P1 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Foal
A
(N.)
A very young horse or donkey
کره
2
Q
Sniff
A
(V.)
To breathe air in through your nose in a way that makes a sound, especially when you are crying, have a cold, etc.
We all had colds and couldn’t stop sniffing and sneezing.
She sniffed a little and dabbed at her eyes.
To breathe air in through the nose in order to discover or enjoy the smell of something Syn smell •sniff something sniffing the fresh morning air to sniff glue •sniff (at something) The dog sniffed at my shoes.
+ speech | sniff (something): To say something in a complaining or disapproving way
‘It’s hardly what I’d call elegant,’ she sniffed.
3
Q
Snip
A
(V.)
To cut something with scissors using short quick strokes
•snip something
Snip a tiny hole in the paper.
•snip (at/through something)
She snipped at the loose threads hanging down.
She snipped at the stitching.
4
Q
Fin
A
(N.)
A thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a fish, used for swimming and keeping balance
باله
A thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a vehicle, an aircraft, etc., used for improving its balance and movement
tail fins
5
Q
Arcade
A
(N.)
A covered passage with arches along the side of a row of buildings (usually a row of shops/stores)
A covered passage between streets, with shops/stores on either side
(also shopping arcade) (both BrE) A large building with a number of shops/stores in it compare shopping mall
(BrE also amusement arcade) A place where you can play games on machines which you use coins to operate
arcade games
6
Q
Accommodate
A
(V.)
Accommodate somebody: To provide somebody with a room or place to sleep, live or sit
The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
The aircraft is capable of accommodating 28 passengers.
Accommodate somebody/something: To provide enough space for somebody/something
Over 70 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.
The old town hall now accommodates a Folk Museum.
Accommodate something (formal): To consider something, such as somebody’s opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining something
Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.
She modified her views so as to accommodate the objections of American feminists.
Accommodate somebody (with something) (formal): To help somebody by doing what they want
Syn oblige
I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.
I’m sure the bank will be able to accommodate you.
Accommodate (something/yourself) to something (formal): To change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better
I needed to accommodate to the new schedule.
7
Q
Telecommute
A
(V.)
To work from home, communicating with your office, customers and others by telephone, email, etc.
8
Q
Car pool
A
(N.)
A group of car owners who take turns to drive everyone in the group to work, so that only one car is used at a time
(BrE) (also motor pool USE, BrE) a Group of cars owned by a company or an organization, that its staff can use
9
Q
Flexitime
A
(N.)
(especially British English)
(usually AmE flextime)
A system in which employees work a particular number of hours each week or month but can choose when they start and finish work each day
She works flexitime.
10
Q
Whereby
A
(Ad.)
(formal)
By which; because of which
They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.
به وسیله آن، به موجب آن
11
Q
Congestion pricing
Congestion charging
A
(N.)
(BrE)
The policy of making people pay an amount of money for driving their cars into the centre of some cities as a way of stopping the city centre from becoming too full of traffic
12
Q
Gridlock
A
(N.)
A situation in which there are so many cars in the streets of a town that the traffic cannot move at all
It’s gridlock between 6.30 and 9.00.
The protest march created gridlock.
(usually in politics) A situation in which people with different opinions are not able to agree with each other and so no action can be taken
Congress is in gridlock.
13
Q
Commuter
A
(N.)
A person who travels into a city to work each day, usually from quite far away
The five o’clock train is always packed with commuters.
(BrE) The commuter belt (= the area around a city where people live and from which they travel to work in the city)
14
Q
Off peak
A
(Adj.)
(Adv.)
Happening or used at a time that is less popular or busy, and therefore cheaper
off-peak electricity/travel (adj.)
Phone calls cost 20c per unit off-peak.(adv.
15
Q
Lounge
A
(N.)
A room for waiting in at an airport, etc.
the departure lounge
A public room in a hotel, club, etc. for waiting or relaxing in
the television lounge
(BrE) A room in a private house for sitting and relaxing in
Syn living room, sitting room
(BrE) lounge bar
16
Q
Key ring
A
(N.)
A small ring that you put keys on to keep them together
17
Q
Felt-tipped pen
Felt-tip pen
A
(N.)
A pen with a writing point made of felt or other tightly packed fibres.
A pen that holds quick-drying ink conveyed to a writing surface by means of a felt nib. Also called felt pen.
خودکار نمدی
روان نویس
18
Q
Steward
A
(N.)
A man whose job is to take care of passengers on a ship, an aircraft or a train and who brings them meals, etc.
a ship’s steward
A person who helps to organize a large public event, for example a race, public meeting, etc.
Syn marshal
A person whose job is to arrange for the supply of food to a college, club, etc.
A person employed to manage another person’s property, especially a large house or land
19
Q
Staircase
A
(N.)
A set of stairs inside a building including the posts and rails (= banisters) that are fixed at the side
A marble/stone/wooden stairca
20
Q
Full-length
A
(Adj.)
(of a mirror or picture) Showing the whole of a person’s body
a full-length portrait
(of a book, play, etc.) Not made shorter; of the usual length
a full-length novel
(of curtains or a window) Reaching the ground
(of clothing) Reaching a person’s ankles
a full-length skirt
21
Q
Cater
A
(V.)
To provide food and drinks for a social event
•(BrE) cater for somebody/something
Most of our work now involves catering for weddings.
•(AmE) cater something
Who will be catering the wedding?
22
Q
Board
A
(V.)
get on plane/ship, etc. :
(formal) To get on a ship, train, plane, bus, etc.
Passengers are waiting to board.
•board something
The ship was boarded by customs officials.
Be boarding: When a plane or ship is boarding, it is ready for passengers to get on
Flight BA193 for Paris is now boarding at Gate 37.
live somewhere:
Board at…/with somebody: To live and take meals in somebody’s home, in return for payment
She always had one or two students boarding with her.
He boarded at his aunt’s house until he found a place of his own.
To live at a school during the school year
23
Q
On-board
A
(N.)
On a ship, aircraft or vehicle
an on-board motor
(also onboard) (computing) Relating to, or controlled by, part of the main circuit board
a PC with onboard sound
24
Q
Aboard
A
(Ad.)
On or onto a ship, plane, bus or train
Syn on board
We went aboard.
He was already aboard the plane.
The plane crashed, killing all 157 passengers aboard.
All aboard! (= the bus, boat, etc. is leaving soon)
Welcome aboard! (= used to welcome passengers or a person joining a new organization, etc.)
25
Deck
(N.)
The top outside floor of a ship or boat
I was the only person on deck at that time of night.
As the storm began, everyone disappeared below deck(s).
One of the floors of a ship or a bus
the upper/lower/main deck of a ship
We sat on the top deck of the bus.
My cabin is on deck C.
(also deck of cards) (both especially AmE) (especially BrE pack) A complete set of 52 playing cards
A wooden floor that is built outside the back of a house where you can sit and relax
A part of a sound system that records and/or plays sounds on a disc or tape
a cassette/tape deck
26
Wicked
(Adj.)
(wickeder, wickedest)
(You can also use more wicked and most wicked)
Morally bad
Syn evil
a wicked deed
stories about a wicked witch
(informal) Slightly bad but in a way that is amusing and/or attractive
Syn mischievous
a wicked grin
Jane has a wicked sense of humour.
Dangerous, harmful or powerful
He has a wicked punch.
a wicked-looking knife
(slang) Very good
This song's wicked.
27
Soil
```
(N.)
The top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow
poor/dry/acid/sandy/fertile, etc. soil
the study of rocks and soils
soil erosion
```
(literary) A country; an area of land
It was the first time I had set foot on African soil.
28
Downside
(N.)
The disadvantages or less positive aspects of something Opposite upside
29
Get something off one's chest
(informal)
Say something that one has wanted to say for a long time, resulting in a feeling of relief.
"tell me about it, get it off your chest"
30
Spring sth on sb
(phrasal verb)
To suddenly tell or ask someone something when they do not expect it:
I hope he's not going to spring any nasty surprises on us at the meeting this morning.
31
Dump
(V.)
get rid of:
Dump something: To get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable
Too much toxic waste is being dumped at sea.
The dead body was just dumped by the roadside.
Dump somebody/something (on somebody) (informal): To get rid of somebody/something or leave them for somebody else to deal with
He's got no right to keep dumping his problems on me.
Dump something (business): To get rid of goods by selling them at a very low price, often in another country
put down:
Dump something: To put something down in a careless or untidy way
Just dump your stuff over there—we'll sort it out later.
end relationship
Dump somebody (informal): To end a romantic relationship with somebody
Did you hear he's dumped his girlfriend?
Why do you want to dump me
computing:
Dump something: To copy information and move it somewhere to store it
32
Be in seventh heaven
(informal)
To be extremely happy
Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven.
33
Let yourself go
(informal)
To allow yourself to become less attractive or healthy
It's easy to let yourself go when you've got small kids.
To relax completely and enjoy yourself
It's a party - let yourself go!
34
To drive someone up the wall
(informal)
Make someone very irritated or angry.
"it's driving me up the wall trying to find out who did what"
35
To grow out of something
(phrasal verb)
develop:
To develop from something that happened or existed before
The new law grew out of people’s dissatisfaction with the election results.
stop liking:
To stop having an interest in something or stop doing something as you become older
He wants to be a rapper, but I think he'll grow out of it.
stop fitting
To become too tall or too big to wear or use something
Mom said she wasn’t going to buy me something I was going to grow out of next week.
36
Figure
(V.)
be important:
To be part of a process, situation, etc. especially an important part
Syn feature
My feelings about the matter didn't seem to figure at all.
•figure (as something) (in/on/among something)
Do I still figure in your plans?
The question of the peace settlement is likely to figure prominently in the talks.
It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
think/decide:
(informal) To think or decide that something will happen or is true
•figure (that)…
I figured (that) if I took the night train, I could be in Scotland by morning.
We figured the sensible thing to do was to wait.
•figure something
That's what I figured.
•figure why, whether, etc…
He tried to figure why she had come.
calculate
Figure something (at something)(AmE): To calculate an amount or the cost of something
We figured the attendance at 150 000.
37
Souk
(N.)
A market in an Arab country
38
Prosper
(V.)
To develop in a successful way; to be successful, especially in making money
Syn thrive
The economy prospered under his administration.
She seems to be prospering since she moved out of the city.
39
Retail
(N.)
The selling of goods to the public, usually through shops/stores
The recommended retail price is £9.99.
department stores and other retail outlets
the retail trade
40
Opposition
(N.)
Opposition (to somebody/something): The act of strongly disagreeing with somebody/something, especially with the aim of preventing something from happening
Delegates expressed strong opposition to the plans.
The army met with fierce opposition in every town.
We cannot back down at the first sign of opposition.
He spent five years in prison for his opposition to the regime.
opposition forces (= people who are arguing, fighting, etc. with another group)
The opposition: The people you are competing against in business, a competition, a game, etc.
He's gone to work for the opposition.
The opposition is/are mounting a strong challenge to our business.
Liverpool couldn't match the opposition in the final and lost 2–0.
The Opposition (AmE the opposition): The main political party that is opposed to the government; the political parties that are in a parliament but are not part of the government
the leader of the Opposition
Opposition MPs/parties
the Opposition spokesman on education
(formal) The state of being as different as possible; two things that are as different as possible
the opposition between good and evil
His poetry is full of oppositions and contrasts.
41
Apparently
(Adv.)
According to what you have heard or read; according to the way something appears
ظاهرا
Apparently they are getting divorced soon.
I thought she had retired, but apparently she hasn't.
He paused, apparently lost in thought.
42
Line up
phrasal verb
Line up:
To stand in a line or row; to form a queue / line
Line up, children!
Cars lined up waiting to board the ship.
Line somebody/something up:
To arrange people or things in a straight line or row
The suspects were lined up against the wall.
He lined the bottles up along the shelf.
To arrange for an event or activity to happen, or arrange for somebody to be available to do something
Mark had a job lined up when he left college.
I've got a lot lined up this week (= I'm very busy).
She's lined up a live band for the party.
Line something up (with something):
To move one thing into a correct position in relation to another thing
To get good TV reception, the dish must be accurately lined up with the satellite.
43
Current (N.)
(N.)
The movement of water in the sea or a river; the movement of air in a particular direction
He swam to the shore against a strong current.
Birds use warm air currents to help their flight.
The flow of electricity through a wire, etc.
a 15 amp electrical current
The fact of particular ideas, opinions or feelings being present in a group of people
Ministers are worried by this current of anti-government feeling.
44
Fastener
(N.)
(also fastening)
A device, such as a button or a zip / zipper, used to close a piece of clothing; a device used to close a window, suitcase, etc. tightly
بست
buttons, zippers and other fasteners
45
Fuselage
(N.)
The main part of an aircraft in which passengers and goods are carried
Repairs to the fuselage are almost complete.
46
Via
preposition
Through a place
We flew home via Dubai.
By means of a particular person, system, etc.
I heard about the sale via Jane.
The news programme came to us via satellite.
47
Pharmaceutical
(N.)
[usually plural] (specialist) A drug or medicine
the development of new pharmaceuticals
the pharmaceuticals industry
48
Fluctuation
(N.)
```
Fluctuation (in/of something):
One of several frequent changes in size, amount, quality, etc, especially from one extreme to another; the act of changing frequently like this
wild fluctuations in interest rates
the constant fluctuation of oil prices
currency/temperature fluctuation
```
49
Plant
(N.)
```
living thing:
A living thing that grows in the earth and usually has a stem, leaves and roots, especially one that is smaller than a tree or bush
All plants need light and water.
flowering/garden/indoor plants
a tomato/potato plant
the animal and plant life of the area
```
```
factory:
A factory or place where power is produced or an industrial process takes place
a nuclear reprocessing plant
Japanese car plants
a chemical plant
```
machinery:
The large machinery that is used in industrial processes
The company has been investing in new plant and equipment.
something illegal:
(informal) Something that somebody has deliberately placed among another person’s clothes or possessions in order to make them appear guilty of a crime
He claimed that the drugs found in his house were a plant.
person:
A person who joins a group of criminals or enemies in order to get and secretly report information about their activities
50
Object
(N.)
A thing that can be seen and touched, but is not alive
everyday objects such as cups and saucers
Glass and plastic objects lined the shelves.
Object of desire, study, attention, etc.: A person or thing that somebody desires, studies, pays attention to, etc.
An aim or a purpose
Her sole object in life is to become a travel writer.
The object is to educate people about road safety.
If you're late, you'll defeat the whole object of the exercise.
(grammar) A noun, noun phrase or pronoun that refers to a person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb (called the direct object), or that the action is done to or for (called the indirect object)
51
Diagonally
(Adv.)
At an angle; in a way that joins two opposite sides of something at an angle
Walk diagonally across the field to the far corner and then turn left.
52
Parallelogram
(N.)
A flat shape with four straight sides, the opposite sides being parallel and equal to each other
متوازیالاضلاع
53
Tangram
(N.)
A Chinese game consisting of a square cut into seven pieces that you arrange to make various other shapes
معمای چینی (مرکب از پنج مثلث و یک مربع و یک لوزی)
54
Geometric
(Adj.)
Of geometry; of or like the lines, shapes, etc. used in geometry, especially because of having regular shapes or lines
a geometric design
55
Preliminary
(Adj.)
Happening before a more important action or event
syn initial
After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners.
preliminary results/findings/enquiries
the preliminary rounds of the contest
•preliminary to something
pilot studies preliminary to a full-scale study
56
Chump
(N.)
(old-fashioned, informal)
A stupid person
Don't be such a chump!
57
Butcher
(N.)
A person whose job is cutting up and selling meat in a shop/store or killing animals for this purpose
Butcher’s (pl. butchers) a shop/store that sells meat
He owns the butcher's in the main street.
A person who kills people in a cruel and violent way
58
Jeer
(V.)
To laugh at somebody or shout rude remarks at them to show that you do not respect them Syn taunt
a jeering crowd
•jeer at somebody
The police were jeered at by the waiting crowd.
•jeer somebody
The players were jeered by disappointed fans.
+ speech ‘Coward!’ he jeered.
59
Cheer
(V.)
To shout loudly, to show support or praise for somebody, or to give them encouragement
We all cheered as the team came on to the field.
Cheering crowds greeted their arrival.
•cheer somebody
The crowd cheered the President as he drove slowly by.
opposite boo
Cheer somebody [usually passive]: To give hope, comfort or encouragement to somebody
She was cheered by the news from home.
60
Shin
(N.)
The front part of the leg below the knee
جلوی ساق
61
Larch
(N.)
A tree with sharp pointed leaves that fall in winter and hard dry fruit called cones
صنوبر
62
Sherry
(N.)
(pl. sherries)
A strong yellow or brown wine, originally from southern Spain. It is often drunk before meals.
sweet/dry sherry
cream sherry (= a type of very sweet sherry)
fine quality sherries
a sherry glass (= a type of small narrow wine glass)
63
Casualty
(N.)
A person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident
road casualties
Both sides had suffered heavy casualties (= many people had been killed).
A person that suffers or a thing that is destroyed when something else takes place
Syn victim
She became a casualty of the reduction in part-time work (= she lost her job).
Small shops have been a casualty of the recession.
(also casualty department, accident and emergency) (all BrE) (AmE emergency room) The part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are taken
The victims were rushed to casualty.
We waited in casualty until a doctor could see us.
64
Collision
(N.)
collision (with somebody/something) | collision (between/of A and B)
An accident in which two vehicles or people crash into each other
a collision between two trains
Stewart was injured in a collision with another player.
a head-on collision (= between two vehicles that are moving towards each other)
a mid-air collision (= between two aircraft while they are flying)
His car was in collision with a motorbike.
Wind and ice were blamed for the collision involving up to 12 vehicles.
(formal) A strong disagreement between two people or between opposing ideas, opinions, etc.; the meeting of two things that are very different
a collision between two opposing points of view
In his work we see the collision of two different traditions.
65
Signpost
(N.)
A sign at the side of a road giving information about the direction and distance of places
Follow the signposts to the superstore.
(figurative) The chapter headings are useful signposts to the content of the book.
66
Revolving
(Adj.)
[usually before noun]
Able to turn in a circle
a revolving chair
The theatre has a revolving stage.
67
etc
| et cetera
AmE (etc.)
And the rest; and so an
68
e.g.
for example
69
NB
| nota bene
AmE (N.B.)
Not well
70
p.a.
| per annum
for each year
71
Per Se
(Adv.)
in itself/ themselves; intrinsically
فی نفسه، خود به خودی، مستقیما
72
vs
| versus
AmE: vs.
| against
73
i.e.
| idem
that is
74
ps
| post scriptum
AmE: p.s.
| written after
75
c.
| circa
around
76
BA
AmE: B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
77
BSc
AmE: B.Sc.
Bachelor of science
78
MA
AmE: M.A.
Master of Arts
79
MSc
AmE: M.Sc.
Master of science
80
MD
AmE: M.D.
Medical Doctor
81
per capita
for each person
82
Substantial
(Adj.)
Large in amount, value or importance
Syn: considerable
substantial sums of money
a substantial change
Substantial numbers of people support the reforms.
He ate a substantial breakfast.
There are substantial differences between the two groups.
Their share of the software market is substantial.
We were able to see a substantial improvement.
(formal) Large and solid; strongly built
a substantial house
a street of substantial Victorian villas
83
Profound
(Adj.)
Very great; felt or experienced very strongly
profound changes in the earth’s climate
My father's death had a profound effect on us all.
The news came as a profound shock.
The report has profound implications for schools.
Her sense of disappointment was profound.
Showing great knowledge or understanding
profound insights
a profound book
Needing a lot of study or thought
profound questions about life and death
(medical) Very serious; complete
profound disability
84
Far-reaching
(Adj.)
Likely to have a lot of influence or many effects
far-reaching consequences/implications
far-reaching changes/reforms
85
Cumulative
(Adj.)
Having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added
the cumulative effect of human activity on the world environment
The evolution of human life was a gradual, cumulative process.
Including all the amounts that have been added previously
the monthly sales figures and the cumulative total for the past six months
86
Exert
(V.)
Exert something: To use power or influence to affect somebody/something
He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
Exert yourself: To make a big physical or mental effort
In order to be successful
he would have to exert himself.
87
Aftereffects
(N.)
An effect that follows after the primary action of something.
he was suffering the aftereffects of the drug
88
Knock-on effect
(N.)
(BrE)
Chain reaction, series of reactions in which each is directly caused by the one before it
89
Ripple effect
(N.)
The continuing and spreading results of an event or action.
while their marriage made an impact on their friends, the ripple effect on family members was even more profound
Ripple: a little wave or movement on the surface of water etc
He threw the stone into the pond, and watched the ripples spread across the water.
90
Repercussion
(N.)
An indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
Syn Consequence
The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.
91
Footprint
(N.)
A mark left on a surface by a person’s foot or shoe or by an animal’s foot
footprints in the sand
muddy footprints on the kitchen floor
He could identify any animal from its footprints.
The amount of space that something fills, for example the amount of space that a computer takes up on a desk
The area on the earth in which a signal from a communications satellite can be received
92
Implication
(N.)
Implication (of something) (for something): A possible effect or result of an action or a decision
They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.
The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.
Something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)
The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.
He criticized the Director and, by implication, the whole of the organization.
Implication (of somebody) (in something): The fact of being involved, or of involving somebody, in something, especially a crime
Syn Involvement
He resigned after his implication in a sex scandal.
93
Recession
(N.)
A difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed
the impact of the current recession on manufacturing
The economy is in deep recession.
policies to pull the country out of recession
These industries have been hard hit by recession.
(formal) The movement backwards of something from a previous position
the gradual recession of the floodwater
94
Take a load off (one’s feet)
To sit down and relax
| You look tired. Come in and take a load off.
95
Nutshell
(N.)
The shell enclosing the meat of a nut.
Idiom
In a nutshell: In a few words; concisely
Just give me the facts in a nutshell.
96
Make a clean break
A complete removal from a (usually negative) situation, relationship, or attachment, with no intention of returning.
After spending years in an emotionally abusive relationship, Patrick finally decided to make a clean break and leave his girlfriend.
97
To turn over a new leaf
Make a fresh start, change one's conduct or attitude for the better
He promised the teacher he would turn over a new leaf and behave himself in class.
98
To be up in the air
Uncertain; subject to change.
Becky and I were supposed get brunch this weekend, but things are up in the air now because she's not feeling well.
Because the whole town protested plans to build a new shopping center, that proposal is now up in the air.
99
To have/ get/ give someone
| a foot in the door
The chance to do something that could lead to further opportunities. The phrase is often used to refer to employment.
An internship might not sound very interesting, but it's a great way to get a foot in the door at this company.
100
To get on your feet
To stand up or rise
| After the gym teacher made a few announcements, we all got on our feet and began running laps.
101
To get a break
To obtain or receive a fortuitous and beneficial opportunity.
I finally got a break when a big Hollywood producer asked me to audition for a part in the movie.
To receive special treatment or a favorable deal, especially regarding a reduced price on something.
Tenants in the city center will be getting a break on rental prices when the city council introduces a new rent-control scheme next year.
You'll get a break on your car insurance if you don't get in any accidents while you're driving.
To obtain new information leading toward a solution to a given problem.
The detectives finally got a break when an anonymous caller tipped them off to the kidnapper's location.
To get relief from some difficulty or problem(s).
We're hoping to get a break from the drought with a little bit of rainfall this weekend.
First, my car breaks down and then I lose my keys to the apartment—I just can't get a break today!
102
To have two left feet
To be unable to dance gracefully; to have awkward or clumsy footwork while dancing.
I've always had two left feet, so I was really nervous about our first dance after the wedding.
103
Graceful
(Adj.)
Moving in a controlled, attractive way or having a smooth, attractive form
The dancers were all tall and graceful.
He gave a graceful bow to the audience.
the graceful curves of the hills
Dolphins are incredibly graceful and efficient swimmers.
Polite and kind in your behaviour, especially in a difficult situation
His father had always taught him to be graceful in defeat.
At the age of 70, she withdrew into graceful retirement.
104
Afterthought
(N.)
A thing that is thought of, said or added later, and is often not carefully planned
They only invited Jack and Sarah as an afterthought.
He said, ‘I won’t tell anyone,’ adding as an afterthought, ‘at least, not if you do me a favour.’
105
Likewise
(Adv.)
(formal) The same; in a similar way
He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise.
(formal) Also
Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.
(informal) Used to show that you feel the same towards somebody or about something
‘Let me know if you ever need any help.’ ‘Likewise.’
106
Reservoir
(N.)
A natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by pipes to houses, etc.
(formal) A large amount of something that is available to be used
(specialist) A place in an engine or a machine where a liquid is kept before it is used
an oil reservoir
107
Ballpoint
(N.)
(also ballpoint pen)
A pen with a very small metal ball at its point, that rolls ink onto the paper
108
Appeal
(V.)
Appeal (to somebody/something) (against something): To make a formal request to a court or to somebody in authority for a judgment or a decision to be changed
He said he would appeal after being found guilty on four counts of murder.
The company is appealing against the ruling.
(In AmE, the form appeal (something) (to somebody/something) is usually used, without a preposition. •The company has ten days to appeal the decision to the tribunal.)
To attract or interest somebody
The prospect of a long wait in the rain did not appeal.
•appeal to somebody
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups.
To make a serious and urgent request
I am appealing (= asking for money) on behalf of the famine victims.
•appeal (to somebody) (for something)
Community leaders appealed for calm (= urged people to remain calm).
Police have appealed for witnesses to come forward.
•appeal to somebody to do something
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.
Appeal (to something): To try to persuade somebody to do something by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable or honest thing to do
They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.
109
Establish
(V.)
Establish something: To start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
Syn set up
The committee was established in 1912.
The new treaty establishes a free trade zone.
Let’s establish some ground rules.
Establish something: To start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group or country
The school has established a successful relationship with the local community.
Establish somebody/something/yourself (in something) (as something): To hold a position for long enough or succeed in something well enough to make people accept and respect you
By then she was established as a star.
He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established.
Establish something: To make people accept a belief, claim, custom etc.
It was this campaign that established the paper's reputation.
Traditions get established over time.
To discover or prove the facts of a situation
Syn: ascertain
•establish something
Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.
•establish that…
They have established that his injuries were caused by a fall.
•establish where, what, etc…
We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting.
•it is established that…
It has since been established that the horse was drugged.
110
one too many
idiom
(informal)
Too many alcoholic drinks
He had one too many at the bar last night.
I showed up for work late one too many times, l guess.
111
in their hundreds/thousands/millions
Used for saying how many people or things do something, without being exact
Londoners came out on the streets in their thousands.
112
Conscious
(Adj.)
Aware of something; noticing something
•conscious of something
She's very conscious of the problems involved.
•conscious of doing something
He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents.
•conscious that…
I was vaguely conscious that I was being watched
Able to use your senses and mental powers to understand what is happening
A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone.
(of actions, feelings, etc.) Deliberate or controlled
to make a conscious decision
I made a conscious effort to get there on time.
a conscious act of cruelty
Being particularly interested in something
environmentally conscious
They have become increasingly health-conscious.
113
Contributor
(N.)
Contributor (to something): A person who writes articles for a magazine or a book, or who talks on a radio or television programme or at a meeting
a regular contributor to this magazine
Contributor (to something): A person or thing that provides money to help pay for something, or support something
Older people are important contributors to the economy.
the largest net contributor to EU funds
Contributor (to something): Something that helps to cause something
Sulphur dioxide is a pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain.
114
Prerequisite
(N.)
Prerequisite (for/of/to something) (formal): Something that must exist or happen before something else can happen or be done
Syn: precondition
A degree is an essential prerequisite for employment at this level.
Flexibility of approach is an important prerequisite to successful learning.
115
Fidgety
(Adj.)
(informal)
Nervous
(of a person) Unable to remain still or quiet, usually because of being bored or nervous
Syn: restless
The children get fidgety if they have nothing to do.
As the questioning continued, he became fidgety and uneasy.
116
Correlation
(N.)
A connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other does
•correlation (between A and B)
There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
•correlation (of A with B)
the correlation of social power with wealth
117
Immutable
(Adj.)
(formal)
That cannot be changed; that will never change
Syn: unchangeable
This decision should not be seen as immutable.
118
Disperse
(V.)
To move apart and go away in different directions; to make somebody/something do this
The fog began to disperse.
The crowd dispersed quickly.
•disperse somebody/something
Police dispersed the protesters with tear gas.
Disperse (something): To spread or to make something spread over a wide area
Syn: scatter
The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
119
Diary
(N.)
(pl. diaries)
(BrE)
(AmE datebook)
A book with spaces for each day of the year in which you can write down things you have to do in the future
a desk diary
I'll make a note of our next meeting in my diary.
A book in which you can write down the experiences you have each day, your private thoughts, etc.
Do you keep a diary (= write one regularly)?
The writer's letters and diaries are being published next year.
120
High street
(N.)
(BrE)
The main street of a town, especially as the traditional site for most shops, banks, and other businesses.
the approaching festive season boosted the high street
(of retail goods) Catering to the needs of the ordinary public.
121
Crisp
(N.)
(also potato crisp) (both BrE) (AmE chip, potato chip)
A thin round slice of potato that is fried until hard then dried and eaten cold. Crisps are sold in bags and have many different flavours.
a packet of smoky bacon crisps
(AmE) (BrE crumble)
A dessert (= a sweet dish) made from fruit that is covered with a rough mixture of flour, butter and sugar, cooked in the oven and usually served hot
apple crisp
122
Distorted
P
123
Aerial
(Adj.)
From a plane
aerial attacks/bombardment/photography
an aerial view of Palm Island
Not all patterns and marks seen on aerial photographs represent archaeological sites.
In the air; existing above the ground
The banyan tree has aerial roots.
Bees have half a dozen aerial dances to indicate where to find nectar.
124
Incidentally
(Adv.)
Used to introduce a new topic, or some extra information, or a question that you have just thought of
Syn by the way
Incidentally, have you heard the news about Sue?
In a way that was not planned but that is connected with something else
The information was only discovered incidentally.
125
Sensibly
P
126
Consistency
P
127
Conventional
P
128
Novelty
P
129
Put forward
P
130
Way out
P
131
Remedy
(N.)
(pl. remedies)
Medication
A way of dealing with or improving an unpleasant or difficult situation
Syn solution
remedy (for something): There is no simple remedy for unemployment.
remedy (to something): There are a number of possible remedies to this problem.
A treatment or medicine to cure a disease or reduce pain that is not very serious
a herbal remedy
remedy for something: an excellent home remedy for sore throats
remedy (against something) (law) a way of dealing with a problem, using the processes of the law Syn redress
Holding copyright provides the only legal remedy against unauthorized copying.
What’s my remedy in law in this case?
132
Prescription
P
133
Panacea
(N.)
Panacea (for something): Something that will solve all the problems of a particular situation
There is no single panacea for the problem of unemployment.
134
Metaphorically
(Adv.)
In a way that uses or contains metaphors
I'll leave you in Robin's capable hands—metaphorically speaking, of course!
به طور استعاری، مجازا
135
Scheme
(N.)
(BrE) A plan or system for doing or organizing something
a training scheme
•scheme (for doing something):
A local scheme for recycling newspapers
•scheme (to do something):
to introduce/operate a scheme to improve links between schools and industry
Under the new scheme only successful schools will be given extra funding.
A plan for getting money or some other advantage for yourself, especially one that involves cheating other people
an elaborate scheme to avoid taxes
An ordered system or arrangement
It is a poem with a rhyme scheme and a defined structure.
(Scottish English, informal) An area of social housing (= houses or flats/apartments for people to rent or buy at low prices)
The mother of four was living in one of Glasgow's most deprived housing schemes.
136
Magic bullet
P
137
Overstate
(V.)
Overstate something: To say something in a way that makes it seem more important than it really is
Syn: exaggerate
He tends to overstate his case when talking politics.
The seriousness of the crime cannot be overstated.
Her musical talent has been a little overstated.
138
Understate
P
139
Newsagent
P
140
Packing up shop
P
141
To be out the door
Idiom
To leave a place
She walked out the door without saying goodbye
142
To feel up to something
pharasal verb
Feel up to something
To have the strength and energy to do or deal with something
Do we have to go to the party? I really don't feel up to it.
Feel up to doing something
After the accident she didn't feel up to driving.
143
To stand someone up
P
144
To stew over something
idiom
To think or worry about something.
I've been stewing over the problem for a while.
145
To cut someone some slack
P
146
To fall through
phrasal verb
To not be completed, or not happen
Our plans fell through because of lack of money.
147
To leave someone high and dry
P
148
Bail
P
149
To let off some steam
P
150
Low-key
P
151
Like a chicken with its head cut off
P
152
To catch a flick
P
153
Eye to eye on something
Idiom
Used when you view something in the same way as others do, or that you agree with someone about something
154
Chick flick
Chick flick is a slang term, sometimes used pejoratively, for the film genre catered specifically to women's interests, and is marketed toward women demographics. They generally tend to appeal more to a younger female audience and deals mainly with love and romance.
155
Chauvinistically
P
156
To zone out
phrasal verb
zone out
(especially AmE, informal)
To fall asleep, become unconscious or stop paying attention
I just zoned out for a moment.
157
A play by play
Pertaining to or being a detailed account of each incident or act of an event, as in sports: a play-by-play broadcast of a baseball game.
A play-by-play is a running commentary on or a detailed summary of an event, used especially in sports.
لحظه به لحظه
158
Let someone off the hook
P
159
To grab a bite
P
160
I’m so hungry I could eat a horse
P
161
To even the score
Idiom
To get enough points, goals, runs, etc., to have the same score as one's opponent : to tie the score in a game
They evened the score at 5–5.
To harm or punish someone who caused one harm.
162
Muddle
(V.)
To put things in the wrong order or mix them up
•muddle something
Don't do that—you're muddling my papers.
•muddle something up
Their letters were all muddled up together in a drawer.
```
Muddle somebody (up): To confuse somebody
Slow down a little—you're muddling me.
```
Muddle somebody/something (up) | Muddle A (up) with B: To confuse one person or thing with another
Syn mix something/up
I muddled the dates and arrived a week early.
He got all muddled up about what went where.
They look so alike, I always get them muddled up.
163
Strengthening
(N.)
resonance, intensification, exacerbation, strengthening, amplification
(Adj.)
tonic, nourishing, fortifying, restorative, strengthening
164
Train
(V.)
To teach a person or an animal the skills for a particular job or activity; to be taught in this way
•train somebody/something
badly trained staff
•train somebody/something to do something
They train dogs to sniff out drugs.
•train (somebody) (as/in/for something)
He trained as a teacher before becoming an actor.
All members of the team have trained in first aid.
•train to do/be something
Sue is training to be a doctor.
To prepare yourself/somebody for a particular activity, especially a sport, by doing a lot of exercise; to prepare a person or an animal in this way
•train (for/in something)
athletes training for the Olympics
I train in the gym for two hours a day.
•train somebody/something (for/in something)
She trains horses.
He trains the Olympic team.
To develop a natural ability or quality so that it improves
•train something
An expert with a trained eye will spot the difference immediately.
•train something to do something
You can train your mind to think positively.
```
Train something (around/along/up, etc.) To make a plant grow in a particular direction
Roses had been trained around the door.
```
165
Grow out of it
P
166
Seal
(N.)
official mark
An official design or mark, stamped on a document to show that it is genuine and carries the authority of a particular person or organization
The letter bore the president's seal.
making something definite
A thing that makes something definite
The project has been given the government's seal of approval (= official approval).
I looked upon the gift as a seal on our friendship.
on containers
A substance, strip of material, etc. used to fill a crack so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get in or out
a jar with a rubber seal in the lid
Only drink bottled water and check the seal isn't broken.
on letters/boxes
A piece of wax (= a soft substance produced by bees ), soft metal or paper that is placed across the opening of something such as a letter or box and which has to be broken before the letter or box can be opened
He broke the wax seal and unrolled the paper.
A piece of metal, a ring, etc. with a design on it, used for stamping a wax or metal seal
sea animal
A sea animal that eats fish and lives around coasts. There are many types of seal, some of which are hunted for their fur.
a colony of seals
grey seals basking on the rocks
The annual seal hunt takes place on the pack ice off Greenland.
فک دریایی
167
Eventually
P
168
Assignment
P
169
Hitchhike
(V.)
To travel by asking for free rides in other people’s cars, by standing at the side of the road and trying to get passing cars to stop
They hitchhiked around Europe.
170
Literacy
(N.)
The ability to read and write
a campaign to promote adult literacy
basic literacy skills
171
Illitrate
(Adj.)
(of a person) Not knowing how to read or write
A large percentage of the rural population was illiterate.
opposite literate
(of a document or letter) Badly written, as if by somebody without much education
(usually after a noun or adverb) Not knowing very much about a particular subject area.
computer illiterate
musically illiterate
172
Marine
P
173
All-terrain
(Adj.)
Designed to travel on all types of ground, including rough ground.
174
Worth of data
P
175
Roughly
P
176
Treaty
P
177
Ashore
P
178
Coastgaurd
P
179
Plight
P
180
Tribal
(Adj.)
Connected with a tribe or tribes
tribal art
tribal leaders
181
Foreign exchange visit
P
182
Exploit
P
183
Recall
(V.)
184
Ethical
P
185
Qualify
P
186
Extract
(V.)
Extract something (from somebody/something): To remove or obtain a substance from something, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process
a machine that extracts excess moisture from the air
to extract essential oils from plants
```
Extract something (from somebody/something): To obtain information, money, etc., often by taking it from somebody who is unwilling to give it
Journalists managed to extract all kinds of information about her private life.
```
```
Extract something (from somebody/something): To choose information, etc. from a book, a computer, etc. to be used for a particular purpose
This article is extracted from his new book.
```
```
Extract something (from somebody/something) (formal or specialist): To take or pull something out, especially when this needs force or effort
The dentist may decide that the wisdom teeth need to be extracted.
He rifled through his briefcase and extracted a file.
```
Extract something (from somebody/something) (formal): To get a particular feeling or quality from a situation
Syn derive
They are unlikely to extract much benefit from the trip.
187
Pronounce
(V.)
Pronounce something: To make the sound of a word or letter in a particular way
Very few people can pronounce my name correctly.
The ‘b’ in lamb is not pronounced.
(formal) To say or give something formally, officially or publicly
•pronounce something: to pronounce an opinion
The judge will pronounce sentence today.
•pronounce somebody/something + noun
She pronounced him the winner of the competition.
I now pronounce you man and wife (= in a marriage ceremony).
•pronounce somebody/something + adj.
She was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.
•pronounce somebody/something to be/have something
He pronounced the country to be in a state of war.
•pronounce that…
She pronounced that an error had been made.
•+ speech
‘It's pneumonia,’ he pronounced gravely.
188
Chunking
P
189
Muddling
(Adj.)
Causing confusion; difficult to understand
These tax forms are very muddling.
190
Comperhend
P
191
Accompany
P
192
Grouse
```
(N.)
(pl. grouse)
A bird with a fat body and feathers on its legs, which people shoot for sport and food; the meat of this bird
grouse shooting
grouse moors
roast grouse
```
(informal) A complaint
193
Nought
P
194
Tarn
(N.)
A small lake in the mountains
A short climb from the tarn leads to the ridge wall.
195
Exodus
P
196
Northenmost
P
197
Coach
(N.)
A person who trains a person or team in sport
a basketball/football/tennis, etc. coach
Italy’s national coach
(BrE) A person who gives private lessons to somebody, often to prepare them for an exam
a maths coach
A comfortable bus for carrying passengers over long distances
They went to Italy on a coach tour.
Travel is by coach overnight to Berlin.
a coach station (= where coaches start and end their journey)
a coach party (= a group of people travelling together on a coach)
(BrE) = carriage
a railway coach واگن
A large closed vehicle with four wheels, pulled by horses, used in the past for carrying passenger
(AmE) the cheapest seats in a plane
to fly coach
coach fares/passengers/seats
198
Setting off
P
199
Object
(V.)
200
Money off
P
201
Hand-side
P
202
Beyond
P
203
Sword
P
204
A beauty
idiom
| A very good or vivid example of something
205
To do a number on something
To damage, destroy, or hurt something badly
206
A surefire way to do something
idiom
| A way that will definitely have a certain outcome or result
207
To yank something out/ back/ open etc
(V.)
| To suddenly pull something quickly and with force
208
To live something down
idiom
| To forget about an embarrasing situation
209
To outdo yourself
idiom
| To do something very well; to do better than normally do
210
A tall order
idiom
| An unusually difficult request
211
To be out of the question
idiom
| To be impossible to accomplish
212
To be back in the saddle
idiom
| To return to your normal activities, especially after an illness or injury
213
Specificlly
P
214
To baby someone or something
idiom
| To threat very carefully and with great sensitivity
215
Hobble
(V.)
(+ adv./prep.) To walk with difficulty, especially because your feet or legs hurt
Syn: limp
The old man hobbled across the road.
She was hobbling around on crutches.
(To have someone hobbling out: To help someone with injured leg move out a place)
Hobble something: To tie together two legs of a horse or other animal in order to stop it from running away
The horse’s hind legs had been hobbled.
Hobble something: To make it more difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen
Our work is hobbled by the amount of bureaucracy involved.
216
Drop by
P
217
Collide
(V.) with
218
Specialise
(V.)
