger
(N.)
A root with a very strong hot taste, or the powder made from this root, that is used in cooking
The plant that this root comes from
A bright orange-brown colour
>gingery
Cardamom
(N.)
The seeds of an Asian fruit, used to give a special taste to Indian and Middle Eastern food
هل
Fennel
(N.)
A pale green plant whose seeds are used to give a special taste to food and which is also used as a vegetable
رازيانه
Thyme
(N.)
A plant used for giving food a special taste
آویشن
Caraway
(N.)
A plant whose seeds are used in cooking
زیره
Tangerine
(N.)
A small sweet fruit like an orange with a skin that comes off easily
A bright orange colour
tangerine adjective
نارنگی
Pomegranate
(N.)
A round fruit that has a lot of small juicy red seeds that you can eat and a thick reddish skin
انار
Plum
(N.)
A small round juicy fruit which is dark red, purple, or yellow and has a single hard seed, or the tree that produces this fruit
juicy ripe plums
A dark purple-red colour
(informal) Something very good that other people wish they had, such as a good job or a part in a play
The first job I had was a real plum
آلو
Cornelian cherry
(N.)
زغال اخته
Persimmon
(N.)
A soft orange-coloured fruit that grows in hot countries
خرمالو
Hood
(N.)
a)A part of a coat, jacket etc that you can pull up to cover your head
Why don’t you put your hood up if youre cold
b)A cloth bag that goes over someone’s face and head so that they cannot be recognized or cannot see
>balaclava
He was abducted by four men wearing hoods.
(AmE) The metal covering over the engine on a car
SYN bonnet (BrE)
under the hood
Check under the hood and see what that noise is.
A cover fitted above a cooker to remove the smell of cooking
➔ extractor fan
(BrE) A folding cover on a car or pram, which gives protection from the rain
(also ‘hood) (AmE) (informal) A neighbourhood
(AmE) (informal) A hoodlum
Bumper
(N.)
(BrE)
A bar fixed on the front and back of a car to protect it if it hits anything
SYN fender (AmE)
bumper-to-bumper:
bumper-to-bumper traffic is very close together and moving slowly
Headlights
(N.)
(also headlamp)
(usually plural)
One of the large lights at the front of a vehicle, or the beam of light produced by this
Suddenly, a figure appeared in my headlights.
Like a rabbit/deer caught in headlights:
so frightened or confused that you do not know what to do
Tail light
(N.)
red light at the rear of a motor vehicle, train, or bicycle
Steering wheel
(N.)
A wheel that you turn to control the direction of a car
Perk
(N.)
Something that you get legally from your work in addition to your wages, such as goods, meals, or a car
theatre tickets and other perks
perk of
the perks of working at a large law firm
I only eat here because it’s free – one of the perks of the job
Pension
(N.)
An amount of money paid regularly by the government or company to someone who does not work any more, for example because they have reached the age when people stop working or because they are ill
At what age can you start drawing your pension
If you are self-employed, you should think about taking out a private pension.
Many people find it hard to live on a basic state pension.
She pays a quarter of her salary into a pension plan
Bay
(N.)
A part of the sea that is partly enclosed by a curve in the land
a house with a view across the bay
Montego Bay
Keep hold something at bay:To prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening or from coming too close
A thick wall keeps the noise at bay.
An area within a large room or just outside a building that is used for a particular purpose
a storage bay
loading bay
The part of a ship or plane where things are stored
the cargo bay
A tree that has leaves that smell sweet and are often used in cooking (also bay tree)
A horse that is a reddish brown colour
