Wine, Law and Costs Flashcards

An overview of the purpose of wine laws as well as the umbrella frameworks in Europe and the US, plus cost factors that go into producing wine.

1
Q

What three important issues do most wine laws seek to address? Which one is most imperative?

A
  1. Wine should be sound to drink and suitable for humans to ingest;
  2. Any information on the label should accurately represent what is actually in the bottle;
  3. Ensuring principles are in place that should protect persons and societies from abuse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What winemaking ingredient is of special importance to wine laws in terms of production?

A

SO2 (Sulfur dioxide)

In many countries around the world, the words “contains sulfites” have to appear on the label by law if the amount of SO2 in the wine is above a particular level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In countries that allow the consumption of alcohol, what two areas are controlled by specific laws?

A
  1. A minimum legal age is established for the procurement and consumption of alcohol;
  2. A legal limit is set on the amount of alcohol a person can have in his/her blood while operating any kind of vehicle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In what two ways do many governments encourage safe alcohol consumption and safe drinking habits?

A
  1. Many governments make recommendations as to the number of drinks per week adults should consume;
  2. Governments set limits on advertising and marketing of alcoholic products to avoid stimulating overconsumption.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Geographical Indications (GIs)?

A

Geographical Indications, or GIs, indicate the place where a wine comes from.

Note that Geographical Indications can sometimes be as large as a country or as small as a single vineyard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which governing body oversees the current system of Geographical Indications used by all significant wine-producing countries?

A

The World Trade Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two quality categories of wines with a Geographic Indication in the European Union?

A

The more stringent Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and the less rigorous Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) standards differ in the European Union?

A

As a wide generalization, Protected Designations of Origins (PDOs) are smaller, more delimited areas with more restrictions placed on their production methods.

Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs) are larger areas with more freedom in terms of what winemaking practices can be employed within their boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) designations rarely seen on wine labels using the European Union’s legal terms?

A

The EU allows appellation designations that were registered before December 31, 2011 to continue to be used on wine labels as long as they fall into the larger European framework introduced in 2009.

This is why you are more likely to see French wines labeled with Appellation d’Origine Controlée (AOC) designates and Italian wines with Denominazione di Origine Controllata (e Garantita) DOC/DOCG designates as there are historic ties as well as quality perceptions that producers and consumers still hold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If a Geographical Indication is stated on a label, how much of that wine customarily comes from the stated GI?

A

85%

For most countries this is the baseline rule, although there are numerous exceptions throughout the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the European Union, if a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) is used, how much of the wine must come from the stated PDO?

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three tiers of Geographical Indications seen on French wines?

A

PDO level: AOC or AC (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée) or AOP (Appellation d’Origine Protégée)

PGI level: IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) or VdP (Vin de Pays)

Without GI: Vin de France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three tiers of Geographical Indications seen on Italian wines?

A

PDO level: DOC (Denominazione di Origine Controllata), DOCG (Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita) and DOP (Denominazione di Origine Protetta)

PGI level: IGP (Indicazione Geografica Protetta) and IGT (Indicazione Geografica Tipica)

Without GI: Vino or Vino d’Italia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what ways does the DOCG level differ from the DOC level in Italy?

A

Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) wines have to be made within specific, delimited geographical areas as well as there being constraints on which grapes can be grown and how they are vinified and matured.

Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) wines must not only satisfy all the DOC regulations, they have to be bottled within the area they are made and they have to go through an tasting/approval process by the Ministry of Agriculture before they can be released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What other labeling terms are defined by Italian wine law?

A

Classico and Riserva

Classico wines are the wines that have been made solely from a historically classified wine region (which may or may not have expanded beyond its historic boundaries over time).

Riserva wines are a category that carry a specified extended aging regimen, sometimes in oak or bottle (or both), and are usually higher in alcohol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nearly all wines made outside of the E.U. fall into what category of the E.U.’s hierarchy?

A

Wines with a GI

17
Q

How do most European wines with a GI (PDO, PGI) differ from non-European wines with a GI (AVA, District, Zone, etc.)?

A

Non-European wines with a GI rarely have rules or regulations dictating which grapes can be grown within that GI and rarely, if ever, set mandatory vinification methods.

18
Q

Why do European Wine laws have a greater impact on the world wine trade than other laws from around the world?

A

Since the European Union makes around 60% of the world’s wine and drinks around 50%, European wine laws have the largest impact on wine producers and consumers.

19
Q

What are some of the most common factors that go into the price of wine?

A
  • Production costs
  • Packaging
  • Transport
  • Distribution/Sales
  • Taxes
  • Retailers and restaurants
  • Market factors
20
Q

Where do some of the biggest costs come from when producing wine?

A
  • Growing the grapes
  • Winemaking
21
Q

What are some of the things that affect the cost of grape growing?

A
  • Labor (usually biggest expense)
  • If land was purchased
    • was it an existing vineyard or was it started from scratch?
      • would have to buy baby vines, plant them, buy trellising equipment if using
  • Soil management
22
Q

What are two ways of lowering production costs?

A
  1. Use seasonal workforce
  2. Machine harvesting
23
Q

What are some of the costs that go into winemaking?

A
  • Purchasing and maintaining equipment
  • Bottling, be it on-premise or a mobile bottler
  • Wine in vessels that aren’t generating any revenue (they’re aging yet taking up space in the winery or cave)
24
Q

What are some of the things that go into packaging costs?

A
  • Bottles
  • Labels
  • Capsules
  • Corks
  • Shippers
25
Q

What are some of the things that go into the cost of transporting wine?

A
  • Gasoline
  • Trucks and truck drivers (outsourced labor)
  • Shipping it across an ocean in a container
  • Insurance
26
Q

What is a major market force that can determine the price of a wine, whether it’s in a restaurant or a store?

A

Consumer demand

When a wine is allocated, in high demand, or if the vintage being released was a short vintage, the prices tend to increase.

Conversely, when wines are not in demand they might have sluggish sales, sit on shelves, or go on sale.

27
Q

What are the 3 types of wine producer?

A
  1. Co-ops
  2. Merchants
  3. Estates
28
Q

What is a wine co-op (or co-operative)?

A

Wine “co-ops” are owned by members that cooperate in the business of growing grapes and making wines.

Members grow grapes and bring their grapes to the co-op for processing, bottling, etc. Many growers join co-ops because their production is so small that it doesn’t make financial sense for them to make the wine, bottle it, transport it, and market it themselves.

Co-ops are most common in Europe.

A notable co-op is Produttori del Barbaresco in Piedmont, Italy.

29
Q

In terms of being a wine producer, what is merchant (aka négociant)?

A

Merchants will buy grapes, juice, or finished wine from growers and/or co-ops. Merchants can be big or small, and they usually make a range of quality levels.

Many big brands are merchants, such as Treasury Wine Estates in the U.S.

30
Q

An Estate wine producer is known as what in France?

A

Domaine

31
Q

Describe an Estate wine producer.

A

An Estate wine producer makes wine only from the grapes they grow. This allows them greater control over vineyard management and the entire production process.

Usually Estate or Domaine wines are small production, which means prices tend to be high.

Note: some domaines will purchase grapes to make more wine, and in that case they’ll drop the word “domaine” and replace it with “maison.” An example of this is Domaine Leroy in Burgundy, which uses only estate fruit for their domaine bottling, and Maison Leroy, their label which uses only purchased fruit.