1 Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
Deceitful
A
(Adj.)
Someone who is deceitful tells lies in order to get what they want
2
Q
Acquaintance
A
(N.)
Somebody you know, but who is not close friend
3
Q
Conceal
A
(V.) (formal)
To hide something carefully
4
Q
Console
A
(V.) to make someone feel better when they are feeling sad or dissappointed
(N.) a flat board that contains the controls for a machine, piece of electrical equipment, computer etc
5
Q
Council
A
(N.)
A group of people that are chosen to make rules, laws, decisions, or to give advice
6
Q
Counsel
A
(V.) (formal)
To advice someone
7
Q
Declare
A
(V.)
To state official and publicly that a particular situation exists or that something is true
8
Q
Debunk
A
(V.)
To show that an idea or belief is false
9
Q
Acolyte
A
(N.) (Formal)
Someone who serves a leader or believes in their ideas
10
Q
Festinate
A
(V.)
Hurry
Hasten
11
Q
Fascinate
A
(V.)
If someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely intersting
12
Q
Pro rata
A
(Adv.) proportionally
متناسبا
به نسبت
به تناسب
13
Q
Behemoth
A
(N.) rhino, hippopotamus, something of monstrous size or power
14
Q
Reticent
A
(Adj.) quiet, silent, mute
15
Q
Gloss
A
(N.) brightness shininess
(V.) detail, explanation
16
Q
Determined
A
(Adj.) having a strong desire to do something, so that you will not let anyone stop you
17
Q
Cheerful
A
(Adj.) happy, or behaving in a way that shows you are happy
18
Q
Tidy
A
(Adj.) ( especially Bre)
A room, house, desk etc that is tidy is neatly arranged with everything in the right place
Neat
19
Q
Stubborn
A
(Adj.) determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being unreasonable
20
Q
Stingy
A
(Adj.) (informal) not generous, especially with money
21
Q
oblivious
A
(Adj.) not knowing about or not noticing something that is happening around you
22
Q
Quite
A
(Adv.) (predeterminer)
Very, but not extremly
23
Q
Creepy
A
(Adj.) (informal)
Making you feel nervous and slightly frightened
24
Q
Dread
A
(V.) to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or may happen
26
Drought
(N.)
| A long period of dry weather there is not enough water to plants and animals live
27
Dearth
(N.)
| A situation in which there are very few of something that people want or need
28
Surplus
(N.) an amount of something that is more than what is needed or used
29
Breakthrough
(N.) an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time
30
Ample
(Adj)
Sufficient
More than enough
31
Flaw
(N.) a mistake, mark or weakness that makes something imperfect
Defect
32
Drawback
(N.) a disadvantage of a situation, plan, product, etc
33
Compel
(V.) to force someone to make something
Compulsion
34
Impel
(V.) if something impels you to do something, it makes you feel very strongly that you must do it
Compel
35
Impose
(V.) if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it
36
Inflation
(N.) a countinuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase
37
Stock up
(Phrasal v.) to buy a lot of something in order to keep it for when you need to use it later
38
Stall
(N.) the table or a small shop with an open front, especially outdoors, where goods are sold
39
Vendor
| Vender
(N.) someone who sells things, especially ON the street
40
Dowdy
(Adj.) a dowdy woman is not attractive, because she wears dull and unfashionable clothes
Dowdy things are dull, un attractive, and unfashionable
41
Bargain
(N.) something you buy cheaply or less than its usuall price
42
Take something up
To become intrested in a new activity and to spend time doing it
To start a new job or have a new responsibility
43
Do up
(Phrasal v.)
To fasten something, or to be fastened in a particular way
To repair an old building or car, or to improve its appearance
44
Make up
(Phrasal v.)
Pretend something is true>make something up
To pretend that something is true in order to deceive someone
45
Make up for (something)
(Phrasal verb) to make a bad situation better, or replace something that has been lost
Compensate
46
Compensate
(Verb)
To replace or balance the effect of something bad
To pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage
47
Sleek
(Adj.)
A vehicle or other object that is sleek has a smooth attractive shape
Sleek hair or fur is straight, shiny, and healthy-looking
Someone who is sleek look rich and is well dressed
48
Bangle
(N.)
| A solid band of gold, silver etc that you wear loosely around your wrist as a jewellery
49
Bracelet
(N.)
| A band or chain that you wear around your wrist or arm as a decoration
50
Tenant
(N.)
| Someone who lives in a house, room etc and pays rent to the person who owns it
51
Landlord
(N.)
| A man who rents a room, buliding, or piece of land to someone
52
Pond
(N.)
| A small area of fresh water that is smaller than lake, that is even natural or artificially made
53
Get through
(Phrasal v.)
Difficult time> get (somebody) through something
To come successfully to the end of an unpleasant experience or period of time, or to help someone do this
54
Get away with
To escape from someone who is chasing you or trying to catch you
55
Get off
(Phrasal v.)
| leave> to leave place or help someone to leave a place
56
Get carried away
To be so excited, angry, interested etc thath you are no longer really in control of what you do or say, or you forgot everything else
57
Get behind (somebody)
(Informal)
| To support someone
58
Get a move on
(Spoken)
| Used to tell someone to hurry
59
Property
(N.)
The thing or things that someone owns
A building, a piece of land, or both together
60
Amenity
(N.)
| Something that makes a place comfortable or easy to live in
61
Dweller
(N.)
City/town/cave etc dweller
A person or animal that lives in a particular place
62
Skyscraper
(N.)
A very tall modern city building
63
Dependency
(N.)
| When you depend on the help and support of someone or something else in order to exist or be successful
64
Encounter
(V.)
| To experience something, especially problems or opposition
65
Afflict
(V.)
| To affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer
66
Deprived
(Adj.)
| Not having the things that are necessary for a comfortable or happy life
67
Cultivated
(Adj.)
| Someone who is cultivated is intelligent and knows about music, art, literature etc
68
Deviate
(Adj.)
Deviant
Different, in bad way, from what is considered normal
69
Prosperous
(Adj.)
| Rich and successful
70
Delinquent
(Adj.)
| Behaving in a way that is illegal or that society does not approve of> criminal
71
Hustle and bustle
(N.)
| Busy and noisy activity
72
Deforestation
(N.)
| The cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
73
Fell
(V.)
| To cut down a tree
74
Queue
(N.)
| A line of people waiting to enter a buildind, buy something etc, or a line of vehicles waiting to move
75
Bend
(N.)
| A curved part of something, especially a road or river
76
Junction
(N.)
A place where one road, track etc joins another
Intersection
77
Pedestrian
(N.)
Someone who is walking, especially along a street or other place used by car
Pedestrian strain
78
Tempestuous
(Adj.)
A tempestuous relationship or period of time involves a lot of difficulty and strong emotions
A tempestuous sea or wind is very rough and violent> stormy
79
Pacify
(V.)
| To make someone calm, quiet, and satisfied after they have been angry or upset
80
Bereft
(Adj.)
Completely without any hope etc
Feeling very sad and lonely
81
Mufti
(N.)
A Muslem who officially explains Islamic law
Wearing ordinary clothes instead of a uniform
82
Rash
(Adj.)
| If you are rash, you do things too quickly, without thinking carefully about whether there are sensible or not> foolish
83
Lapidary
(Adj.)
Well-written and accurate
Relating to cutting and polishing of valuable stones or jewels
84
Come clean
(V.) ( informal)
To tell the truth about something you have done
85
Nonchalant
(Adj.)
| Behaving calmly and not seeming intersted in anything or worried about anything
86
Volatile
(Adj.)
A volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and without warning
❌stable
87
Thwart
(V.) ( formal)
| To prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do
88
Adulation
(N.) ( formal)
| Praise and admiration for someone that is more than they really deserve
89
Satiety
(N.) ( formal)
The condition of feeling that you have had enough of something, for example food
90
Cerulean
(N.) (literary)
| A deep blue colour like a clear sky
90
Oblige
(V.) ( formal)
| If you are obliged to do something, you have to do it because the situation, the law, a duty etc makes it neccessory
91
Marshal
(N.)
| An officer of the highest rank in the army or air force of some countries
92
Jaunty
(Adj.)
| Showing that you are confident and happy
93
Lodestar
(N.) (literary)
A principle or fact that guides someone’s action
The pole star, used to guide ships at sea
94
Taciturn
(Adj.) (formal)
Speaking very little, so that you seem unfriendly
96
Exigent
(Adj.) (formal)
Demanding a lot of attention from other people in a way that is unreasonable
An exigent situation is urgent, so that you must deal with it very quickly
97
Extinction
(N.)
When a particular type of animal or plant stop existing
When a type of person, custom, skill etc stop existing
98
Species
(N.)
(Pl. species)
A group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can be breed together to produce young animals or plants
Genus
99
Habitat
(N.)
| A natural home of a plant or animal
100
Exhaust (N.)
(N.)
> also exhaust pipe
A pipe on a car or machine that waste gases pass through
A gass produced when an engine is working
101
Fumes
(N.) plural
Strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in
102
Unleaded
(N.) (adj.)
Unleaded petrol does not contain any lead
103
Anticipate
(V.)
To expect that something will happen and be ready for it
Look forward to
103
Erupt
(V.)
If fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly > break out
If a volcano erupts, it explodes and sends smoke, fire, rock into the sky
104
Famine
(N.)
| A situation in wich a large number of people have little or no food for a long time and many people die
105
Trap
(V.)
| To prevent someone from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place
106
Collapse
(V.)
If a building, wall, etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually beacuse it week or damaged
To suddenly fall down or become unconscios because you are ill or weak
107
Degrade
(V.)
To treat someone without respect and make them lose respect for themselves
If a substance, chemical etc degrades, or if something degrades, it changes to a simpler form
108
Biodegradable
(Adj.)
Materials, chemicals etc that are biodegrable are changed naturally by bacteria into substances that do not harm the environment
109
Evacuate
(V.)
To send people away from a dangerous place to a safe place
To empty a place by making all the people leave
110
Death toll
(N.)
| A total number of people who die in an accident, war etc
111
Dress up
Phrasal verb
To wear special clothes for fun, or to put special clothes on someone
dress up as
dress up in
dress somebody ↔ up
He went to the party dressed up as a Chicago gangster.
We dressed him up as a gorilla.
To wear clothes that are more formal than the ones you would usually wear
It's a small informal party – you don't have to dress up.
dress something ↔ up: to make something more interesting or attractive
It was the old offer dressed up as something new
112
Go along with somebody/something
Phrasal verb
To agree with or support someone or something
I would be happy to go along with the idea.
Often it was easier to go along with her rather than risk an argument.
go along with you! (BrE) (spoken) (old-fashioned): used to tell someone that you do not believe what they are saying
113
Go by
Phrasal verb
If time goes by, it passes
as the days/weeks/years go by
hardly a day/week/month etc goes by
in days/times/years etc gone by =in the past
These herbs would have been grown for medicinal purposes in days gone by.
Go by something: to form an opinion about someone or something from the information or experience that you have
You can't always go by appearances.
Go by something: to do things according to a set of rules or laws
There was no doubt that the referee had gone by the book =had obeyed all the rules
114
Go for somebody/something
Phrasal verb
To attack or criticize someone
The dog suddenly went for me.
To try to get or win something
Jackson is going for his second gold medal here.
(BrE) To choose something
I think I’ll go for the chocolate cake.
I could/would go for something (spoken): used to say that you would like to do or have something
A full meal for less than five bucks I could go for that
(informal) To like a particular type of person or thing
Annie tends to go for older men.
the same goes for somebody/something (also that goes for somebody/something too) (spoken): used to say that a statement you have just made is true about someone or something else too
Close all doors and lock them when you go out. The same goes for windows
115
Go off
```
Phrasal verb
To leave a place, especially in order to do something
go off to
go off to do something
Geoff went off to play golf.
```
To explode or fire
The bomb went off at 6.30 this morning.
If an alarm goes off, it makes a noise to warn you about something
Ive set the alarm clock to go off at 7 am.
go off somebody something (BrE) (informal):
To stop liking something or someone
Many women go off coffee during pregnancy.
If a machine or piece of equipment goes off, it stops working
Suddenly, all the lights went off.
(BrE) If food goes off, it becomes too bad to eat
The milk's gone off.
Go to sleep
I’d just gone off to sleep when the phone rang.
116
Go on
Phrasal verb
a)To continue doing something or being in a situation
go on doing something
go on with
I can't go on like this for much longer.
b)To continue without stopping
The noise goes on 24 hours a day.
To happen
I don't know what's going on.
To do something after you have finished doing something else
go on to do something
go on to
Go on to the next question when you’ve finished.
To continue talking, especially after stopping or changing to a different subject
Go on, Im listening.
117
Go over (something)
Phrasal verb
To think very carefully about something
I had gone over and over what happened in my mind.
To search or examine something very carefully
In the competition, the judge goes over each dog and assesses it.
To repeat something in order to explain it or make sure it is correct
Once again I went over exactly what I needed to say.
To clean something
go over well (also go over big (AmE)): if something goes over well, people like it
That kind of salesman talk doesn't go over very well with the scientists
118
Go through (something)
Phrasal verb
To experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, feeling etc
When youre going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone
To experience a particular process
Candidates must go through a process of selection
To use up money or a supply of something
We went through five pints of milk last week
If a deal or agreement goes through, it is officially accepted and agreed
He accepted the offer and the deal went through
To practise something, for example a performance
Let's go through the whole thing again, from the beginning
To search something in order to find something in particular
Dave went through his pockets looking for the keys
To read or discuss something in order to make sure it is correct
Well go through the details later on
119
Swell
(V.)
(past tense swelled, past participle swollen)
(also swell up) To become larger and rounder than normal – used especially about parts of the bodyswollen
Her ankle was already starting to swell.
To increase in amount or number
swell to
The crowd swelled to around 10,000.
swell the ranks numbers of something= increase the number of people in a particular situation
Large numbers of refugees have swollen the ranks of the unemployed.
swell with pride/anger etc
to feel very proud, angry etc
His heart swelled with pride as he watched his daughter collect her prize.
(also swell out) To curve or make something curve
The wind swelled the sails.
To become louder
Music swelled around us.
To move suddenly and powerfully upwards
120
Pass out
Phrasal verb
To become unconscious
I nearly passed out when I saw all the blood.
(especially BrE)
To finish a course of study at a military school or police college
pass something ↔ out
to give something, such as books or papers, to everyone in a group
SYN hand out, distribute
121
Come out into
Phrasal verb
Come out in spots/a rash etc: if you come out in spots etc, spots appear on your body
If I eat eggs, I come out in a rash
122
Come down with something
Phrasal verb
To get an illness
I think Im coming down with a cold
123
Throw up
Phrasal verb
To bring food or drink up from your stomach out through your mouth because you are ill
SYN vomit
Georgia was bent over the basin, throwing up.
Throw something ↔ up (BrE)
To produce problems, ideas, results etc
The arrangement may throw up problems in other areas.
Throw something ↔ up
If a vehicle, runner etc throws up dust, water etc as they move along, they make it rise into the air
Throw something ↔ up (BrE) (informal)
To suddenly leave your job, your home etc
I can't just throw everything up and come and live with you.
Throw something ↔ up (BrE)
To build something quickly
new houses hastily thrown up by developers
124
Get over
Phrasal verb
To become well again after an illness
It's taken me ages to get over the flu.
To begin to feel better after a very upsetting experience
She never got over the death of her son.
get something ↔ over
To succeed in communicating ideas or information to other people
get over to
It's important that we get this message over to young people.
(also get something over with)
To do and finish something difficult that you have to do
I can't wait to get the interview over with.
To successfully deal with a problem or difficulty
Once weve got over the first few months, we should be making a reasonable profit.
125
Rude
```
(Adj.)
Speaking or behaving in a way that is not polite and is likely to offend or annoy people
SYN impolite
OPP polite
rude to
it is rude to do something
rude jokes, words, songs etc are about sex
SYN dirty (AmE)
```
```
rude awakening/shock
a situation in which you suddenly realize something unpleasant
Made in a simple basic way
a rude wooden hut
```
rudely adv
rudeness noun
125
Impolite
(Adj.)
not polite
SYN rude
an impolite remark
it is impolite (of somebody) (to do something)
Would it be impolite of me to ask exactly where you’ve been
impolitely adverb
126
Insolente
(Adj.)
Rude and not showing any respect
>cheeky
an insolent tone of voice
You insolent child
insolently adverb
insolence noun
127
Impudent
(Adj)
(formal)
(old-fashioned)
Rude and showing no respect to other people
SYN cheeky
impudence noun
He stared at me with a mixture of impudence and hostility
128
Cheeky
(Adj.) (BrE)
Rude or disrespectful, sometimes in a way that is amusing
cheeky devil monkey etc
You did that on purpose, you cheeky little devil
Now don't be cheeky to your elders, young woman.
a chubby five-year-old with a cheeky grin
cheekily adv
He grinned cheekily.
cheekiness noun
129
Discourteous
(Adj.) (formal)
Not polite, and not showing respect for other people
SYN rude, impolite
It would be discourteous to ignore his request.
discourteously adverb
130
Nosy
(Adj.)
(comparative nosier, superlative nosiest)
Always wanting to find out things that do not concern you, especially other people's private affairs
Don't be so nosy
a nosy neighbor
nosiness noun
nosily adverb
131
Noisy
(Adj.)
(comparative noisier, superlative noisiest)
Someone or something that is noisy makes a lot of noise
OPP quiet
The kids have been really noisy today.
a noisy engine
A place that is noisy is full of noise
The bar was very noisy.
noisily adv
He blew his nose noisily
132
Get along
Phrasal verb
If two or more people get along, they have a friendly relationship
get along with
They seem to get along with each other.
To deal with a job or situation or to make progress
How's Sam getting along at university
get along without
Don't worry, well get along without you.
I must/I’d better be getting along (spoken):
used to say that it is time for you to leave, for example because you have something else to do
133
In search of something
looking for something
| Mark went in search of water
134
Bottle something ↔ up
Phrasal verb
To deliberately not allow yourself to show a strong feeling or emotion
It is far better to cry than to bottle up your feelings.
To cause problems by delaying something
The bill has been bottled up in Congress
135
Hung-up
(Adj.)
be hung-up about/on something (informal)
To be thinking or worrying too much about someone or something
136
Tear somebody/something apart
Phrasal verb
Tear something ↔ apart: To cause serious arguments in a group of people
SYN rip apart
Scandal is tearing the government apart.
a row that tore the family apart
(literary) To separate people who are in a close relationship with each other
Nothing can tear us apart
To make someone feel extremely unhappy or upset
Seeing her so upset really tore him apart.
Tear something ↔ apart: To break something violently into a lot of small pieces
SYN rip apart
Her body had been torn apart by wolves
137
Compliance
(N.)
(formal)
when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand
>complyin
compliance with something
He changed his name to Lee in 1815 in compliance with his uncle's will.
compliance with
Patients should have a history of good compliance with treatment.
ensure/secure/enforce compliance
The staff involved should be monitored to ensure compliance with the policy
138
Dutch
(Adj.)
Relating to the Netherlands, its people, or its language
Go Dutch with somebody: to share the cost of a meal in a restaurant
Dutch treat (AmE): an occasion when you share the cost of something such as a meal in a restaurant
139
Freshman
(N.)
| AmE) (plural freshmen
A student in the first year of high school or university
140
Sophomore
(N.)
(AmE)
A student who is in their second year of study at a college or high school
>freshman, junior, senior
141
Junior
(N.)
Be two/five/ten etc years somebody's junior (also be somebody's junior by two/five/ten etc years) (written):
to be two, five, ten etc years younger than someone
She married a man seven years her junior.
Young person who takes part in sport for people below a particular age
The juniors use the courts on Tuesday night.
(especially BrE) Someone who has a low rank in an organization or profession
an office junior
(BrE) A child who goes to a junior school
(AmE) A student in the year before the final year of high school or college
>freshman,senior,sophomore
(AmE) (spoken)
A name used humorously when speaking to or about a boy or a younger man, especially your son
Where's Junior
142
Senior
(N.)
(AmE) A student in their last year of high school or university
>freshman, junior, sophomore
Jen will be a senior this year.
(especially AmE) A senior citizen: someone who is over 60 years old or who is retired
Seniors can get a 10% discount.
Be two five ten etc years somebody's senior
to be two, five, ten etc years older than someone
➔ junior
Her husband was nine years her senior.
(BrE) An adult or a person who has reached an advanced level in a particular sport
➔ junior
Juniors and seniors train together on Wednesdays
143
Curious
(Adj.)
Wanting to know about something
>inquisitive
Puppies are naturally curious
•curious about
He was curious about how she would react.
•curious to know/see/hear etc
Mandy was curious to know what happened.
•curious look/glance
Her shouting attracted some curious glances from other people in the restaurant.
Strange or unusual
He felt a curious mixture of excitement and panic.
a curious coincidence
It's curious that she left without saying goodbye.
curiously adv
What have you got in there Felix asked curiously.
She felt curiously calm
144
Curiosity
(N.) (plural curiosities)
The desire to know about something
I opened the packet just to satisfy my curiosity.
•curiosity about
Children have a natural curiosity about the world around them.
Someone or something that is interesting because they are unusual or strange
a house full of old maps and other curiosities
145
Different
(Adj.)
```
Not like something or someone else, or not like before
OPP similar
different from
different to
different than (AmE)
Her jacket's different to mine
```
(Grammar
In spoken British English, different from and different to are both common. Different than is also used in American English and occasionally in British English, especially when it is followed by a clause
He looks no different than when he was 20.
Teachers prefer different from, so from is the preposition to use in writing
Their homes are completely different from ours.
⚠ Do not say 'different of’.)
Used to talk about two or more separate things of the same basic kind
SYN various
different types/kinds etc
There are many different types of fabric.
(spoken) Unusual, often in a way that you do not like
What did you think of the film Well, it was certainly different.
differently adv
I didn't expect to be treated any differently from anyone else.
146
Difference
(N.)
A way in which two or more people or things are not like each other
OPP similarity
difference between
difference in
There is very little difference between the parties on green issues
The amount by which one thing is greater or smaller than another
difference in age/size etc
There's not much difference in price
147
Differentiate
(V.)
To recognize or express the difference between things or people
SYN distinguish
•differentiate between
It's important to differentiate between fact and opinion.
•differentiate something from something
It's sometimes hard to differentiate one sample from another.
To be the quality, feature etc that makes one thing or person clearly different from another
SYN distinguish
What differentiates these two periods of history
•differentiate something from something
Its unusual nesting habits differentiate this bird from others.
To behave differently towards someone or something, especially in an unfair way
SYN discriminate
differentiate between
a policy which differentiates between men and women
differentiation noun
socio-economic differentiation
148
Enhance
(V.)
Improve something
Good lighting will enhance any room.
The publicity has enhanced his reputation.
enhancer noun
flavor enhancers
enhancement noun
149
Enhanced
(Adj.) (written)
Improved or better
enhanced access to information
150
Monarchy
(N.) (plural monarchies)
The system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen
the abolition of the monarchy
A country that is ruled by a king or queen
>republic
The monarchy:The king or queen of a country, and his or her family
People are going to be questioning the role of the monarchy more and more
151
Republic
| republic
(N.)
A country governed by elected representatives of the people, and led by a president, not a king or queen
>democracy, monarchy
the former Federal Republic of Germany
Nine republics took part in the referendum
152
Representative
(Adj.)
Typical of a particular group or thing
representative of
The latest incident is representative of a wider trend.
Including examples of all the different types of something in a group
The pollsters asked a representative sample of New York residents for their opinions.
نماینده
A representative system of government allows people to vote for other people to represent them in the government
a representative democracy
153
Prime Minister
| prime minister
(N.) (abbreviation PM)
```
The most important minister and leader of the government in some countries which have a parliament the
British Prime Minister
He first became prime minister in 1982.
Prime Minister of
the Prime Minister of Turkey
```
نخست وزیر
154
Roast chicken
(N.)
Cooked in an oven
For dinner we're having roast chicken.
مرغ بریان
155
Mashed potato
(N.)
| پورهی سیبزمینی
156
Backed potato
(N.)
| سیبزمینی تنوری
157
Meatball
(N.)
A small round ball made from small pieces of meat, herbs, and egg or breadcrumbs pressed together. Meatballs are often served with a sauce
158
President
(N.)
```
The official leader of a country that does not have a king or queen
>vice president
president of
the President of France
President Bush
```
The person who has the highest position in a company or organization
➔ vice president
president of
the president of General Motors
159
Vice-president
(N.)
The person who is next in rank to the president of a country and who is responsible for the president's duties if he or she is unable to do them
معاون رئیسجمهور
(AmE)Someone who is responsible for a particular part of a company
our vice-president for marketing
160
Governor
| governor
(N.)
a) The person in charge of governing a state in the US فرماندار
b) The person in charge of governing a country that is under the political control of another country
(BrE)A member of a committee that controls an organization or institution
a school governor
the hospital's board of governors
(BrE)The person in charge of an institution
the prison governor
governor of
the governor of the central bank
(BrE)A guvnor
161
Lieutenant Governor
(N.)
Lieutenant colonel/general/Governor etc:
An officer or official with the rank just below colonel, general, governor etc
نائب فرماندار
162
Jury
(N.) (plural juries)
A group of often 12 ordinary people who listen to the details of a case in court and decide whether someone is guilty or not
the members of the jury
The jury found him not guilty.
the right to trial by jury
•sit/serve on a jury (=be part of a jury)
A group of people chosen to judge a competition
The jury is (still) out on something: Used to say that something has not been finally decided
Is it good value? The jury is still out on that.
163
Confess
(V.)
To admit, especially to the police, that you have done something wrong or illegal
>confession
•confess to (doing) something
Edwards confessed to being a spy for the KGB.
Occasionally people confess to crimes they haven't committed just to get attention.
•confess (that)
My husband confessed he’d been having an affair with a woman in his office.
Torture was used and Fian confessed.
To admit something that you feel embarrassed about
➔ confession
•confess (that)
Marsha confessed that she didn't really know how to work the computer.
•confess to (doing) something
He confessed to having a secret admiration for his opponent.
•I (have to/must) confess (=used when admitting something you feel slightly embarrassed about)
I must confess I don't visit my parents as often as I should.
(Register
In everyday English, people usually say admit rather than confess
I know it was him – he admitted it.
I admit Im not very good with money.)
To tell a priest or God about the wrong things you have done so that you can be forgiven
➔ confession
He knelt and confessed his sin
164
Jail
| also gaol BrE
(N.)
A place where criminals are kept as part of their punishment, or where people who have been charged with a crime are kept before they are judged in a law court
SYN prison
He's been in jail for three months already
165
Innocent
(Adj.)
Not guilty of a crime
OPP guilty
Nobody would believe that I was innocent.
•innocent of
He's innocent of murder.
The court found him innocent and he was released.
Innocent victims/bystanders/people etc:
People who get hurt or killed in a war or crime although they are not directly involved in it
Many innocent civilians are among the casualties.
Done or said without intending to harm or offend anyone
He was startled by their angry reaction to his innocent remark.
Not having much experience of the bad things in the world, so that you are easily deceived
SYN naive
I was thirteen years old and very innocent.
innocently adverb
166
Persuade
(V.)
To make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why they should do it, or asking them many times to do it
•persuade somebody to do something
I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
•persuade somebody into doing something
Don't let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don't want.
•try/manage/fail to persuade somebody
Im trying to persuade your dad to buy some shares.
•attempt/effort to persuade somebody
Leo wouldn't agree, despite our efforts to persuade him.
•little/a lot of/no persuading
He took a lot of persuading to come out of retirement (=it was hard to persuade him.)
He was fairly easily persuaded.
To make someone believe something or feel sure about something
SYN convince
I am not persuaded by these arguments.
•persuade somebody that
Shell only take me back if I can persuade her that I’ve changed.
•persuade somebody of something
McFadden must persuade the jury of her innocence
167
Persuasive
(Adj.)
Able to make other people believe something or do what you ask
>convincing
Trevor can be very persuasive.
persuasive argument/evidence
a persuasive argument against capital punishment
persuasively adverb
persuasiveness noun
168
Persuasion
(N.)
The act of persuading someone to do something
After a little gentle persuasion, Debbie agreed to let us in.
It had taken a great deal of persuasion to get him to accept.
She used all her powers of persuasion (=skill at persuading people) to convince Tilly that it was the right thing to do.
(formal) A particular type of belief, especially a political or religious one
•political/religious persuasion
We need people with talent, whatever their political persuasions.
politicians of all persuasions
Of the... persuasion (formal):Of a particular type – often used humorously
an ancient bed of the iron persuasion
169
Push-up
(N.)
(AmE) An exercise in which you lie on the floor on your chest and push yourself up with your arms
SYN press-up (BrE)
170
Sit-up
(N.)
An exercise to make your stomach muscles strong, in which you sit up from a lying position, while keeping your feet on the floor
>crunch
Jerry says he does two hundred sit-ups a day
171
Chin-up
(N.)
(AmE) An exercise in which you hang on a bar and pull yourself up until your chin is above the bar
SYN pull-up (BrE)
172
Rep
(N.)
(informal) A sales representative
Someone who speaks officially for a company, organization, or group of people
SYN representative
staff/union/company etc rep
You need to speak to the students rep.
Safety reps have the right to stop the job when workers are in danger.
(AmE) A representative
Repertory, or a repertory theatre or company
Most actors start off in rep
(AmE) (spoken) A reputation
One exercise that you do in a series of exercises
SYN repetition
Do 15 reps of each exercise
173
Severe
(Adj.)
```
Severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious
His injuries were quite severe.
She's suffering from severe depression.
The US faces severe economic problems.
The storm caused severe damage.
(Register
In everyday English, people usually say an injury, a problem etc is serious rather than severe
His injuries were quite serious.)
```
Severe weather is very bad and very extreme, and very hot, dry, cold etc
A severe punishment is very strict or extreme
Drug smugglers can expect severe penalties.
Severe criticism is very extreme and shows that you think someone has done something very badly
The president came under severe criticism for his handling of the crisis.
Very difficult and needing a lot of effort and skill
The negotiations will be a severe test of his abilities.
Someone who is severe behaves in a way that does not seem friendly or sympathetic, and is very strict or disapproving
SYN stern
His slightly severe expression softened.
Very plain with little or no decoration
a rather severe red-brick building
severity noun
We didn't realize the severity of her illness
174
Severely
(Adv.)
Very badly or to a great degree
The town was severely damaged in the war.
She's now severely disabled.
In a strict way
Parents don't punish their children so severely these days.
In a very unfriendly or disapproving way
Stop behaving like a fool she said severely.
In a plain simple style with little or no decoration
a severely dressed woman
175
Preference
(N.)
If you have a preference for something, you like it more than another thing and will choose it if you can➔ prefer:
Do you have a colour preference?
•preference for
a cultural preference for boy babies
•in preference to something (=rather than something)
Use clear English in preference to technical language.
When someone is treated more favourably than other people, often when he or she has been treated unfairly in the past:
Racial preferences are a way to make up for years of discrimination against minorities.
•give/show preference (to somebody)
In allocating housing, preference is given to families with young children.
sexual preference:
someone’s sexual preference is whether they want to have sex with men or women
176
Initial
(N.)
The first letter of someone’s first name:
‘Can I have your initial, Mr Davies?’ ‘It’s G, Mr G Davies.’
Initials[plural]
the first letters of all your names in order:
His initials are DPH: they stand for David Perry Hallworth.
177
Crucial
(Adj.)
Something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it
SYN vital
•crucial to
This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
•crucial in/ to doing something
The work of monks was crucial in spreading Christianity.
•play a crucial role/ part in something
The city of Mycenae played a crucial role in the history of Greece.
The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance.
crucially adverb
178
Vary
(V.)
(varied, varying, varies)
If several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other
SYN differ
Test scores vary from school to school.
The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.
•vary in
flowers that vary in color and size
Medical treatment varies greatly from state to state.
Cooking times may vary slightly, depending on your oven.
Charges vary according to size.
She has tried different diets with varying degrees of success.
tests of varying levels of difficulty
If something varies, it changes depending on the situation:
Quentin’s mood seems to vary according to the weather.
‘What do you wear when you go out?’ ‘Well, it varies.’
To change something to make it different:
My doctor said I should vary my diet more.
179
Enruptured
(Adj.)
(formal)
Enjoying something so much that you can think of nothing else
SYN enthralled
The orchestra played before an enraptured audience.
180
Prestigious
(Adj.)
Admired as one of the best and most important:
a prestigious literary award
a highly prestigious university
181
Sophisticated
(Adj.)
Having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc:
a sophisticated, witty American
Clarissa’s hair was swept up into a sophisticated style.
A sophisticated machine, system, method etc is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way:
sophisticated software
a highly sophisticated weapons system
Having a lot of knowledge and experience of difficult or complicated subjects and therefore able to understand them well:
British voters have become much more sophisticated.
sophistication noun
a New York nightclub that was the height of sophistication (=very fashionable and expensive)
182
Aesthetic
| Esthetic
(Adj.)
Connected with beauty and the study of beauty:
From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design.
a work of great aesthetic appeal
aesthetically adv
aesthetically pleasing
183
Ultimately
(Adv.)
Finally, after everything else has been done or considered:
Ultimately, the decision rests with the child’s parents.
a long but ultimately successful campaign
184
Supersede
(V.)
If a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective
SYN replace
Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.
185
Undermine
(V.)
Gradually make someone or something less strong or effective:
economic policies that threaten to undermine the health care system
Undermine somebody’s confidence/ authority/ position/ credibility etc
The constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence
186
Deteriorate
(V.)
To become worse:
Ethel’s health has deteriorated.
America’s deteriorating economy
(Register
In everyday English, people usually say get worse rather than deteriorate:
Her health got worse.
The situation is getting worse.)
Deteriorate into something
to develop into a bad or worse situation:
The argument deteriorated into a fight.
deterioration noun
187
Attendance
(N.)
The number of people who attend a game, concert, meeting etc:
We have an average attendance of 4,000 fans per game.
Last year’s fair saw attendance figures of 32,000.
When someone goes to a meeting, class etc, or an occasion when they go:
attendance at
Most courses involve an average of eight hours' attendance at college each week.
The doctor will have a record of her attendances.
Be in attendance (at something) formal
to be at a special or important event:
Over 2,000 people were in attendance at yesterday’s demonstration.
Be in attendance on somebody formal
to look after someone or serve them
188
Executive
(N.)
```
A manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions:
a marketing executive
•senior/ top executive
top executives on high salaries
•Chief Executive
```
The executive
the part of a government that makes sure decisions and laws work well
➔ judiciary,
legislature
(BrE)
A group of people who are in charge of an organization and make the rules:
the union’s executive
189
Dominance
(N.)
The fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things
➔ dominate:
•dominance of
the continuing dominance of the army in Uganda
•political/ economic/ cultural etc dominance
the economic and political dominance of Western countries
•dominance over
television’s dominance over other media
190
Argue
(V.)
To disagree with someone in words, often in an angry way:
We could hear the neighbours arguing.
•argue with
Gallacher continued to argue with the referee throughout the game.
•argue about
They were arguing about how to spend the money.
•argue over
The children were arguing over which TV programme to watch.
To state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc:
•argue that
Croft argued that a date should be set for the withdrawal of troops.
It could be argued that a dam might actually increase the risk of flooding.
•argue for/ against (doing) something
Baker argued against cutting the military budget.
(formal) To show that something clearly exists or is true:
The statement argues a change of attitude by the management.
191
Regarding
preposition (formal)
A word used especially in letters or speeches to introduce the subject you are writing or talking about
SYN concerning,
with regard to
Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure
درباره، در خصوص، در مورد
192
Applicable
(Adj.)
If something is applicable to a particular person, group, or situation, it affects them or is related to them➔ apply:
•applicable to
The offer is only applicable to bookings for double rooms.
•where/ if/ as applicable
Ms/ Miss/ Mrs/ Mr Please delete as applicable.
applicability noun
193
Distinct
(Adj.)
Clearly different or belonging to a different type:
two entirely distinct languages
•distinct types/ groups/ categories etc
There are four distinct types.
•distinct from
The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other.
As distinct from something=
Used to make it clear that you are not referring to a particular kind of thing, but to something else:
a movie star, as distinct from an actor
Something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled etc
OPP indistinct
The outline of the ship became more distinct.
A distinct possibility, feeling, quality etc definitely exists and cannot be ignored:
I got the distinct impression he was trying to make me angry.
There is a distinct possibility that this will eventually be needed.
a distinct lack of enthusiasm
194
Consequence
(N.)
Something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions:
•consequence of
Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
•consequence for
Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.
•with... consequences
He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.
As a consequence (of something)/ In consequence (of something) (formal)
as a result of something:
Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.
She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.
of little/ no/ any etc consequence (formal)
not very important or valuable:
•consequence to
Your opinion is of little consequence to me.
I don’t suppose it is of any consequence now.
195
Procrastinate
(V.)
(formal)
To delay doing something that you ought to do, usually because you do not want to do it
SYN put off
People often procrastinate when it comes to paperwork.
procrastination noun
196
Errand
(N.)
A short journey in order to do something for someone, for example delivering or collecting something for them:
I seemed to spend my life running errands for people.
She was always sending me on errands.
•on an errand
I couldn’t stop because I was on an errand.
He quickly set out on his errand of mercy (=journey to help someone in danger).
197
Embrace
```
(V.)
To put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving way
SYN hug
Jack warmly embraced his son.
Maggie and Laura embraced.
```
(formal) To eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc:
We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
Most West European countries have embraced the concept of high-speed rail networks with enthusiasm.
(formal) To include something as part of a subject, discussion etc:
This course embraces several different aspects of psychology.
198
Cuisine
(N.)
```
A particular style of cooking:
French cuisine
vegetarian cuisine
•cuisine of
the traditional cuisine of the Southwest
```
The food cooked in a particular restaurant or hotel, especially when it is very good:
Enjoy the delicious cuisine created by our award-winning chef.
199
Arduous
(Adj.)
Involving a lot of strength and effort:
•arduous task/ work
the arduous task of loading all the boxes into the van
•arduous journey/ voyage
an arduous journey through the mountains
arduously adverb
200
Outskirts
(N.)
The parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre:
•on the outskirts (of something)
They live on the outskirts of Paris.
201
Tire somebody out
Phrasal verb
To make someone very tired
SYN exhaust
All that walking tired me out
202
Accommodation
(N.) (especially BrE)
(also accommodations AmE)
A place for someone to stay, live, or work:
The price for the holiday includes flights and accommodation.
living accommodations for the crews
travel and hotel accommodations
rented accommodation
secure accommodation for young offenders
Universities have to provide student accommodation for first-year students.
(Register
In everyday English, people usually say somewhere to live/stay rather than accommodation:
She’s trying to find somewhere to live.
Have you found anywhere to stay yet?)
(formal) An agreement between people or groups who have different views or opinions, that satisfies everyone:
We reached an accommodation between both parties.
203
Ornament
(N.)
A small object that you keep in your house because it is beautiful rather than useful:
a shelf covered with books and ornaments
china ornaments
Decoration that is added to something:
The building style is plain, with very little ornament.
•for ornament
The coins were only ever used for ornament, not as currency.
204
Get on with
(V.)
get on with somebody | get on (together) (both British English)
(also get along with somebody, get along (together) North American English, British English)
To have a friendly relationship with somebody
She's never really got on with her sister.
She and her sister have never really got on.
We get along just fine together.
get on with something
(also get along with something)
Used to talk or ask about how well somebody is doing a task
I'm not getting on very fast with this job.
To continue doing something, especially after an interruption
Be quiet and get on with your work.
(informal) Get on with it! We haven't got all day.
205
Get along
(V.)
(usually used in the progressive tenses) To leave a place
It's time we were getting along.
Get on>>> (also get along)
used to talk or ask about how well somebody is doing in a particular situation
He's getting on very well at school.
How did you get on at the interview?
(also get along)
to manage or survive
We can get on perfectly well without her.
I just can't get along without a secretary
206
Look up to
(V.)
Look up to somebody:
To admire or respect somebody
207
Fall out
(V.)
Fall out: To become loose and drop
His hair is falling out.
My tooth fell out.
if soldiers fall out, they leave their lines and move away
Fall out (with somebody): To have an argument with somebody so that you are no longer friendly with the
208
(to be) Coincident with
(Adj.)
Occurring together in space or time.
An increasing specialization of discourse coincident with the progress of the Industrial Revolution
In agreement or harmony.
The stake of defense attorneys is not always coincident with that of their clients
209
Goal oriented
(Adj.)
(of a person) Focused on reaching a specific objective or accomplishing a given task; driven by purpose
goal-oriented teams of teachers
(of a project or plan) Designed to achieve desired results; targeted
A goal-oriented budget
210
Trustworthy
(Adj.)
That you can rely on to be good, honest, sincere, etc.
synonym reliable
211
Rigid
(Adj.)
(often disapproving) (of rules, methods, etc.) Very strict and difficult to change
synonym inflexible
The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.
(of a person) Not willing to change their ideas or behaviour
synonym inflexible
rigid attitudes
(of an object or substance) Stiff and difficult to move or bend
a rigid support for the tent
She sat upright, her body rigid with fear.
(figurative) I was bored rigid (= extremely bored).
212
Chatterbox
(N.)
(informal)
A person who talks a lot, especially a child
She hardly said a word until she was two, but now she's a little chatterbox.
213
Seldom
(Adv.)
Not often
synonym rarely
He had seldom seen a child with so much talent.
She seldom, if ever, goes to the theatre.
They seldom watch television these days.
(literary) Seldom had he seen such beauty.
214
Quiet
(N.)
To become calmer or less noisy; to make somebody/something calmer or less noisy
synonym calm down
quiet (down) The demonstrators
quieted down when the police arrived.
Quiet somebody/something (down)
He's very good at quieting the kids
215
Quit
(V.)
(informal) To leave your job, school, etc.
If I don't get more money I'll quit.
•quit as something
He has decided to quit as manager of the team.
•quit something
He quit the show last year because of bad health.
She quit school at 16.
```
(informal, AmE) To stop doing something
•quit doing something
I've quit smoking.
•quit (something)
Just quit it!
We only just started. We're not going to quit now.
```
Quit (something): To leave the place where you live
We decided it was time to quit the city.
The landlord gave them all notice to quit.
Quit (something): To close a computer program or application
216
Adequate
(Adj.)
Enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need
an adequate supply of hot water
The room was small but adequate.
There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students.
He didn't give an adequate answer to the question.
•adequate for something
The space available is not adequate for our needs.
•adequate to do something
training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry
217
Deficit
(N.)
The amount by which money spent or owed is greater than money earned in a particular period of time
•a budget/trade deficit
The trade balance has been in deficit for the past five years
(formal) The amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small or smaller than something else
There's a deficit of $3 million in the total needed to complete the project.
The team has to come back from a 2–0 deficit in the first half.
218
Shortage
(N.)
A situation when there is not enough of the people or things that are needed
food/housing/water shortages
a shortage of funds
There is no shortage of (= there are plenty of) things to do in the town.
219
Impose
(V.)
```
Impose something (on/upon something/somebody): To introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used
A new tax was imposed on fuel.
```
Impose something (on/upon somebody/something): To force somebody/something to have to deal with something that is difficult or unpleasant
to impose limitations/restrictions/constraints on something
This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.
The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control.
Impose something (on/upon somebody): To make somebody accept the same opinions, wishes, etc. as your own
She didn't want to impose her values on her family.
It was noticeable how a few people managed to impose their will on the others.
To expect somebody to do something for you or to spend time with you, when it may not be convenient for them
‘You must stay for lunch.’ ‘Well, thanks, but I don’t want to impose…’
•impose on/upon somebody/something
Everyone imposes on Dave's good nature.
```
Impose yourself (on/upon somebody/something): To make somebody/something accept or be aware of your presence or ideas
European civilization was the first to impose itself across the whole world.
```
220
Nuclear family
(N.)
A family that consists of father, mother and children, when it is thought of as a unit in society
Not everybody nowadays lives in the conventional nuclear family.
221
Immediate family
(N.)
People who are very closely related to you, such as your parents, children, brothers, and sisters
222
Extended family
(N.)
A family group with a close relationship among the members that includes not only parents and children but also uncles, aunts, grandparents, etc.
She grew up surrounded by a large extended family.
223
Distant relatives
(N.)
A relative who is not closely related to you. Distant relatives do not include parents, siblings, children, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, grandparents, and grandchildren. Great-aunts, cousins, and second cousins are examples of distant relatives.
224
Close-knit family
(N.)
Bound together by intimate social or cultural ties or by close economic or political ties
(of a group of people) Having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each other’s activities and problems
the close-knit community of a small village
225
Dysfanctional family
(N.)
A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child neglect or abuse on the part of individual parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children sometimes grow up in such families with the understanding that such a situation is normal
226
Broken home
(N.)
A family in which the parents are divorced or separated
She comes from a broken home.
227
Divorce settelment
(N.)
A divorce settlement is an arrangement, adjustment, or other understanding reached, as in financial or business proceedings between two adults who have chosen to divorce. It serves as the final legal agreement between these adults for documenting the terms of their divorce
228
Companion
(N.)
A person or an animal that travels with you or spends a lot of time with you
travelling companions
Geoff was my companion on the journey.
(figurative) Fear was the hostages' constant companion.
A person who has similar tastes, interests, etc. to your own and whose company you enjoy
She was a charming dinner companion.
His younger brother is not much of a companion for him.
They're drinking companions (= they go out drinking together).
A person who shares in your work, pleasures, sadness, etc.
We became companions in misfortune.
A person, usually a woman, employed to live with and help somebody, especially somebody old or ill/sick
One of a pair of things that go together or can be used together
A companion volume is soon to be published.
Used in book titles to describe a book giving useful facts and information on a particular subject
A Companion to French Literature
229
Lose touch
(V.)
Cease to correspond or be in communication.
I lost touch with him when he joined the Air Force
Cease to be aware or informed.
we cannot lose touch with political reality
230
Hideously
(Adv.)
In a very ugly or unpleasant way
synonym revoltingly
His face was hideously deformed.
231
Slender
(Adj.)
```
(approving) (of people or their bodies) Thin in an attractive or elegant way
synonym slim
her slender figure
long, slender fingers
a slender young woman
```
Thin or narrow
a glass with a slender stem
Small in amount or size and hardly enough
to win by a slender margin/majority
people of slender means (= with little money)
Australia held a slender 1–0 lead at half-time.
These claims are based on slender evidence.
232
Upturend
(Adj.)
Pointing or facing upwards
an upturned nose (= that curves upwards at the end)
She looked down at the sea of upturned faces.
Turned upside down
She sat on an upturned box.
The children clung to the upturned boat.
233
Beard
(N.)
On the chin and cheeks of a man’s face; similar hair that grows on some animals
He has decided to grow a beard and a moustache.
a week’s growth of beard
a goat’s beard
a false beard
234
Complexion
(N.)
The natural colour and condition of the skin on a person’s face
a pale/bad complexion
The general character of something
a move which changed the political complexion of the country
235
Freckle
(N.)
A small, pale brown spot on a person’s skin, especially on their face, caused by the sun
She had wonderful clear skin with an attractive sprinkling of freckles.
236
Wrinkle
(N.)
A line or small fold in your skin, especially on your face, that forms as you get older
There were fine wrinkles around her eyes.
A small fold that you do not want in a piece of cloth or paper
237
Point out
(V.)
Point somebody/somethingout (to somebody):
To stretch your finger out towards somebody/something in order to show somebody which person or thing you are referring to
I'll point him out to you next time he comes in.
The guide pointed out various historic monuments.
```
Point out (to somebody) | point something out (to somebody):
To mention something in order to give somebody information about it or make them notice it
She tried in vain to point out to him the unfairness of his actions.
He pointed out the dangers of driving alone.
•point out (to somebody) that…
I should point out that not one of these paintings is original.
```
•(speech) ‘It's not very far,’ she pointed out.
238
Commentate
(V.)
Commentate (on something): To give a spoken description of an event as it happens, especially on television or radio
Who will be commentating on the game?
239
Illustrate
(V.)
To use pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book, etc.
an illustrated textbook
His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition.
To make the meaning of something clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.
To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.
Last year's sales figures are illustrated in Figure 2.
Here's an example to illustrate what I mean.
illustrate something | illustrate how, what, etc… | illustrate that…: To show that something is true or that a situation exists
synonym demonstrate
The incident illustrates the need for better security measures.
240
Regulation
(N.)
An official rule made by a government or some other authority
too many rules and regulations
fire/safety/building, etc. regulations
to comply with the regulations
Under the new regulations spending on office equipment will be strictly controlled.
the strict regulations governing the sale of weapons
Controlling something by means of rules
the voluntary regulation of the press
241
Necessitate
(V.) (formal)
To make something necessary
Recent financial scandals have necessitated changes in parliamentary procedures.
Increased traffic necessitated widening the road.
His new job necessitated him/his getting up at six.
242
Curly
(Adj.)
```
Having a lot of curls or a curved shape
short curly hair
I wish my hair was curly.
a curly-headed boy
a dog with a curly tail
curly cabbage leaves
She wished she had naturally curly hair.
Your hair’s gone all curly!
```
243
Pushy
(Adj.)
Trying hard to get what you want, especially in a way that seems rude
a pushy salesman
Her parents were never pushy although they encouraged her acting ambitions from an early age.
244
BelongingS
(N.) (plural)
The things that you own which can be moved, for example not land or buildings synonym possessions
insurance of property and personal belongings
She packed her few belongings in a bag and left.
The burglars had gone through all his belongings.
245
Facility
(N.)
Facilities [plural] buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose
sports/leisure facilities
conference facilities
shopping/banking/cooking facilities
The hotel has special facilities for welcoming disabled people.
All rooms have private facilities (= a private bathroom).
A special feature of a machine, service, etc. that makes it possible to do something extra
a bank account with an overdraft facility
a facility for checking spelling
This facility allows the user to input text in various forms onto the screen and thus create a true newspaper page.
A place, usually including buildings, used for a particular purpose or activity
the world’s largest nuclear waste facility
a new health care facility
Facility (for something): A natural ability to learn or do something easily
She has a facility for languages.
He plays the piano with surprising facility.
246
Terrace
(N.)
(often in the names of streets) A continuous row of similar houses that are joined together in one block
12 Albert Terrace
A flat, hard area, especially outside a house or restaurant, where you can sit, eat and enjoy the sun
a sun terrace
a roof terrace
All rooms have a balcony or terrace.
terraces [plural] (BrE) The wide steps at a football (soccer ) ground where people can stand to watch the game
One of a series of flat areas of ground that are cut into the side of a hill like steps so that crops can be grown there
247
Spacious
(Adj.)
(of a room or building) Large and with plenty of space for people to move around in
synonym roomy
The hotel rooms are spacious and comfortable.
248
Well equipped
(Adj.)
Having sufficient equipment, supplies, or abilities
249
Overlook
(V.)
Fail to notice (something)
he seems to have overlooked one important fact
Have a view of from above.
the chateau overlooks fields of corn and olive trees
250
Apply
(V.)
```
for job/course
To make a formal request, usually in writing, for something such as a job, a place at college, university, etc.
You should apply in person/by letter.
to apply for a job/passport/grant
to apply to a company/university
He has applied to join the army.
```
use
To use something or make something work in a particular situation
to apply economic sanctions/political pressure
The new technology was applied to farming.
paint/cream
To put or spread something such as paint, cream, etc. onto a surface
Apply the cream sparingly to your face and neck.
The glue should be applied to both surfaces.
be relevant
To concern or relate to somebody/something
Special conditions apply if you are under 18.
What I am saying applies only to some of you.
The word ‘unexciting’ could never be applied to her novels.
work hard
To work at something or study something very hard
You would pass your exams if you applied yourself.
We applied our minds to finding a solution to our problem.
press hard
To press on something hard with your hand, foot, etc. to make something work or have an effect on something
to apply the brakes (of a vehicle)
Pressure applied to the wound will stop the bleeding.
251
Utilize
(V.) (formal)
Utilize something (as something): To use something, especially for a practical purpose synonym make use of
The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material.
The resources at our disposal could have been better utilized.
Vitamin C helps the body utilize the iron present in your body.
252
Employ
(V.)
To give somebody a job to do for payment
How many people does the company employ?
For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.
A number of people have been employed to deal with the backlog work.
```
Employ something (formal): To use something such as a skill, method, etc. for a particular purpose
He criticized the repressive methods employed by the country's government.
The police had to employ force to enter the building.
```
253
Rural
(Adj.)
```
Connected with or like the countryside
rural areas
a rural economy
rural America
a rural way of life
```
254
Urban
(Adj.)
Connected with a town or city
damage to both urban and rural environments
urban areas
urban life
urban development (= the process of building towns and cities or making them larger)
urban renewal/regeneration (= the process of improving the buildings, etc. in the poor parts of a town or city)
efforts to control urban sprawl (= the spread of city buildings into the countryside)
Connected with types of music such as rhythm and blues and reggae that are played by black musicians
today’s urban music scene
urban radio shows
255
Suburb
(N.)
An area where people live that is outside the centre of a city
a suburb of London
a London suburb
They live in the suburbs.
256
Stuck
(V.)
Unable to move or to be moved
The wheels were stuck in the mud.
This drawer keeps getting stuck.
She got the key stuck in the lock.
I can't get out—I'm stuck.
I couldn’t budge the drawer—it was stuck fast.
The tiles were stuck firmly to the wall.
```
In an unpleasant situation or place that you cannot escape from
We were stuck in traffic for over an hour.
I hate being stuck at home all day.
•Stuck (on something): Unable to answer or understand something
I got stuck on the first question.
I'll help you if you're stuck.
•Stuck (for something): Not knowing what to do in a particular situation
If you're stuck for something to do tonight, come out with us.
I've never known him to be stuck for words before.
•Stuck with somebody/something (informal): Unable to get rid of somebody/something that you do not want
I was stuck with him for the whole journey.
I’m stuck with this job for the moment.
257
Frustrated
(Adj.)
Feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want
It's very easy to get frustrated in this job.
His apathy just made her even more frustrated.
They felt frustrated at the lack of progress.
(of an emotion) Having no effect; not being satisfied
He stamped his foot in frustrated rage.
frustrated desires
Unable to be successful in a particular career
a frustrated artist
Not satisfied sexually
258
Crowd
(N.)
Large number of people gathered together in a public place, for example in the streets or at a sports game
He pushed his way through the crowd.
A small crowd had gathered outside the church.
Police had to break up the crowd.
Crowds of people poured into the street.
I want to get there early to avoid the crowds.
The match attracted a capacity crowd of 80 000.
(informal, often disapproving) A particular group of people
Bob introduced her to some of the usual crowd (= people who often meet each other).
the bright young theatrical crowd
The crowd [singular] (sometimes disapproving): Ordinary people, not special or unusual in any way
We all like to think we stand out from the crowd (= are different from and better than other people).
He prefers to be one of the crowd.
She's quite happy to follow the crowd.
259
Break down
(V.)
(of a machine or vehicle) To stop working because of a fault
The telephone system has broken down.
We (= the car) broke down on the freeway.
To fail
Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
To become very bad
Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
To lose control of your feelings and start crying
He broke down and wept when he heard the news.
To divide into parts to be analysed
Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages $10m, plant $4m, raw materials $5m.
260
Hard shoulder
(N.) (BrE)
(US English breakdown lane)
A strip of ground with a hard surface beside a major road such as a motorway or interstate where vehicles can stop in an emergency
to pull over onto the hard shoulder/into the breakdown lane
261
Road sign
(N.)
A sign near a road giving information or instructions to drivers
262
Accelerate
(V.)
To happen or to make something happen faster or earlier than expected
Inflation continues to accelerate.
Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
(of a vehicle or person) To start to go faster
The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
The car accelerated to overtake me.
263
Feature
(V.)
To include a particular person or thing as a special feature
•feature somebody/something as somebody/something
The film features Cary Grant as a professor.
•feature somebody/something
The latest model features alloy wheels and an electronic alarm.
Many of the hotels featured in the brochure offer special deals for weekend breaks.
feature (in something): To have an important part in something
Olive oil and garlic feature prominently in his recipes.
264
Destruction
(N.)
The act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed
the destruction of the rainforests
weapons of mass destruction
a tidal wave bringing death and destruction in its wake
The central argument is that capitalism sows the seeds of its own destruction (= creates the forces that destroy it).
265
Wiped out
(Adj.)
Extremely tired
You look wiped out.
266
Concrete
(N.)
Building material that is made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones and water
a slab of concrete
The pathway is formed from large pebbles set in concrete.
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267
Virtually
(Adv.)
Almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
to be virtually impossible
Virtually all students will be exempt from the tax.
He virtually admitted he was guilty.
This year's results are virtually the same as last year's.
The red squirrel has become virtually extinct in most of the country.
By the use of computer software that makes something appear to exist; using virtual reality technology
268
Unblemished
```
(Adj.)
(formal)
Not spoiled, damaged or marked in any way
He had an unblemished reputation.
her pale unblemished skin
```
269
Commodity
(N.)
(pl. commodities)
(economics) A product or a raw material that can be bought and sold
rice, flour and other basic commodities
a drop in commodity prices
Crude oil is the world's most important commodity.
(formal) A thing that is useful or has a useful quality
Water is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West.
270
Initiate
(V.)
Initiate something (formal): To make something begin
synonym set in motion
to initiate legal proceedings against somebody
The government has initiated a programme of economic reform.
```
Initiate somebody (into something): To explain something to somebody and/or make them experience it for the first time
Many of them had been initiated into drug use at an early age.
His uncle initiated him into the pleasures of sailing.
```
```
Initiate somebody (into something): To make somebody a member of a particular group, especially as part of a secret ceremony
Hundreds are initiated into the sect each year.
```
271
Impact
(N.)
Impact (of something) (on somebody/something): The powerful effect that something has on somebody/something
the environmental impact of tourism
The report assesses the impact of AIDS on the gay community.
Her speech made a profound impact on everyone.
Businesses are beginning to feel the full impact of the recession.
The act of one object hitting another; the force with which this happens
craters made by meteorite impacts
The impact of the blow knocked Jack off balance.
The bomb explodes on impact (= when it hits something).
The car is fitted with side impact bars (= to protect it from a blow from the side).
272
Conservation
(N.)
The protection of the natural environment
synonym conservancy
to be interested in wildlife conservation
Road development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation programmes of the council.
The official protection of buildings that have historical or artistic importance
The act of preventing something from being lost, wasted, damaged or destroyed
to encourage the conservation of water/fuel
energy conservation
273
Bottel bank
(N.)
A large container in a public place where people can leave their empty bottles so that the glass can be used again (= recycled); a public place with several of these containers
274
Hurricane
(N.)
A violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic Ocean
hurricane-force winds
Hurricane Betty is now approaching the coast of Florida.
275
Flood
(N.)
water
A large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
The heavy rain has caused floods in many parts of the country.
flood damage
Police have issued flood warnings for Nevada.
an appeal to help flood victims
the Thames flood barrier
The river is in flood (= has more water in it than normal and has caused a flood).
large number
Flood (of something) a very large number of things or people that appear at the same time
a flood of complaints
a flood of refugees
The child was in floods of tears (= crying a lot).
in Bible
the Flood [singular]: the great flood that covered the world in the Bible story
before the Flood (= a very long time ago)
276
Tornado
(N.)
A violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circle. There is often also a long cloud which is narrower at the bottom than the top.
Tornadoes ripped into the southern United States yesterday.
She burst in to the room like a tornado.
277
Earthquake
(N.)
(informal quake)
A sudden, violent shaking of the earth’s surface
damage caused by a powerful earthquake
The earthquake measured 68 on the Richter scale.
278
Endure
(V.)
(formal)
To experience and deal with something that is painful or unpleasant, especially without complaining
synonym bear
•endure something
They had to endure a long wait before the case came to trial.
She could not endure the thought of parting.
The pain was almost too great to endure.
(formal) a love that endures all things and never fails
He had to endure the racist taunts of the crowd.
•endure doing something
He can't endure being defeated.
•endure to do something
He can't endure to be defeated.
To continue to exist for a long time
synonym last
a success that will endure
The torn flag has endured as a symbol of freedom.
