F2 Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Board game
A
(N.)
Any game played on a board, often using dice and small pieces that are moved around
2
Q
Cricket
A
(N.)
A game played on grass by two teams of 11 players. Players score points (called runs ) by hitting the ball with a wooden bat and running between two sets of vertical wooden sticks, called stumps.
a cricket match/team/club/ball
A small brown jumping insect that makes a loud high sound by rubbing its wings together
the chirping of crickets
3
Q
Hiking
A
(N.)
The activity of going for long walks in the country for pleasure
to go hiking
hiking boots
4
Q
Trek
Trekking
A
(N.)
A long, hard walk lasting several days or weeks, especially in the mountains
They reached the refugee camp after an arduous two-day trek across the mountains.
(informal) A long walk
synonym tramp
It’s a long trek into town.
5
Q
Sailing
A
(N.)
The sport or activity of travelling in a boat with sails
to go sailing
a sailing club
One of the regular times that a ship leaves a port
There are six sailings a day.
What time is the next sailing?
6
Q
Snowboarding
A
(N.)
The sport of moving over snow on a snowboard
to go snowboarding
Snowboarding is now an Olympic sport.
7
Q
Bounce
A
(V.)
move off surface
If something bounces or you bounce it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this
The ball bounced twice before he could reach it.
•bounce off something
Short sound waves bounce off even small objects.
•bounce something (against/on/off something)
She bounced the ball against the wall.
move up and down
Bounce (up and down) (on something) (of a person): To jump up and down on something
She bounced up and down excitedly on the bed.
Bounce somebody (up and down) (on something): To move a child up and down while he or she is sitting on your knee in order to entertain him or her
Bounce (something) (up and down): To move up and down; to move something up and down
Her hair bounced as she walked.
move with energy
To move somewhere in a lively and cheerful way
He bounced across the room to greet them.
cheque
Bounce (something) (informal) if a cheque bounces, or a bank bounces it, the bank refuses to accept it because there is not enough money in the bank account to pay it
ideas
Bounce ideas (off somebody)/(around): To tell somebody your ideas in order to find out what they think about them
He bounced ideas off colleagues everywhere he went.
computing
Bounce (something) (back): If an email bounces or the system bounces it, it returns to the person who sent it because the system cannot deliver it
I tried to send her an email but it bounced.
The system automatically bounces emails which contain attachments.
make somebody leave
Bounce somebody (from something) (informal, especially North American English): To force somebody to leave a job, team, place, etc.
He was soon bounced from the post.
8
Q
Serve
A
(V.)
in sport (in tennis, etc.) To start playing by throwing the ball into the air and hitting it Who's serving? •serve something She served an ace.
9
Q
Volley
A
(V.)
volley (something) (in some sports, for example tennis or football (soccer )): To hit or kick the ball before it touches the ground
He volleyed the ball into the back of the net.
10
Q
Rival
A
(N.)
rival (to somebody/something) (for something): A person, company or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc.
The two teams have always been rivals.
The Japanese are our biggest economic rivals.
This latest design has no rivals (= it is easily the best design available).
11
Q
Competitor
A
(N.)
A person or an organization that competes against others, especially in business
our main/major competitor
We produce cheaper goods than our competitors.
A person who takes part in a competition
Over 200 competitors entered the race.
12
Q
Bowling
A
(N.)
A game in which players roll heavy balls (called bowls ) along a special track towards a group of pins (= bottle-shaped objects) and try to knock over as many of them as possible
(in cricket) The action of the bowler in throwing the ball towards the batsman
a brilliant display of fast bowling
13
Q
Snooker
A
(N.)
A game for two people played on a long table covered with green cloth. Players use cues (= long sticks) to hit a white ball against other balls (15 red and 6 of other colours) in order to get the coloured balls into pockets at the edge of the table, in a particular set order.
to play snooker
a game of snooker
a snooker hall/player/table, etc.
The ex-miner stunned the snooker world by winning his first tournament.
We played a couple of frames of snooker in the evening.
A position in snooker in which one player has made it very difficult for the opponent to play a shot within the rules
14
Q
Drain
A
(N.)
A pipe that carries away dirty water or other liquid waste
We had to call in a plumber to unblock the drain.
The drains (= the system of pipes) date from the beginning of the century.
(British English) A frame of metal bars over the opening to a drain in the ground
(BrE: plughole) A hole in a bath/ bathtub, sink, etc. where the water flows away and into which a plug fits
A drain on somebody/something: A thing that uses a lot of the time, money, etc. that could be used for something else
Military spending is a huge drain on the country’s resources.
15
Q
Trunk
A
(N.)
The thick main stem of a tree, that the branches grow from
(BrE: Boot) The space at the back of a car that you put bags, cases, etc. in
The long nose of an elephant
Trunks [plural] = Swimming Trunks
A large strong box with a lid used for storing or transporting clothes, books, etc.
The main part of the human body apart from the head, arms and legs
16
Q
Lorry
A
(N.)
(pl. lorries)
(also truck)
Types of vehicle
A large vehicle for carrying heavy loads by road
a lorry driver
Emergency food supplies were brought in by lorry.
a lorry load of frozen fish
17
Q
Course
A
(N.)
for races
An area of land or water where races are held
She was overtaken on the last stretch of the course.
18
Q
Astronaut
A
(N.)
A person whose job involves travelling and working in a spacecraft
sending astronauts into space
19
Q
Shuttle
A
(N.)
A plane, bus or train that travels regularly between two places
a shuttle service between London and Edinburgh
I’m flying to Boston on the shuttle.
Space shuttle
A pointed tool used in making cloth to pull a thread backwards and forwards over the other threads that pass along the length of the cloth
the Shuttle: a train service that takes cars and their passengers through the Channel Tunnel between England and France
20
Q
Pitch
A
(N.)
for sport
An area of ground specially prepared and marked for playing a sports game
a football/cricket/rugby pitch
The rugby tour was a disaster both on and off the pitch.
After the game fans invaded the pitch.
of sound
How high or low a sound is, especially a musical note
A basic sense of rhythm and pitch is essential in a music teacher.
degree/strength
The degree or strength of a feeling or activity; the highest point of something
a frenetic pitch of activity
Speculation has reached such a pitch that a decision will have to be made immediately.
to sell something
Talk or arguments used by a person trying to sell things or persuade people to do something
an aggressive sales pitch
the candidate’s campaign pitch
Each company was given ten minutes to make its pitch.
in baseball
An act of throwing the ball; the way in which it is thrown
black substance
A black sticky substance made from oil or coal, used on roofs or the wooden boards of a ship to stop water from coming through
in street/market
A place in a street or market where somebody sells things, or where a street entertainer usually performs
of ship/aircraft
(specialist) The movement of a ship up and down in the water or of an aircraft in the air
of roof
(specialist) The degree to which a roof slopes
21
Q
Goal
A
(N.)
(in sports) A frame with a net into which players must kick or hit the ball in order to score a point
He headed the ball into an open goal (= one that had nobody defending it).
Who is in goal (= is the goalkeeper) for Arsenal?
The act of kicking or hitting the ball into the goal; a point that is scored for this
The winning goal was scored by Hill.
Liverpool won by three goals to one.
United conceded two goals in the first half.
a penalty goal
Something that you hope to achieve
synonym aim
to work towards a goal
to achieve/attain a goal
You need to set yourself some long-term goals.
Our ultimate goal must be the preservation of the environment.
Their goal was to eradicate malaria.
22
Q
Nil
A
(N.)
The number 0, especially as the score in some games
synonym zero
Newcastle beat Leeds four nil/by four goals to nil.
Nothing
The doctors rated her chances as nil (= there was no chance).
23
Q
Rugby
A
(N.)
(also rugby football)
A game played by two teams of 13 or 15 players, using an oval ball which may be kicked or carried. Teams try to put the ball over the other team’s line.
Named after Rugby school, where the game was first played.
24
Q
Rink
A
(N.)
Ice rink: A specially prepared flat surface of ice, where you can ice-skate; a building where there is an ice rink
Skating rink: The road was like a skating rink (= covered with ice and easy to slide on).
We spent the afternoon at the skating rink.
An area or a building where you can roller skate
25
Stick
(N.)
from tree
A thin piece of wood that has fallen or been broken from a tree
We collected dry sticks to start a fire.
Her arms and legs were like sticks (= very thin).
for walking
Walking stick
The old lady leant on her stick as she talked.
in sport
A long thin object that is used in some sports to hit or control the ball
a hockey stick
long thin piece
(often in compounds) A long thin piece of something
a stick of dynamite
carrot sticks
(often in compounds) A thin piece of wood or plastic that you use for a particular purpose
pieces of pineapple on sticks
The men were carrying spades and measuring sticks.
of glue, etc.
A quantity of a substance, such as solid glue, that is sold in a small container with round ends and straight sides, and can be pushed further out of the container as it is used
see also lipstick
in plane/vehicle
(informal, AmE) The control stick of a plane
see also joystick
(informal, AmE) A handle used to change the gears of a vehicle
see also gear lever, stick shift
for orchestra
A baton, used by the person who conducts an orchestra
criticism
(BrE, informal)
Criticism or severe words
The referee got a lot of stick from the home fans.
country areas
The sticks [plural] (informal, usually disapproving): country areas, a long way from cities
We live out in the sticks.
person
(old-fashioned, BrE, informal): A person
He's not such a bad old stick.
26
Puck
(N.)
A hard flat rubber disc that is used as a ball in ice hockey
(computing) A pointing device that looks like a computer mouse and is used to control the movement of the cursor on a computer screen
27
Net
(N.)
A type of material that is made of string, thread or wire twisted or tied together, with small spaces in between
net curtains
(especially in compounds) A piece of net used for a particular purpose, such as catching fish or covering something
fishing nets
a mosquito net (= used to protect you from mosquitoes)
the net [singular] (in sports): the frame covered in net that forms the goal
to kick the ball into the/ back of the net
the net [singular] (in tennis, etc.): The piece of net between the two players that the ball goes over
She hit her second serve straight into the net.
the Net (also the net) (informal) = Internet
28
Racket
(N.)
(informal) A loud unpleasant noise
synonym din
Stop making that terrible racket!
(informal) A dishonest or illegal way of getting money
a protection/an extortion/a drugs, etc. racket
(also racquet) A piece of sports equipment used for hitting the ball, etc. in the games of tennis, squash or badminton. It has an oval frame, with strings stretched across and down it.
rackets, racquets [uncountable]: A game for two or four people, similar to squash, played with rackets and a small hard ball in a court with four walls
29
Basket
(N.)
A container for holding or carrying things. Baskets are made of thin strips of material that bends and twists easily, for example plastic, wire or wicker.
a shopping basket
a picnic basket
a clothes/laundry basket (= in which dirty clothes are put before being washed)
a wicker/wire basket
a cat/dog basket (= in which a cat or dog sleeps or is carried around)
The amount contained in a basket
a basket of fruit
(also cart, shopping cart both especially North American English) A facility on a website that records the items that you select to buy
Click to drop items into your shopping basket.
82 per cent of shoppers have abandoned an online shopping basket in the last year.
The net and the metal ring it hangs from, high up at each end of a basketball court; a point that is scored by throwing the ball through this net
to make/shoot a basket
A number of different goods or currencies
the value of the rupee against a basket of currencies
30
Draw
(V.)
```
game
To finish a game without either team winning
England and France drew.
England and France drew 3–3.
•draw with/against somebody
England drew with/against France.
•draw something
England drew their game against France.
```
31
Glossary
(N.)
(pl. glossaries)
A list of technical or special words, especially those in a particular text, explaining their meanings
a glossary of financial terms
She has compiled a glossary of horse-riding terms.
The book includes a useful glossary of the technical terms used.
32
Lead
(N.)
first place
The lead [singular]: The position ahead of everyone else in a race or competition
She took the lead in the second lap.
He has gone into the lead.
The Democrats now appear to be in the lead.
•to hold/lose the lead
The lead car is now three minutes ahead of the rest of the field.
lead (over somebody/something): The amount or distance that somebody/something is in front of somebody/something else synonym advantage
He managed to hold a lead of two seconds over his closest rival.
The polls have given Labour a five-point lead.
a commanding/comfortable lead
to increase/widen your lead
Manchester lost their early two-goal lead.
example
An example or action for people to copy
If one bank raises interest rates, all the others will follow their lead.
If we take the lead in this (= start to act), others may follow.
You go first, I'll take my lead from you.
information
A piece of information that may help to find out the truth or facts about a situation, especially a crime
synonym clue
The police will follow up all possible leads.
in business
A person or thing that may be useful to you, especially a possible new customer or business opportunity
The marketing campaign generated hundreds of new leads.
actor/musician
The main part in a play, film/movie, etc.; the person who plays this part
Who is playing the lead?
the male/female lead
a lead role
The lead singer in a band
news
The most important news story, given first in a newspaper or broadcast
The story is the lead in today's ‘Times’.
It was the lead story on the TV news.
for dog
A long piece of leather, chain or rope used for holding and controlling a dog
Dogs must be kept on a lead in the park.
```
for electricity
(British English) A long piece of wire, usually covered in plastic, that is used to connect a piece of electrical equipment to a source of electricity
```
33
Half-time
(N.)
A period or rest between the first and second half
A short period between the two halves of a sports game during which the players rest
The score at half-time was two all.
the half-time score
34
First half/Second half
(N.)
| The game is in two halves, each half is 45 minutes long
35
Referee
(N.)
(informal: ref) The official who controls the game in some sports
He was sent off for arguing with the referee.
(BrE) A person who gives information about your character and ability, usually in a letter, for example when you are applying for a job
The principal often acts as a referee for his students.
A person who is asked to settle a disagreement
to act as a referee between the parties involved
A person who reads and checks the quality of a technical article before it is published
36
Umpire
(N.)
(also AmE, informal ump) (in sports such as tennis and baseball) A person whose job is to watch a game and make sure that rules are not broken
The umpire’s decision is final.
Taylor was given out by the umpire.
37
Linesman
(N.)
An official who helps the referee in some games that are played on a field or court, especially in deciding whether or where a ball crosses one of the lines. Linesmen are now officially called referee’s assistants in football (soccer ).
(BrE) (AmE lineman) A person whose job is to repair telephone or electricity power lines
38
Coach
(N.)
A person who trains a person or team in sport
a basketball/football/tennis, etc. coach
Italy’s national coach
(BrE) A person who gives private lessons to somebody, often to prepare them for an exam
a maths coach
life coach
A comfortable bus for carrying passengers over long distances
They went to Italy on a coach tour.
Travel is by coach overnight to Berlin.
a coach station (= where coaches start and end their journey)
a coach party (= a group of people travelling together on a coach)
(BrE) = carriage
a railway coach
A large closed vehicle with four wheels, pulled by horses, used in the past for carrying passengers
(AmE) The cheapest seats in a plane
to fly coach
coach fares/passengers/seats
39
Spectator
(N.)
A person who is watching an event, especially a sports event
40
Commentator
(N.)
Commentator (on something)
People in radio, TV people, People in publishing
A person who is an expert on a particular subject and talks or writes about it on television or radio, or in a newspaper
a political commentator
A person who describes an event while it is happening, especially on television or radio
a television/sports commentator
41
Racing driver
(N.)
A person who drives racing cars as a profession
42
Circuit
(N.)
A line, route or journey around a place
The race ended with eight laps of a city centre circuit.
The earth takes a year to make a circuit of (= go around) the sun.
The complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows
an electrical circuit
a circuit diagram (= one showing all the connections in the different parts of the circuit)
(in sport) A series of games or matches in which the same players regularly take part
the women’s tennis circuit
A track for cars or motorcycles to race around
A series of places or events of a particular kind at which the same people appear or take part
the lecture/cabaret circuit
A regular journey made by a judge to hear court cases in each of the courts of law in a particular area
a circuit court/judge
43
Lap
(N.)
The top part of your legs that forms a flat surface when you are sitting down
There's only one seat so you'll have to sit on my lap.
She sat with her hands in her lap.
One journey from the beginning to the end of a track used for running, etc.
the fastest lap on record
She has completed six laps.
He was overtaken on the final lap.
to do a lap of honour (= go around the track again to celebrate winning)
(AmE) to do a victory lap
A section of a journey, or of a piece of work, etc.
They're off on the first lap of their round-the-world tour.
We've nearly finished. We're on the last lap.
44
Court
```
(N.)
for sport
A place where games such as tennis are played
a tennis/squash/badminton court
He won after only 52 minutes on court.
```
45
Clay
(N.)
A type of heavy, sticky earth that becomes hard when it is baked and is used to make things such as pots and bricks
خاک رس
46
Defeat
(V.)
Defeat somebody/something: To win against somebody in a war, competition, sports game, etc. synonym beat
He defeated the champion in three sets.
a defeated army
The government was defeated by 200 votes to 83.
Defeat something: To stop something from being successful
The motion was defeated by 19 votes.
Staying late at the office to discuss shorter working hours rather defeats the object of the exercise!
```
defeat somebody (formal): If something defeats you, you cannot understand it
The instruction manual completely defeated me.
```
47
Defeat
(N.)
Failure to win or to be successful
The party faces defeat in the election.
a narrow/heavy defeat
The world champion has only had two defeats in 20 fights.
They finally had to admit defeat (= stop trying to be successful).
The act of winning a victory over somebody/something
the defeat of fascism
48
One-sided
(Adj)
(disapproving) (of an argument, opinion, etc.) Showing only one side of the situation; not balanced
synonym biased
The press were accused of presenting a very one-sided picture of the issue.
(of a competition or a relationship) Involving people who have different abilities; involving one person more than another
a totally one-sided match
a one-sided conversation (= in which one person talks most of the time)
49
Contest
```
(N.)
A competition in which people try to win something
a singing contest
a talent contest
to enter/win/lose a contest
```
Contest (for something): A struggle to gain control or power
a contest for the leadership of the party
50
Semi-final
(N.)
One of the two games or parts of a sports competition that are held to decide who will compete in the last part (the final )
He's through to the semi-final of the men's singles.
51
Outsider
(N.)
A person who is not accepted as a member of a society, group, etc.
Here she felt she would always be an outsider.
A person who is not part of a particular organization or profession
They have decided to hire outsiders for some of the key positions.
To an outsider it may appear to be a glamorous job.
A person or an animal taking part in a race or competition that is not expected to win
The race was won by a 20–1 outsider.
To everyone's surprise, the post went to a rank outsider (= a complete outsider).
52
Tremendous
```
(Adj.)
Very great
synonym huge
a tremendous explosion
A tremendous amount of work has gone into the project.
```
Extremely good synonym remarkable
It was a tremendous experience
53
Sail
(N.)
A sheet of strong cloth which the wind blows against to make a boat or ship travel through the water
As the boat moved down the river the wind began to fill the sails.
a ship under sail (= using sails)
in the days of sail (= when ships all used sails)
She moved away like a ship in full sail (= with all its sails spread out).
The vessel can be propelled by oars or sail (= sails).
A trip in a boat or ship
We went for a sail.
a two-hour sail across the bay
A set of boards attached to the arm of a windmill
54
Scenery
(N.)
The natural features of an area, such as mountains, valleys, rivers and forests, when you are thinking about them being attractive to look at
The scenery is magnificent.
to enjoy the scenery
The painted background that is used to represent natural features or buildings on a theatre stage
55
Landscape
(N.)
Everything you can see when you look across a large area of land, especially in the country
the bleak/rugged/dramatic, etc. landscape of the area
the woods and fields that are typical features of the English landscape
an urban/industrial landscape
(figurative) We can expect changes in the political landscape.
A painting of a view of the countryside; this style of painting
an artist famous for his landscapes
She specializes in landscapes.
(specialist) The way of printing a document in which the top of the page is one of the longer sides
Select the landscape option when printing the file.
56
Heritage
(N.)
The history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character
Spain’s rich cultural heritage
The building is part of our national heritage.
(in compounds) Used to describe a traditional product, brand, breed of animal or plant variety, especially one that is old-fashioned, rare and of high quality
Cotswold sheep are considered a heritage breed in Canada.
Heritage carrots are not always orange in colour.
They work with some of Britain's oldest heritage brands, including Jaguar, Harrods and the BBC.
57
Extinct
(Adj.)
(of a type of plant, animal, etc.) No longer in existence
an extinct species
to become extinct
The red squirrel is in danger of becoming extinct in England.
the fossilised remains of extinct animals
The numbers of these animals have been falling steadily and they are now almost extinct.
The species was presumed extinct.
(of a type of person, job or way of life) No longer in existence in society
Servants are now almost extinct in modern society.
(of a volcano) No longer active
58
Crap
```
(N.)
Nonsense
He's so full of crap.
Let's cut the crap and get down to business.
(BrE) You're talking a load of crap!
(AmE) What a bunch of crap!
```
Something of bad quality
This work is complete crap.
(BrE) Her latest film is a load of crap.
(AmE) Her latest movie is a bunch of crap.
I won’t put up with any old crap.
(More acceptable words are rubbish, garbage, trash or junk.)
Criticism or unfair treatment
I'm not going to take this crap any more.
Solid waste matter from the bowels
synonym excrement
An act of emptying solid waste matter from the bowels
to have a crap
59
Bun
(N.)
A small round sweet cake
an iced bun
A small round flat bread roll
a hamburger bun
Long hair that has been twisted into a round shape and is worn on top or at the back of the head
She wore her hair in a bun.
She pulled her hair back into a messy bun.
a woman with her hair in a loose bun
buns [plural] (slang, AmE) The two sides of a person’s bottom
60
Alike
```
(Adj.)
Very similar
My sister and I do not look alike.
Airports are all alike to me.
Though John and Andrew look exactly alike, they act quite differently.
```
(Adv.)
In a very similar way
They tried to treat all their children alike.
Used after you have referred to two people or groups, to mean ‘both’ or ‘equally’
Good management benefits employers and employees alike
61
Javanese
(N.)
The Indonesian language of central Java
اهل جزیره جاوه
62
Malaysian
(N.)
(a person) From Malaysia
Meleys
63
Lemur
(N.)
Wild mammals
An animal like a monkey, with thick fur and a long tail, that lives in trees in Madagascar
64
Rafting
(N.)
The sport or activity of travelling down a river on a raft
We went white-water rafting on the Colorado River.
65
Dwarf
(N.)
(pl. dwarfs, dwarves)
Body shape
(in stories) A creature like a small man, who has magic powers and who is usually described as living and working under the ground, especially working with metal
(sometimes offensive) An extremely small person, who will never grow to a normal size because of a physical problem; a person suffering from dwarfism
66
Loaf
(N.)
(pl. loaves)
An amount of bread that has been shaped and baked in one piece
a loaf of bread
Two white loaves, please.
a sliced loaf
Remove the crusts from a small sliced loaf.
67
Axis
(N.)
(pl. axes)
An imaginary line through the centre of an object, around which the object turns
Mars takes longer to revolve on its axis than the Earth.
the earth’s axis of rotation
(specialist) A fixed line against which the positions of points are measured, especially points on a graph
the vertical/horizontal axis
The real wage is measured along the horizontal axis and the quantity of labour is measured along the vertical axis.
The main road is on a north-south axis.
the speed is measured along the horizontal axis
(geometry) A line that divides a shape into two equal parts
an axis of symmetry
The axis of a circle is its diameter.
[usually singular] (formal) An agreement or alliance between two or more countries
the Franco-German axis
68
Basis
(N.)
(pl. bases)
[singular] The reason why people take a particular action
She was chosen for the job on the basis of her qualifications.
Some movies have been banned on the basis that they are too violent.
[singular] The way things are organized or arranged
on a regular/permanent/part-time/temporary basis
on a daily/day-to-day/weekly basis
[countable, usually singular, uncountable] The important facts, ideas or events that support something and that it can develop from
The basis of a good marriage is trust.
This article will form the basis for our discussion.
The theory seems to have no basis in fact.
69
Crisis
(N.)
(pl. crises)
A time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made
a political/financial crisis
the government’s latest economic crisis
The business is still in crisis but it has survived the worst of the recession.
The Labour Party was facing an identity crisis.
an expert in crisis management
We provide help to families in crisis situations.
In times of crisis I know which friends I can turn to.
The party was suffering a crisis of confidence among its supporters (= they did not trust it any longer).
A time when a problem, a bad situation or an illness is at its worst point
Their marriage has reached crisis point.
The fever has passed its crisis.
70
Emphasis
(N.)
(pl. emphases)
Special importance that is given to something synonym stress
•emphasis (on/upon something)
The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.
•to put/lay/place emphasis on something
Increased emphasis is now being placed on corporate image.
The extra force given to a word or phrase when spoken, especially in order to show that it is important; a way of writing a word (for example drawing a line underneath it) to show that it is important synonym stress
‘I can assure you,’ she added with emphasis, ‘the figures are correct.’
71
Criterion
(N.)
(pl. criteria)
A standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made
The main criterion is value for money.
What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability?
72
Curriculum
```
(N.)
(pl. curricula, curriculums)
Subjects and courses
the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.
the school curriculum
(BrE) Spanish is on the curriculum.
(AmE) Spanish is in the curriculum.
```
73
Phenomenon
(N.)
(pl. phenomena)
A fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood
cultural/natural/social phenomena
Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century.
Early retirement is a relatively new phenomenon in Britain.
((AmE)phenomenons) A person or thing that is very successful or impressive
74
Stimulus
(N.)
(pl. stimuli)
stimulus (to/for something) | stimulus (to do something)
[usually singular] Something that helps somebody/something to develop better or more quickly
Books provide children with ideas and a stimulus for play.
The new tax laws should act as a stimulus to exports.
Something that produces a reaction in a human, an animal or a plant
sensory/verbal/visual stimuli
The animals were conditioned to respond to auditory stimuli (= sounds).
75
Deer
```
(N.)
(pl. deer)
Wild mammals
An animal with long legs, that eats grass, leaves, etc. and can run fast. Most male deer have antlers (= horns shaped like branches). There are many types of deer.
a herd of deer
a deer park
```
76
Means
(N.)
(pl. means)
Means (of something/of doing something): An action, an object or a system by which a result is achieved; a way of achieving or doing something
Television is an effective means of communication.
Is there any means of contacting him?
Have you any means of identification?
We needed to get to London but we had no means of transport.
[plural] The money that a person has
People should pay according to their means.
He doesn't have the means to support a wife and child.
Private school fees are beyond the means of most people(= more than they can afford).
Are the monthly repayments within your means (= can you afford them)?
Try to live within your means(= not spend more money than you have).
a man of means (= a rich man)
77
Series
(N.)
(pl. series)
[countable, usually singular] Series of something: Several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other
The incident sparked off a whole series of events that nobody had foreseen.
the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society
The movie consisted of a series of flashbacks.
[countable] A set of radio or television programmes that deal with the same subject or that have the same characters
The first episode of the new series is on Saturday.
[countable] (sport) A set of sports games played between the same two teams
the World Series (= in baseball)
England have lost the Test series (= of cricket matches) against India.
[uncountable, countable] (specialist) An electrical circuit in which the current passes through all the parts in the correct order
batteries connected in series
a series circuit
78
Louse
(N.)
(pl. lice)
A small insect that lives on the bodies of humans and animals
head lice
(louses) (informal, disapproving)
A very unpleasant person
Steve had let her down; she should never have trusted the louse.
79
Ox
(N.)
(pl. oxen)
A bull (= a male cow) that has been castrated (= had part of its sex organs removed), used, especially in the past, for pulling farm equipment,
(old-fashioned) Any cow or bull on a farm
80
Platypus
(N.)
An Australian animal that is covered in fur and has a beak like a duck, webbed feet (= with skin between the toes) and a flat tail. Platypuses lay eggs but give milk to their young.
81
Dingo
(N.)
(pl. dingoes)
Wild mammals
a wild Australian dog
82
Water buffalo
(N.)
(pl. water buffalo, water buffaloes)
Wild mammals
A large Asian animal of the cow family, used for pulling vehicles and farm equipment in tropical countries
گاو میش اهلی شده
83
Introduce
(V.)
people
To tell two or more people who have not met before what each other’s names are; to tell somebody what your name is
•introduce somebody
Can I introduce my wife?
•introduce A to B (as something)
He introduced me to a Greek girl at the party.
She was introduced to me as a well-known novelist.
•introduce A and B
We've already been introduced.
•introduce yourself (to somebody)
Can I introduce myself? I'm Helen Robins.
‘Kay, this is Steve.’ ‘Yes, I know—we've already introduced ourselves.’
TV/radio show
Introduce somebody/something: To be the main speaker in a television or radio show, who gives details about the show and who presents the people who are in it; to tell the audience the name of the person who is going to speak or perform
The next programme will be introduced by Mary David.
May I introduce my first guest on the show tonight…
new experience
to make somebody learn about something or do something for the first time
The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the course.
He was first introduced to drugs by his elder brother.
It was she who first introduced the pleasures of sailing to me.
new product/law
To make something available for use, discussion, etc. for the first time
synonym bring somebody/somethingin
The company is introducing a new range of products this year.
The new law was introduced in 2007.
We want to introduce the latest technology into schools.
plant/animal/disease
To bring a plant, an animal or a disease to a place for the first time
Vegetation patterns changed when goats were introduced to the island.
start
To be the start of something new
Bands from London introduced the craze for this kind of music.
A slow theme introduces the first movement.
in parliament
To formally present a new law so that it can be discussed
to introduce a bill (before Parliament)
add
(formal) To put something into something
Particles of glass had been introduced into the baby food.
84
Continent
(N.)
One of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe, Asia or Africa
the continent of Africa
the African continent
the Continent [singular] (British English) The main part of the continent of Europe, not including Britain or Ireland
We're going to spend a weekend on the Continent.
85
Evolve
(V.)
To develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop something in this way
•evolve (from something) (into something)
The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.
The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.
•evolve something (from something)
Each school must evolve its own way of working.
(biology) (of plants, animals, etc.) To develop over time, often many generations, into forms that are better adapted to survive changes in their environment
•evolve (from something)
The three species evolved from a single ancestor.
•evolve something
The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw.
86
Aboriginal
(N.)
(also Aboriginal)
A member of a race of people who were the original people living in a country, especially Australia
87
Dune
(N.)
A small hill of sand formed by the wind, near the sea or in a desert
88
Sunbathe
(V.)
To sit or lie in the sun, especially in order to go brown (get a suntan)
We spent the day sunbathing and swimming.
89
Inland
(Adj.)
[usually before noun] Located in or near the middle of a country, not near the edge or on the coast
inland areas
inland lakes
Business is booming in both inland and coastal resorts.
90
Satellite
(N.)
An electronic device that is sent into space and moves around the earth or another planet. It is used for communicating by radio, television, etc. and for providing information.
a weather/communications satellite
The interview came live by satellite from Hollywood.
satellite television/TV (= broadcast using a satellite)
a satellite broadcast/channel/picture
The information was sent via a satellite link.
A natural object that moves around a larger natural object in space
The moon is a satellite of earth.
A town, a country or an organization that is controlled by and depends on another larger or more powerful one
satellite states
91
Rocket
(N.)
A spacecraft in the shape of a tube that is driven by a stream of gases let out behind it when fuel is burned inside
a space rocket
The rocket was launched in 2007.
The idea took off like a rocket (= it immediately became popular).
```
A missile (= a weapon that travels through the air) that carries a bomb and is driven by a stream of burning gases
a rocket attack
```
A firework that goes high into the air and then explodes with coloured lights
(BrE) (AmE arugula) A plant with long green leaves that have a strong flavour and are eaten raw in salads
92
Far-fetched
(Adj.)
Very difficult to believe
The whole story sounds very far-fetched.
93
Roughly
(Adv.)
Approximately but not exactly
Sales are up by roughly 10%.
We live roughly halfway between here and the coast.
They all left at roughly the same time.
Roughly speaking, we receive about fifty letters a week on the subject.
Using force or not being careful and gentle
He pushed her roughly out of the way.
‘What do you want?’ she demanded roughly.
In a way that does not leave a smooth surface
roughly plastered walls
94
Improbable
```
(Adj.)
Not likely to be true or to happen
synonym unlikely
an improbable story
It all sounded highly improbable.
•improbable that…
It seems improbable that the current situation will continue.
•opposite probable
```
Seeming strange because it is not what you would expect synonym unexpected
Her hair was an improbable shade of yellow.
95
Explore
(V.)
To travel to or around an area or a country in order to learn about it
•explore something (for something)
The city is best explored on foot.
They explored the land to the south of the Murray River.
•explore (for something)
As soon as we arrived on the island we were eager to explore.
companies exploring for (= searching for) oil
Explore something: To examine something completely or carefully in order to find out more about it
synonym analyse
These ideas will be explored in more detail in chapter 7.
Explore something: To feel something with your hands or another part of the body
She explored the sand with her toes.
96
Carry out
(Phrasal Verb)
carry something out
To do something that you have said you will do or have been asked to do
to carry out a promise/a threat/a plan/an order
To do and complete a task
to carry out an inquiry/an investigation/a survey
Extensive tests have been carried out on the patient.
97
Flow
(N.)
continuous movement
Flow (of something/somebody): The steady and continuous movement of something/somebody in one direction
She tried to stop the flow of blood from the wound.
an endless flow of refugees into the country
to improve traffic flow (= make it move faster)
to control the direction of flow
production/supply
Flow (of something): The continuous production or supply of something
the flow of goods and services to remote areas
to encourage the free flow of information
data flow
of speech/writing
Continuous talk by somebody
You've interrupted my flow—I can't remember what I was saying.
As usual, Tom was in full flow.
Flow of something the way that words and ideas are linked together in speech or writing
Too many examples can interrupt the smooth flow of the text.
I found it hard to follow the flow of the argument.
of the sea
The movement of the sea towards the land
the ebb and flow of the tide
98
Shallow
(Adj.)
Not having much distance between the top or surface and the bottom
a shallow dish
They were playing in the shallow end (= of the swimming pool).
These fish are found in shallow waters around the coast.
The body was found in a shallow grave.
shallow roots (= that grow near the surface of the ground)
•opposite deep
(disapproving) (of a person, an idea, a comment, etc.) Not showing serious thought, feelings, etc. about something •synonym superficial
This shows how shallow their commitment to the environment really is.
Shallow breathing involves taking in only a small amount of air each time
99
Dry up
(Phrasal V.)
(of rivers, lakes, etc.) To become completely dry
During the drought the river dried up.
If a supply of something dries up, there is gradually less of it until there is none left
As she got older, offers of modelling work began to dry up.
To suddenly stop talking because you do not know what to say next
The play was going very well until one of the actors suddenly dried up.
dry up | dry somethingup
(BrE) To dry dishes with a towel after you have washed them
I'll wash and you can dry up.
100
Tide
(N.)
A regular rise and fall in the level of the sea, caused by the pull of the moon and sun; the flow of water that happens as the sea rises and falls
the ebb and flow of the tide
The tide is in/out.
Is the tide coming in or going out?
The body was washed up on the beach by the tide.
The direction in which the opinion of a large number of people seems to be moving
It takes courage to speak out against the tide of opinion.
There is a growing tide of opposition to the idea.
a tide of optimism
A large amount of something unpleasant that is increasing and is difficult to control
There is anxiety about the rising tide of crime.
Measures have been taken to stem the tide of pornography (= stop it from getting worse).
Tide of something a feeling that you suddenly have that gets stronger and stronger
A tide of rage surged through her.
-tide [singular] (old use) (in compounds) a time or season of the year
Christmastide
101
Capsize
(V.)
Capsize (something)
If a boat capsizes or something capsizes it, it turns over in the water
The boat capsized and sank.
Wind pressure on the huge rotors could capsize the ship.
102
Sink
(V.)
in water/mud, etc.
To go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid or soft substance
The ship sank to the bottom of the sea.
The wheels started to sink into the mud.
The little boat sank beneath the waves.
boat
To damage a boat or ship so that it goes below the surface of the sea, etc.
a battleship sunk by a torpedo
Bombs sank all four carriers.
```
fall/sit down
To move downwards, especially by falling or sitting down synonym collapse
I sank into an armchair.
She sank back into her seat, exhausted.
The old man had sunk to his knees.
```
move downwards
(of an object) To move slowly downwards
The sun was sinking in the west.
The foundations of the building are starting to sink.
become weaker
To decrease in amount, volume, strength, etc.
The pound has sunk to its lowest recorded level against the dollar.
He is clearly sinking fast (= getting weaker quickly and will soon die).
of voice
To become quieter
synonym fade
Her voice sank to a whisper.
dig in ground
To make a deep hole in the ground
synonym drill
to sink a well/shaft/mine
To place something in the ground by digging
to sink a post into the ground
prevent success
(informal) To prevent somebody or somebody’s plans from succeeding
I think I've just sunk my chances of getting the job.
If the car breaks down, we'll be sunk (= have serious problems).
ball
To hit a ball into a hole in golf or snooker
He sank a 12-foot putt to win the match.
alcohol
(BrE, informal) To drink something quickly, especially a large amount of alcohol
They sank three pints each in 10 minutes.
103
Puddle
(N.)
A small amount of water or other liquid, especially rain, that has collected in one place on the ground
104
Pebble
(N.)
A smooth, round stone that is found in or near water
a pebble beach
سنگ ریزه
105
Harbour
(N.)
(AmE harbor)
An area of water on the coast, protected from the open sea by strong walls, where ships can shelter
Several boats lay at anchor in the harbour.
to enter/leave harbour
106
Horizon
(N.)
The horizon: The furthest that you can see, where the sky seems to meet the land or the sea
The sun sank below the horizon.
A ship appeared on the horizon.
The limit of your desires, knowledge or interests
She wanted to travel to broaden her horizons.
The company needs new horizons now.
107
Vast
```
(Adj.)
Extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. synonym huge
a vast area of forest
a vast crowd
a vast amount of information
At dusk bats appear in vast numbers.
His business empire was vast.
In the vast majority of cases, this should not be a problem.
Your help made a vast difference.
We’ve hired a marquee at vast expense.
```
108
Mountaineer
(N.)
A person who climbs mountains as a sport
109
Range
```
(N.)
variety
Range (of something): A variety of things of a particular type
The hotel offers a wide range of facilities.
```
limits
The limits between which something varies
Most of the students are in the 17–20 age range.
of products
A set of products of a particular type
our new range of hair products
distance
The distance over which something can be seen or heard
The child was now out of her range of vision (= not near enough for her to see).
The distance over which a gun or other weapon can hit things
These missiles have a range of 300 miles.
The distance that a vehicle will travel before it needs more fuel
of mountains
A line or group of mountains or hills
the great mountain range of the Alps
for shooting
An area of land where people can practise shooting or where bombs, etc. can be tested
A device was exploded at the main nuclear testing range.
oven
A large piece of equipment that can burn various fuels and is kept hot all the time, used for cooking, especially in the past
(AmE) = stove
Cook the meat on a low heat on top of the range.
for cows
the range [singular] (AmE) a large open area for keeping cows, etc.
110
Ambitious
(Adj.)
Determined to be successful, rich, powerful, etc.
a fiercely ambitious young manager
They were very ambitious for their children (= they wanted them to be successful).
Needing a lot of effort, money or time to succeed
the government’s ambitious plans for social reform
Jogging every morning? That’s very ambitious, isn’t it?
111
Quotient
(N.)
A number which is the result when one number is divided by another
intelligence quotient
112
Cod
```
(N.)
(pl. cod) (also codfish)
A large sea fish with white flesh that is used for food
fishing for cod
cod fillets
cod and parsley sauce
```
113
Cord
(N.)
Strong thick string or thin rope; a piece of this
a piece/length of cord
picture cord (= used for hanging pictures)
a silk bag tied with a gold cord
(AmE) (BrE also flex)
a piece of wire that is covered with plastic, used for carrying electricity to a piece of equipment
an electrical cord
telephone cord
[uncountable] = corduroy مخملی
a cord jacket
Cords (old-fashioned corduroys) [plural] trousers/pants made of corduroy
a pair of cords
114
Port
(N.)
A town or city with a harbour, especially one where ships load and unload goods
fishing ports
Rotterdam is a major port.
(abbreviation Pt.) A place where ships load and unload goods or shelter from storms
a naval port
The ship spent four days in port.
They reached port at last.
port of entry (= a place where people or goods can enter a country)
(also port wine) A strong sweet wine, usually dark red, that is made in Portugal. It is usually drunk at the end of a meal.
a glass of port
The side of a ship or aircraft that is on the left when you are facing forward
the port side
(computing) A place on a computer where you can attach another piece of equipment, often using a cable
the modem port
115
Remote
(Adj.)
(remoter, remotest)
place
Far away from places where other people live
synonym isolated
a remote beach
one of the remotest areas of the world
•remote from something
The farmhouse is remote from any other buildings.
```
time
Far away in time
synonym distant
in the remote past/future
a remote ancestor (= who lived a long time ago)
```
relatives
(of people) Not closely related synonym distant
a remote cousin
computer/system
That you can connect to from far away, using an electronic link
a remote terminal/database
different
Remote (from something): Very different from something
His theories are somewhat remote from reality.
A novel should not be too remote from the experiences of its readers.
not friendly
(of people or their behaviour) Not very friendly or interested in other people
synonym aloof, distant
very small
Not very great
synonym slight
There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive.
I don't have the remotest idea what you're talking about.
116
Throughout
(Adv.)
In or into every part of something
The house was painted white throughout.
During the whole period of time of something
The ceremony lasted two hours and we had to stand throughout.
سرتاسر
117
One third
يك سوم
118
Villager
(N.)
A person who lives in a village
Some of the villagers have lived here all their lives.
119
ft
(abbreviation)
(BrE)
(also ft. AmE, BrE)
(in writing measurements) feet; foot
The room is 12ft × 9ft.
Unit of length equal to 30.48 centimeters
120
Inch
(N.)
(abbreviation in.)
A unit for measuring length, equal to 2.54 centimetres. There are 12 inches in a foot.
1.14 inches of rain fell last night.
She's a few inches taller than me.
a fat envelope about half an inch thick
Since I started jogging I've lost three and a half inches from my waistline.
A small amount or distance
He escaped death by an inch.
The car missed us by inches.
He was just inches away from scoring.
121
Fertile
(Adj.)
(of land or soil) That plants grow well in
a fertile region
opposite infertile
(of people, animals or plants) That can produce babies, young animals, fruit or new plants
The treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35.
opposite infertile
That produces good results; that encourages activity
a fertile partnership
The region at the time was fertile ground for revolutionary
movements (= there were the necessary conditions for them to develop easily).
(of a person’s mind or imagination) That produces a lot of new ideas
the product of a fertile imagination
122
Valley
(N.)
```
An area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it; the land that a river flows through
a small town set in a valley
a wooded valley
the valley floor
the Shenandoah Valley
```
123
Apricot
(N.)
A round fruit with yellow or orange skin and a large seed inside
dried apricots
زردآلو
a yellowish-orange colour
124
Barley
(N.)
A plant grown for its grain that is used for making food, beer and whisky; the grains of this plant
Feed barley prices are set to rise.
Malt whisky is made from malted barley.
جو
125
Outlook
(N.)
Outlook (on something): The attitude to life and the world of a particular person, group or culture
He had a practical outlook on life.
Most Western societies are liberal in outlook.
Outlook (for something): The probable future for somebody/something; what is likely to happen synonym prospect
The outlook for jobs is bleak.
the country’s economic outlook
The outlook (= the probable weather) for the weekend is dry and sunny.
(formal) A view from a particular place
The house has a pleasant outlook over the valley.
126
Majority
(N.)
(pl. majorities)
Majority (of somebody/something): The largest part of a group of people or things
The majority of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.
The majority was/were in favour of banning smoking.
This treatment is not available in the vast majority of hospitals.
a majority decision (= one that is decided by what most people want)
In the nursing profession, women are in a/the majority.
opposite minority
The number of votes by which one political party wins an election; the number of votes by which one side in a discussion, etc. wins
She was elected by/with a majority of 749.
a clear (= large) majority
•majority (over somebody)
They had a large majority over their nearest rivals.
The government does not have an overall majority (= more members than all the other parties added together).
The resolution was carried by a huge majority.
(AmE) The difference between the number of votes given to the candidate who wins the election and the total number of votes of all the other candidates
(law) The age at which you are legally considered to be an adult
The age of majority in Britain was reduced from 21 to 18 in 1970.
127
Hire
(V.)
```
Hire something (especially BrE): To pay money to borrow something for a short time
to hire a car/room/video
```
Hire (somebody) (especially AmE) : To give somebody a job
She was hired three years ago.
He does the hiring and firing in our company.
We’re not hiring right now.
Hire somebody/something: To employ somebody for a short time to do a particular job
to hire a lawyer
They hired a firm of consultants to design the new system.
128
Vary
(V.)
Vary (in something) (of a group of similar things): To be different from each other in size, shape, etc.
The students' work varies considerably in quality.
The quality of the students' work varies considerably.
New techniques were introduced with varying degrees of success.
To change or be different according to the situation
•vary with something
The menu varies with the season.
•vary according to something
Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
•vary from something to something
Pulse rates vary slightly from person to person.
•vary (between A and B)
Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.
‘What time do you start work?’ ‘It varies.’
Vary something: To make changes to something to make it slightly different
The job enables me to vary the hours I work.
The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week.
129
Explorer
(N.)
A person who travels to unknown places in order to find out more about them
Early explorers traded directly with Native Americans for furs.
130
Extensively
(Adv.)
In a way that covers a large area
She has travelled extensively.
In a way that includes or deals with a wide range of information
He has written extensively on contemporary art.
To a large degree; a great amount
a spice used extensively in Eastern cooking
131
Move about
(phrasal verb)
To move in a continuous, aimless manner.
I know you're still feeling woozy, but try moving about a little bit.
Would you quit moving about in bed like that? I'm trying to sleep!
To cause or compel someone or something to move from one place or point to another. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "move" and "about."
I rolled my ankle funny, Doc, and now it hurts to move it about.
I wish you wouldn't move about the furniture like that—I have it decorated in a particular way!
The teacher moves us about each month so that we sit next to different students throughout the year.
132
Corp.
(abbreviation)
A large business company
multinational corporations
the Chrysler corporation
An organization or a group of organizations that is recognized by law as a single unit
urban development corporations
(BrE) A group of people elected to govern a large town or city and provide public services
the Lord Mayor and Corporation of the City of London
133
Sect
(N.)
Small group of people who belong to a particular religion but who have some beliefs or practices which separate them from the rest of the group
The Shakers are an American religious sect, founded in the 18th century.
134
Estabilish
(V.)
Establish something: To start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
synonym set up
The committee was established in 1912.
The new treaty establishes a free trade zone.
Let’s establish some ground rules.
Establish something: To start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group or country
The school has established a successful relationship with the local community.
Establish somebody/something/yourself (in something) (as something): To hold a position for long enough or succeed in something well enough to make people accept and respect you
By then she was established as a star.
He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established.
Establish something: To make people accept a belief, claim, custom etc.
It was this campaign that established the paper's reputation.
Traditions get established over time.
To discover or prove the facts of a situation
synonym ascertain
•establish something
Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.
•establish that…
They have established that his injuries were caused by a fall.
•establish where, what, etc…
We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting.
•it is established that…
It has since been established that the horse was drugged.
135
Account
(N.)
description
A written or spoken description of something that has happened
She gave the police a full account of the incident.
The diaries contained detailed accounts of the writer’s experiences in China.
An explanation or a description of an idea, a theory or a process
the
Biblical account of the creation of the world
136
Commentary
(N.)
(pl. commentaries) commentary (on something)
A spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television
a sports commentary
Our reporters will give a running commentary (= a continuous one) on the election results as they are announced.
He kept up a running commentary on everyone who came in or went out.
A written explanation or discussion of something such as a book or a play
a critical commentary on the final speech of the play
A criticism or discussion of something
The petty quarrels were a sad commentary on the state of the government.
The movie is a biting commentary on contemporary life in a big city.
political commentary
137
Voyage
(N.)
A long journey, especially by sea or in space
an around-the-world voyage
a voyage in space
The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage (= first journey).
(figurative) Going to college can be a voyage of self-discovery.
Darwin’s epic voyage of exploration
138
Travel
(N.)
The act or activity of travelling
air/rail/space, etc. travel
travel expenses
The job involves a considerable amount of foreign travel.
the travel industry
travel sickness
a travel bag/clock (= for use when travelling)
The pass allows unlimited travel on all public transport in the city.
travels [plural]: Time spent travelling, especially in foreign countries and for pleasure
The novel is based on his travels in India.
When are you off on your travels (= going travelling)?
139
Journey
(N.)
An act of travelling from one place to another, especially when they are far apart
They went on a long train journey across India.
Did you have a good journey?
on the outward/return journey
We broke our journey (= stopped for a short time) in Madrid.
(BrE) Don't use the car for short journeys.
It's a day's journey by car.
(BrE) I'm afraid you've had a wasted journey (= you cannot do what you have come to do).
(informal) Bye!Safe journey! (= used when somebody is beginning a journey)
(figurative) The book describes a spiritual journey from despair to happiness.
140
Trip
```
(N.)
A journey to a place and back again, especially a short one for pleasure or a particular purpose
Did you have a good trip?
We went on a trip to the mountains.
a day trip (= lasting a day)
a boat/coach trip
a business/school/shopping trip
They took a trip down the river.
We had to make several trips to bring all the equipment over.
```
```
(slang) The experience that somebody has if they take a powerful drug that affects the mind and makes them imagine things
an acid (= LSD) trip
```
An act of falling or nearly falling down, because you hit your foot against something
141
Expedition
(N.)
An organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out about a place that is not well known
to plan/lead/go on an expedition to the North Pole
The people who go on an expedition
Three members of the Everest expedition were killed.
(sometimes humorous) A short trip that you make when you want or need something
a shopping expedition
142
Turned up out of the blue
When something happens out of the blue, it is a complete surprise. If you get a phone call out of the blue from an old friend, it's utterly unexpected. Use the phrase out of the blue when you need a casual way to describe something that surprises you and possibly seems to come from nowhere.
143
Fishing rod
(N.)
(also rod)
(AmE also fishing pole)
A long wooden or plastic stick with a fishing line and hook attached, that is used for catching fish
144
Foster
(V.)
Foster something: To encourage something to develop
synonym encourage, promote
The club's aim is to foster better relations within the community.
Foster (somebody) (especially BrE): To take another person’s child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents
They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years.
We couldn't adopt a child, so we decided to foster.
(Adj.)
```
Used with some nouns in connection with the fostering of a child
a foster mother/father/family
foster parents
a foster child
a foster home
foster care
```
145
Bring up
(phrasal verb)
```
Bring somebody up
[often passive]: To care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc.
synonym raise
She brought up five children.
He was brought up by his aunt.
a well/badly brought up child
•bring somebody up to do something
They were brought up to (= taught as children to) respect authority.
•+ noun
I was brought up a Catholic.
```
(law) To make somebody appear for trial
He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving.
////////
Bring something up:
To mention a subject or start to talk about it
synonym raise
Bring it up at the meeting.
To vomit
to bring up your lunch
To make something appear on a computer screen
Click with the right mouse button to bring up a new menu.
146
Ancestor
(N.)
A person in your family who lived a long time ago
synonym forebear
His ancestors had come to America from Ireland.
An animal that lived in the past which a modern animal has developed from
a reptile that was the common ancestor of lizards and turtles
An early form of a machine which later became more developed
synonym forerunner
The ancestor of the modern bicycle was called a penny-farthing.
147
Emigrate
(V.)
Emigrate (from…) (to…): To leave your own country to go and live permanently in another country
The family left Czechoslovakia in 1968 and emigrated to America.
Many people who emigrated experienced poverty and racism when they arrived.
My grandparents emigrated from Vietnam to the US in the 1980s.
148
Thrilled
```
(Adj.)
Very excited and pleased
•thrilled (about/at/with something)
He was thrilled at the prospect of seeing them again.
•thrilled (to do something)
I was thrilled to be invited.
•thrilled (that…) (BrE)
She was thrilled to bits (= extremely pleased) that he'd been offered the job.
‘Are you pleased?’ ‘I'm thrilled.’
```
149
Delighted
(Adj.)
```
Very pleased
a delighted smile
•delighted to do something
I'd be absolutely delighted to come.
‘Can you stay for dinner?’ ‘I’d be delighted (to)!’
•delighted that…
I was delighted that you could stay.
•delighted by/at something
She was delighted by/at the news of the wedding.
•delighted with something
I was delighted with my presents.
```
150
Scared stiff
(Adj.)
Utterly terrified; so scared that one cannot move.
I was scared stiff when I heard someone in our kitchen in the middle of the night.
Janet still seems to be scared stiff after the encounter with the mountain lion.
151
Fed up
(Adj.)
Bored or unhappy, especially with a situation that has continued for too long
You look fed up. What's the matter?
•fed up with somebody/something
People are fed up with all these traffic jams.
In the end, I just got fed up with his constant complaining.
I wish he'd get a job. I'm fed up with it (= with the situation).
•fed up with doing something
I'm fed up with waiting for her.
I’m fed up to the back teeth(= very fed up) with hearing about your problems.
(Some people say ‘fed up of something’ in informal British English, but this is not considered correct in standard English.)
152
Envious
(Adj.)
Envious (of somebody/something): Wanting to be in the same situation as somebody else; wanting something that somebody else has
Everyone is so envious of her.
They were envious of his success.
He saw the envious look in the other boy's eyes.
153
Religious/civil ceremony
A civil, or registrar, ceremony is a non-religious legal marriage ceremony performed by a government official or functionary.
154
Drink a toast
A toast is a ritual during which a drink is taken as an expression of honor or goodwill. The term may be applied to the person or thing so honored, the drink taken, or the verbal expression accompanying the drink.
155
Wedding reception
A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding, hence the name reception: the couple receive society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple.
156
Mourn
(V.)
To feel and show sadness because somebody has died; to feel sad because something no longer exists or is no longer the same
synonym grieve
Please, leave us to mourn in peace.
•mourn something
He was still mourning his brother's death.
They mourn the passing of a simpler way of life.
The city was mourning the victims of the bombings.
•mourn (for somebody/something)
Today we mourn for all those who died in two world wars.
She mourned for her lost childhood.
157
Coffin
(N.)
(especially BrE)
(usually AmE casket)
A box in which a dead body is buried or cremated
A procession of mourners slowly followed the coffin.
the flag-draped coffins of soldiers coming home
158
Funeral
(N.)
A ceremony, usually a religious one, for burying or cremating (= burning) a dead person
Hundreds of people attended the funeral.
a funeral procession
a funeral march (= a sad piece of music suitable for funerals)
159
Cemetery
(N.)
(pl. cemeteries)
An area of land used for burying dead people, especially one that is not beside a church
He was buried in a private cemetery
160
Litter
(N.)
Small pieces of rubbish/garbage such as paper, cans and bottles, that people have left lying in a public place
There will be fines for people who drop litter.
Litter of something: A number of things that are lying in an untidy way
The floor was covered with a litter of newspapers, clothes and empty cups.
```
A dry substance that is put in a shallow open box for pets, especially cats, to use as a toilet when they are indoors
cat litter
(BrE) a litter tray
(AmE) a litter box
[countable]
```
A number of baby animals that one mother gives birth to at the same time
a litter of puppies
the runt (= the smallest and weakest baby) of the litter
The substance, especially straw, that is used for farm animals to sleep on
A kind of chair or bed that was used in the past for carrying important people
161
Ecology
(N.)
The relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment; the study of this
plant/animal/human ecology
the ecology movement
Oil pollution could damage the fragile ecology of the coral reefs.
162
Put up
(phrasal verb)
put up something:
To show a particular level of skill, determination, etc. in a fight or contest
They surrendered without putting up much of a fight.
The team put up a great performance (= played very well).
To suggest an idea, etc. for other people to discuss
to put up an argument/a case/a proposal
put somebody up:
To let somebody stay at your home
We can put you up for the night.
To suggest or present somebody as a candidate for a job or position
The Green Party hopes to put up more candidates in the next election.
We want to put you up for club treasurer.
put something up:
To raise something or put it in a higher position
to put up a flag
She's put her hair up.
To build something or place something somewhere
to put up a building/fence/memorial/tent
To fix something in a place where it will be seen
syn:display
to put up a notice
To raise or increase something
They've put up the rent by £20 a month.
To provide or lend money
A local businessman has put up the £500 000 needed to save the club.
put up (at…):
(especially BrE) To stay somewhere for the night
We put up at a motel.
163
Hand out
(phrasal verb)
hand something out (to somebody):
To give a number of things to the members of a group
Syn: distribute
Could you hand these books out, please?
She handed out medals and certificates to the winners.
(informal) To give advice, a punishment, etc.
He's always handing out advice to people.
164
Leaflet
(N.)
A printed sheet of paper or a few printed pages that are given free to advertise or give information about something
Syn: booklet, pamphlet
a leaflet on local places of interest
Pick up a free leaflet from your local post office.
165
Give out
(phrasal verb)
give out:
To come to an end; to be completely used up
After a month their food supplies gave out.
Her patience finally gave out.
To stop working
One of the plane's engines gave out in mid-air.
Her legs gave out and she collapsed.
give something out
To give something to a lot of people
The teacher gave out the exam papers.
give out something:
to produce something such as heat, light, etc.
The radiator gives out a lot of heat.
(especially BrE) to tell people about something or broadcast something
166
Drill
(N.)
A tool or machine with a pointed end for making holes
an electric drill
a pneumatic drill
a hand drill
a dentist’s drill
a drill bit (= the pointed part at the end of the drill)
A way of learning something by means of repeated exercises
A practice of what to do in an emergency, for example if there is a fire
a fire drill
Military training in marching, the use of weapons, etc.
rifle drill
the drill (old-fashioned): The correct or usual way to do something
Syn: procedure
What's the drill for claiming expenses?
A type of strong cotton cloth
A machine for planting seeds in rows
167
Run out
(phrasal verb)
run out:
If a supply of something runs out, it is used up or finished
Time is running out for the trapped miners.
If an agreement or a document runs out, it becomes no longer valid
Syn: expire
run out (of something):
To use up or finish a supply of something
We ran out of fuel.
Could I have a cigarette? I seem to have run out.
run somebody out:
(in cricket) To make a player stop batting by hitting the wicket with the ball before the player has completed his or her run
168
Portable water
(N.)
Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and ground sources and is treated to levels that meet state and federal standards for consumption. Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses and fecal matter.
169
Significance
(N.)
The importance of something, especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future
a decision of major political significance
The new drug has great significance for the treatment of the disease.
They discussed the statistical significance of the results.
The meaning of something
She couldn't grasp the full significance of what he had said.
Do these symbols have any particular significance?
170
The Soviet Union
between 1917 and 1991, a country in Europe and Asia, whose full name was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR). The Soviet Union was the largest country in the world and was made up of 15 republics (=separate nations), the most important of which was Russia. It was formed after the Russian Revolution in 1917 as a Communist state, led by Lenin. For a long time it was one of the most powerful countries in the world, with a large army and many modern weapons, and it was regarded as the enemy of the US and western Europe during the cold war. Its political system was controlled by the Communist Party. Ordinary people had little power and were not allowed to leave the Soviet Union, although a small number of people defected ( defect ) to the west (=escaped to live in other countries). Mikhail Gorbachev, who was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, introduced many political and economic changes and, partly as a result of this, the Soviet Union began to break up as many of the republics got rid of their Communist governments and made themselves independent.
اتحاد جماهیر شوروی
171
Overgraze
(V.)
Overgraze something: If land is overgrazed, it is damaged by having too many animals feeding on it
چرای بیرویه
172
Otter
(N.)
A small animal that has four webbed feet (= with skin between the toes), a tail and thick brown fur. Otters live in rivers and eat fish.
سمور آبی
173
Sea ice
(N.)
Sea ice is frozen ocean water. It forms, grows, and melts in the ocean. In contrast, icebergs, glaciers, and ice shelves float in the ocean but originate on land. For most of the year, sea ice is typically covered with snow.
174
Bald Eagle
(N.)
A N American bird of prey (= a bird that kills other creatures for food) with a white head and white tail feathers. It is used as a symbol of the US.
عقاب گر
175
Breeding
(N.)
The keeping of animals in order to breed from them
the breeding of horses
a breeding programme
The producing of young animals, plants, etc.
the breeding season
The family or social background that is thought to result in good manners
a sign of good breeding
176
Humpback whale
(N.)
| also humpback
A large whale (= a very large sea animal) with a back shaped like a hump
نهنگ کوهان دار
177
Flown
(Adj.)
full, loaded, laden, fraught, rife, flown
full, awash, replete, brimful, overfilled, flown
flown, chock-full
178
Insecticide
(N.)
A chemical used for killing insects
crops sprayed with insecticides
حشره کش
179
DDT
(N.)
(dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane)
A chemical used, especially in the past, for killing insects that harm crops
180
Bun
(N.)
Asmall round sweet cake
an iced bun
A small round flat bread roll
a hamburger bun
Long hair that has been twisted into a round shape and is worn on top or at the back of the head
She wore her hair in a bun.
She pulled her hair back into a messy bun.
a woman with her hair in a loose bun
buns [plural] (slang, especially AmE) The two sides of a person’s bottom
181
Despite sth
(preposition)
Used to show that something happened or is true although something else might have happened to prevent it
Syn: in spite of
Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it.
Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
She was good at physics despite the fact that she found it boring.
despite yourself: Used to show that somebody did not intend to do the thing mentioned
Syn: in spite of
He had to laugh despite himself.
علی رغم، با وجود
182
In spite of sth
(preposition)
If you say that somebody did something in spite of a fact, you mean it is surprising that fact did not prevent them from doing it
Syn: despite
In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
They went swimming in spite of all the danger signs.
English became the official language for business in spite of the fact that the population was largely Chinese.
In spite of yourself:
If you do something in spite of yourself, you do it although you did not intend or expect to
He fell asleep, in spite of himself.
In spite of herself, tears welled up in her eyes.
183
Pie chart
(N.)
A diagram consisting of a circle that is divided into sections to show the size of particular amounts in relation to the whole
184
Sector
(N.)
A part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy
the manufacturing sector
service-sector jobs (= in hotels, restaurants, etc.)
A part of a particular area, especially an area under military control
each sector of the war zone
(geometry) A part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the edge
185
Power station
(N.)
(BrE)
(also power plant AmE, BrE)
A building or group of buildings where electricity is produced
a coal-fired power station
a nuclear power station
186
Water shortage
(N.)
The lack of sufficient water resources, including a lack of access to safe water supplies, to meet water needs within a region.
187
Rhinoceros
(N.)
(pl. rhinoceros, rhinoceroses)
(informal rhino)
A large heavy animal with very thick skin and either one or two horns on its nose, that lives in Africa and Asia
188
Charity
(N.)
(pl. charities)
An organization for helping people in need
Many charities sent money to help the victims of the famine.
The concert will raise money for local charities.
The aim of giving money, food, help, etc. to people who are in need
Most of the runners in the London Marathon are raising money for charity.
Do you give much to charity?
a charity concert (= organized to get money for charity)
to live on/off charity (= to live on money which other people give you because you are poor)
(formal) Kindness and sympathy towards other people, especially when you are judging them
Her article showed no charity towards her former friends.
189
Soaking wet
If something is soaking or soaking wet, it is very wet. My face and raincoat were soaking wet.
Syn: soaked, dripping, saturated, drenched
190
Soaked
(Adj.)
Soaked (with something): Very wet
Syn: drench
He woke up soaked with sweat.
You're soaked through! (= completely wet)
They were soaked to the skin.
You'll get soaked if you go out in this rain.
Your clothes are soaked!
-soaked used with nouns to form adjectives describing something that is made completely wet with the thing mentioned
a blood-soaked cloth
rain-soaked clothing
191
Heatwave
(N.)
A period of unusually hot weather
192
Frost
(N.)
A weather condition in which the temperature drops below 0°C (= freezing point) so that a thin white layer of ice forms on the ground and other surfaces, especially at night
It will be a clear night with some ground frost.
a sharp/hard/severe frost
There were ten degrees of frost (= the temperature dropped to -10°C) last night.
frost damage
The thin white layer of ice that forms when the temperature drops below 0°C
The car windows were covered with frost.
193
Frosty
(Adj.
(frostier, frostiest)
(of the weather) Extremely cold; cold with frost
a frosty morning
He breathed in the frosty air.
It’s frosty outside.
Covered with frost
frosty fields
Unfriendly, in a way that suggests that somebody does not approve of something
a frosty look/reply
My questions were met with a frosty silence.
The latest proposals were given a frosty reception.
194
Gale
(N.)
An extremely strong wind
The gale blew down hundreds of trees.
gale-force winds
(BrE) It's blowing a gale outside (= a strong wind is blowing).
195
Rainbow
(N.)
A curved band of different colours that appears in the sky when the sun shines through rain
all the colours of the rainbow
196
Enviromentalist
(N.)
A person who is concerned about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it
197
Vanish
(V.)
To disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain
He turned around and vanished into the house.
The magician vanished in a puff of smoke.
My glasses seem to have vanished.
He vanished without trace.
To stop existing
the vanishing woodlands of Europe
All hopes of a peaceful settlement had now vanished.
All thoughts of leaving vanished from his mind.
198
Spread
(N.)
increase:
An increase in the amount or number of something that there is, or in the area that is affected by something
to prevent the spread of disease
to encourage the spread of information
Shut doors to delay the spread of fire.
the spread of a city into the surrounding areas
range/variety:
A range or variety of people or things
a broad spread of opinions
There was a good spread of scores on the test.
on bread:
A soft food that you put on bread
Use a low-fat spread instead of butter.
cheese spread
area covered:
Spread (of something): The area that something exists in or happens in
The company has a good geographical spread of hotels in this country.
Spread (of something): How wide something is or the area that something covers
The bird's wings have a spread of nearly a metre.
in newspaper/magazine:
An article or advertisement in a newspaper or magazine, especially one that covers two opposite pages
The story continued with a double-page spread on the inside pages.
meal:
(informal) A large meal, especially one that is prepared for a special occasion
They had laid on a huge spread for the party.
of land/water
Spread (of something) (AmE): An area of land or water
a vast spread of water
They have a huge spread in California (= a large farm or ranch).
finance
The difference between two rates or prices
On bed
(AmE) = bedspread
199
Hurricane
(N.)
A violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic Ocean
hurricane-force winds
Hurricane Betty is now approaching the coast of Florida.
200
Typhoon
(N.)
A violent tropical storm with very strong wind
201
Tidal wave
(N.)
A very large ocean wave that is caused by a storm or an earthquake, and that destroys things when it reaches the land
According to one account, the explosion caused a tidal wave 65 feet high.
```
Tidal wave (of something): A sudden increase in a particular feeling, activity or type of behaviour
a tidal wave of crime
```
202
Lava
(N.)
Hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano
molten lava
This type of rock when it has cooled and become hard
203
Force out of
(phrasal verb)
Force something out of somebody:
To make somebody tell you something, especially by threatening them
I managed to force the truth out of him.
204
Corp.
(abbreviation)
Corporation
205
Strike
(N.)
of workers:
A period of time when an organized group of employees of a company stops working because of a disagreement over pay or conditions
the train drivers’ strike
a strike by teachers
an unofficial/a one-day strike
Air traffic controllers are threatening to come out on/go on strike.
Half the workforce are now (out) on strike.
The train drivers have voted to take strike action.
The student union has called for a rent strike (= a refusal to pay rent as a protest).
attack:
A military attack, especially by aircraft dropping bombs
an air strike
They decided to launch a pre-emptive strike.
hitting/kicking:
An act of hitting or kicking something/somebody
His spectacular strike in the second half made the score 2–0.
in baseball:
An unsuccessful attempt to hit the ball
in bowling:
A situation in tenpin bowling when a player knocks down all the pins with the first ball
Discovery of oil
A sudden discovery of something valuable, especially oil
Bad thing/action:
(AmE) strike (against somebody/something): A bad thing or action that damages somebody/something’s reputation
The amount of fuel that this car uses is a big strike against it.
206
Poisonous
(Adj.)
Causing death or illness if swallowed or absorbed into the body
Syn: toxic
poisonous chemicals/plants
This gas is highly poisonous.
The leaves of certain trees are poisonous to cattle.
(of animals and insects) Producing a poison that can cause death or illness if the animal or insect bites you
Syn: venomous
poisonous snakes
a tiny spider with a poisonous bite
Extremely unpleasant or unfriendly
a poisonous person
the poisonous atmosphere in the office
207
Lifespan
(N.)
The length of time that something is likely to live, continue or function
Worms have a lifespan of a few months.
208
Sting
(N.)
(AmE also stinger) The sharp pointed part of an insect or creature that can go into the skin leaving a small, painful and sometimes poisonous wound
the sting of a bee
The scorpion has a sting in its tail.
A wound that is made when an insect, a creature or a plant stings you
A wasp or bee sting is painful but not necessarily serious.
Any sharp pain in your body or mind
the sting of salt in a wound
There was a sting of sarcasm in his voice.
She felt the sting of tears in her eyes.
He smiled at her, trying to take the sting out of his words (= trying to make the situation less painful or difficult).
A clever secret plan by the police to catch criminals
a sting operation to catch heroin dealers in Detroit
(especially AmE) A clever plan by criminals to cheat people out of a lot of money
209
Life expectancy
(N.)
(also expectation of life)
The number of years that a person is likely to live; the length of time that something is likely to exist or continue for
Life expectancy for both men and women has improved greatly in the past 20 years.
Women have a longer life expectancy than men.
The life expectancy of a large bus is about 15 years.
210
Vacuum clear
(N.)
| BrE also Hoover™
An electrical machine that cleans floors, carpets, etc. by sucking up dirt and dust
211
Hand dryer
(N.)
An electrical device, typically in a public toilet, for drying a person's hands by blowing warm air over them.
212
Air fan
(N.)
Any device for producing a current of air by the movement of a broad surface or a number of such surfaces
پنكه
213
Bound
(V.)
To run with long steps, especially in an enthusiastic way
The dogs bounded ahead.
```
Bound something (formal): To form the edge or limit of an area
The field was bounded on the left by a wood.
```
214
Wing
(N.)
of bird/insect:
One of the parts of the body of a bird, insect or bat that it uses for flying
The swan flapped its wings noisily.
wing feathers
of plane:
One of the large flat parts that stick out from the side of a plane and help to keep it in the air when it is flying
Of building:
One of the parts of a large building that sticks out from the main part
the east wing
the new wing of the hospital
Of car:
(BrE) (AmE fender) A part of a car that is above a wheel
There was a dent in the nearside wing.
of organization:
One section of an organization that has a particular function or whose members share the same opinions
Syn arm
the radical wing of the party
the political wing of the National Resistance Army
in football/hockey:
Winger
The far left or right side of the sports field
He plays on the wing.
in theatre:
The wings: The area at either side of the stage that cannot be seen by the audience
She watched every performance from the wings.
215
Thin
(Adj.)
not thick:
Having a smaller distance between opposite sides or surfaces than other similar objects or than normal
Cut the vegetables into thin strips.
A number of thin cracks appeared in the wall.
The body was hidden beneath a thin layer of soil.
a thin blouse (= of light cloth)
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not fat:
(sometimes disapproving) (of a person or part of the body) Not covered with much flesh
He was tall and thin, with dark hair.
She was looking pale and thin.
He is as thin as a rake (= very thin).
thin legs
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hair:
Not growing closely together or in large amounts
thin grey hair
liquid:
Containing more liquid than is normal or expected
Syn runny
The sauce was thin and tasteless.
smoke:
Fairly easy to see through
They fought their way through where the smoke was thinner.
air:
Containing less oxygen than normal
Humans would not be able to survive in the thin atmosphere of the planet.
sound:
(disapproving) High and weak
Her thin voice trailed off into silence.
smile:
Not sincere or enthusiastic
He gave a thin smile.
light:
Not very bright
the thin grey light of dawn
poor quality:
Of poor quality; lacking an important quality
a thin excuse (= one that people are not likely to believe)
Their arguments all sound a little thin to me.
The general standard of applicants is pretty thin this year.
216
Rung
(N.)
One of the bars that forms a step in a ladder
He put his foot on the bottom rung to keep the ladder steady.
She climbed the last few rungs of the ladder.
(figurative) to get a foot on the bottom rung of the career ladder
She was a few rungs above him on the social ladder.
217
String
(N.)
for tying/fastening:
Material made of several threads twisted together, used for tying things together; a piece of string used to fasten or pull something or keep something in place
a piece/length of string
He wrapped the package in brown paper and tied it with string.
The key is hanging on a string by the door.
things joined:
A set or series of things that are joined together, for example on a string
a string of pearls
The molecules join together to form long strings.
series:
A series of things or people that come closely one after another
a string of hits
He owns a string of racing stables.
computing:
A series of characters (= letters, numbers, etc.)
musical instruments:
A tightly stretched piece of wire, nylon, or catgut on a musical instrument, that produces a musical note when the instrument is played
The strings [plural]: The group of musical instruments in an orchestra that have strings, for example violins; the people who play them
The opening theme is taken up by the strings.
on tennis racket:
Any of the tightly stretched pieces of nylon, etc. in a racket, used for hitting balls in tennis and some other games
conditions:
Strings [plural]: Special conditions or restrictions
Major loans like these always come with strings.
It's a business proposition, pure and simple. No strings attached.
218
Lang.
(Abb.)
| Language
219
Sinker
(N.)
A weight that is attached to a fishing line or net to keep it under the water
220
Record holder
(N.)
A person who has achieved the best result that has ever been achieved in a sport
221
Self access center
(N.)
In a school or college, a self-access centre is a place where students can choose and use books, tapes, or other materials.
222
Impact
(N.)
Impact (of something) (on somebody/something): The powerful effect that something has on somebody/something
the environmental impact of tourism
The report assesses the impact of AIDS on the gay community.
Her speech made a profound impact on everyone.
Businesses are beginning to feel the full impact of the recession.
social support to cushion the impact of unemployment
The act of one object hitting another; the force with which this happens
craters made by meteorite impacts
The impact of the blow knocked Jack off balance.
The bomb explodes on impact (= when it hits something).
The car is fitted with side impact bars (= to protect it from a blow from the side).
223
Patent
(N.)
An official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this
to apply for/obtain a patent on an invention
The device was protected by patent.
224
Voyage
(N.)
A long journey, especially by sea or in space
an around-the-world voyage
a voyage in space
The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage (= first journey).
(figurative) Going to college can be a voyage of self-discovery.
Darwin’s epic voyage of exploration
225
Campus
(N.)
The buildings of a university or college and the land around them
She lives on campus (= within the main university area).
campus life
226
Expedition
(N.)
An organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out about a place that is not well known
to plan/lead/go on an expedition to the North Pole
The people who go on an expedition
Three members of the Everest expedition were killed.
(sometimes humorous) A short trip that you make when you want or need something
a shopping expedition
227
Seafarer
(N.)
(old-fashioned or formal)
A sailor
228
Keen
(Adj.)
(keener, keenest)
eager/enthusiastic:
(especially BrE) Wanting to do something or wanting something to happen very much
Syn eager
•keen (to do something)
John was very keen to help.
•keen (that…)
We are keen that our school should get involved too.
•keen (on doing something)
I wasn't too keen on going to the party.
(especially BrE) Enthusiastic about an activity or idea, etc.
a keen sportsman
one of the keenest supporters of the team
She was a star pupil—keen, confident and bright.
liking somebody/something:
(BrE, informal) Liking somebody/something very much; very interested in somebody/something
•keen on somebody/something.
Tom's very keen on Anna.
•keen on doing something
She's not keen on being told what to do.
clever:
Quick to understand
Syn sharp, acute
a keen mind/intellect
ideas/feelings:
Strong or deep
a keen sense of tradition
He took a keen interest in his grandson's education.
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senses:
Highly developed
Syn sharp
Dogs have a keen sense of smell.
My friend has a keen eye for (= is good at noticing) a bargain.
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competition:
Involving people competing very hard with each other for something
There is keen competition for places at the college.
They were keen rivals.
It was the subject of keen debate.
prices:
(especially BrE) Kept low in order to compete with other prices
Syn competitive
The company hopes its keen pricing policy will increase sales.
wind:
(literary) Extremely cold
knife:
(literary) Having a sharp edge or point
Syn sharp
229
Mileage
(N.)
(also milage)
The distance that a vehicle has travelled, measured in miles
My annual mileage is about 10 000.
a used car with one owner and a low mileage
The car rental included unlimited mileage, but not fuel.
I get a mileage allowance if I use my car for work (= an amount of money paid for each mile I travel).
The number of miles that a vehicle can travel using a particular amount of fuel
If you drive carefully you can get better mileage from your car.
(informal) The amount of advantage or use that you can get from a particular event or situation
I don't think the press can get any more mileage out of that story.
230
Generator
(N.)
A machine for producing electricity
The factory's emergency generators were used during the power cut.
a wind generator (= a machine that uses the power of the wind to produce electricity)
The wind generator delivers 120 watts in a strong breeze.
A machine for producing a particular substance
The museum uses smells and smoke generators to create atmosphere.
(figurative) The company is a major generator of jobs.
(BrE) A company that produces electricity to sell to the public
the UK’s major electricity generator
231
Soap
(N.)
A substance that you use with water for washing your body
soap and water
a bar/piece of soap
soap bubbles
Avoid using perfumed soaps on sensitive skin.
(informal) = soap opera
soaps on TV
She's a US soap star.
232
Forecast
(N.)
A statement about what will happen in the future, based on information that is available now
sales forecasts
It is difficult to make long-term forecasts for a fast-growing industry.
The forecast said there would be sunny intervals and showers.
The shipping forecast gave warnings of gales.
233
Notes and coins
A banknote is payable to the bearer on demand, and the amount payable is apparent on the face of the note. Banknotes are considered legal tender; along with coins, they make up the bearer forms of all modern money. A banknote is known as a "bill" or a "note."
234
Credit card
(N.)
A small plastic card that you can use to buy goods and services and pay for them later
All major credit cards are accepted at our hotels.
The safest way to pay for mail order goods is by credit card.
235
Debit card
(N.)
A plastic card that can be used to take money directly from your bank account when you pay for something
236
PIN
| also PIN number
(N.)
Personal Identification Number
A number given to you, for example by a bank, so that you can use a plastic card to take out money from a cash machin
237
Cash machine
(N.)
(BrE also cash dispenser, cashpoint™)
(also ATM AmE, BrE)
(also ABM )
A machine in or outside a bank, etc., from which you can get money from your bank account using a special plastic card
238
Bureau de change
(N.)
An office at a hotel, in an airport, etc., where you can exchange money from one country for that from another
239
Commission
(N.)
official group:
(also Commission) An official group of people who have been given responsibility to control something, or to find out about something, usually for the government
the European Commission
(BrE) The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison.
a commission on human rights
money:
An amount of money that is paid to somebody for selling goods and which increases with the amount of goods that are sold
You get a 10% commission on everything you sell.
He earned £2 000 in commission last month.
In this job you work on commission (= are paid according to the amount you sell).
An amount of money that is charged by a bank, etc. for providing a particular service
1% commission is charged for cashing traveller’s cheques.
for art/music, etc.:
A formal request to somebody to design or make a piece of work such as a building or a painting
a commission to design the new parliament building
in armed forces:
An officer’s position in the armed forces
He resigned his commission when he got married.
of crime:
(formal) The act of doing something wrong or illegal
the commission of a crime
240
Scale
(N.)
size:
The size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else
They entertain on a large scale (= they hold expensive parties with a lot of guests).
Here was corruption on a grand scale.
On a global scale, 77% of energy is created from fossil fuels.
to achieve economies of scale in production (= to produce many items so the cost of producing each one is reduced)
•scale of something
It was impossible to comprehend the full scale of the disaster.
It was not until morning that the sheer scale of the damage could be seen (= how great it was).
range of levels:
A range of levels or numbers used for measuring something
a five-point pay scale
to evaluate performance on a scale from 1 to 10
The salary scale goes from £12 000 to £20 000.
The set of all the different levels of something, from the lowest to the highest
At the other end of the scale, life is a constant struggle to get enough to eat.
the social scale
marks for measuring:
A series of marks at regular intervals on an instrument that is used for measuring
How much does it read on the scale?
weighing instrument:
Scales [plural] (AmE also scale) An instrument for weighing people or things
bathroom/kitchen/weighing scales
(figurative) the scales of justice (= represented as the two pans on a balance)
of map/diagram/model:
The relation between the actual size of something and its size on a map, diagram or model that represents it
a scale of 1:25 000
a scale model/drawing
Both plans are drawn to the same scale.
Is this diagram to scale (= are all its parts the same size and shape in relation to each other as they are in the thing represented)?
in music:
A series of musical notes moving upwards or downwards, with fixed intervals between each note, especially a series of eight starting on a particular note
the scale of C major
to practise scales on the piano
of fish/reptile:
Any of the thin plates of hard material that cover the skin of many fish and reptiles
The beast was a dragon, with great purple and green scales.
in water pipes, etc.:
(British English also fur)
A hard greyish-white substance that is sometimes left inside water pipes and containers for heating water
on teeth:
A hard substance that forms on teeth, especially when they are not cleaned regularly
241
Advance
(N.)
forward movement:
The forward movement of a group of people, especially armed forces
We feared that an advance on the capital would soon follow.
enemy advances
development:
Advance (in something): Progress or a development in a particular activity or area of understanding
recent advances in medical science
We live in an age of rapid technological advance.
major advances in the field of physics
money:
Money paid for work before it has been done or money paid earlier than expected
They offered an advance of £5 000 after the signing of the contract.
She asked for an advance on her salary.
The bank will give you an advance of 95% of the purchase price.
sexual:
Advances [plural]: Attempts to start a sexual relationship with somebody
He had made advances to one of his students.
She rejected his sexual advances.
price increase:
Advance (on something) (business): An increase in the price or value of something
Share prices showed significant advances.
242
Exotic
(Adj.)
From or in another country, especially a tropical one; seeming exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign countries
brightly-coloured exotic flowers/plants/birds
She travels to all kinds of exotic locations all over the world.
The fruits sound exotic. Do they taste good
243
Hill
(N.)
An area of land that is higher than the land around it, but not as high as a mountain
a region of gently rolling hills
a hill farm/town/fort
The house is built on the side of a hill overlooking the river.
I love walking in the hills (= in the area where there are hills).
A slope on a road
Always take care when driving down steep hills.
a hill start (= the act of starting a vehicle on a slope)
the Hill [singular] (AmE, informal) = Capitol Hill
244
Eel
(N.)
A long thin sea or freshwater fish that looks like a snake. There are several types of eel, some of which are used for food.
jellied eels
245
Highland
(Adj.)
Connected with an area of land that has hills or mountains
highland regions
highland roads
Highland: connected with the Highlands of Scotla
246
Contributor
(N.)
Contributor (to something): A person who writes articles for a magazine or a book, or who talks on a radio or television programme or at a meeting
a regular contributor to this magazine
Contributor (to something): A person or thing that provides money to help pay for something, or support something
Older people are important contributors to the economy.
the largest net contributor to EU funds
Contributor (to something): Something that helps to cause something
Sulphur dioxide is a pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain.
247
Worthwhile
(Adj.)
Important, enjoyable, interesting, etc.; worth spending time, money or effort on
It was in aid of a worthwhile cause (= a charity, etc.)
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
We all felt we had done something worthwhile for the local community.
•worthwhile for somebody
to do something High prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.
•worthwhile to do something
It is worthwhile to include really high-quality illustrations.
•worthwhile doing something
It didn't seem worthwhile writing it all out again.
