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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Bone and Joint Structure > Flashcards

Bone and Joint Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are in charge of creating bone?

A

osteoblasts

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2
Q

What do osteoblasts connect with to form the bone fluid barrier?

A

osteocytes

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3
Q

What does the bone fluid barrier regulate?

A

minute-to-minute Ca flux

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4
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

in lacunae

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5
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone removing cells

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6
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

Howeship’s lacuna

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7
Q

What do osteoclasts attach to?

A

mineralized bone

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8
Q

How do osteoclasts resorb bone?

A

they secrete H+ to dissolve mineral and secrete metalloproteinases to break down the organic matrix

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9
Q

What type of collagen is the organic matrix made out of?

A

type 1 collagen

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10
Q

What is the purpose of type 1 collagen in the organic matrix?

A

it provides tensile strength and flexibility

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11
Q

What are the non-collagenous parts of the organic matrix?

A

various cytokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes

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12
Q

What type of mineral is the initial deposition of mineral in bone?

A

amorphous calcium phosphate

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13
Q

What is hydroxyapatine?

A

crystalline calcium phosphate - the dominant mineral in mature bone

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14
Q

What part of bone stores calcium and phosphorus?

A

the mineral part

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15
Q

Identify this structure:

A

epiphysis

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16
Q

Identify this structure:

A

physis

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17
Q

Identify this structure:

A

metaphysis

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18
Q

Identify this structure:

A

Articular cartilage

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19
Q

Identify this structure:

A

diaphysis

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20
Q

Identify this structure:

A

cortical bone

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21
Q

Identify this structure:

A

trabecular bone

22
Q

Identify this structure:

A

periostium

23
Q

Identify these structures:

A

osteons

24
Q

Identify this region:

A

periostium

25
Q

Identify these structures:

A

Haversian Canals

26
Q

Identify this structure:

A

osteocytes

27
Q

Identify this structure:

A

osteoblasts

28
Q

Identify this structure:

A

cartilage

29
Q

Identify this structure:

A

osteoclast

30
Q

What is endochondrial ossification?

A

when bone forms in and replaces a cartilage model

31
Q

What is required for normal chondrocyte growth?

A

growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, thyroxine, and vitamin D3 metabolites

32
Q

How many centers of ossification are there and what are they called?

A

2 - primary and secondary

33
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

within fibrous tissue

34
Q

What does woven bone turn into?

A

lamellar bone

35
Q

What is woven bone?

A

temporary ragged and rough bone that is rapidly produced at bone at sites of periosteal injury

36
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

dense, well organized sheets of bone

37
Q

When is lamellar bone produced?

A

during normal bone growth and remodeling throughout life

38
Q

How is does bone compression stimulate bone growth?

A

mineral is distorted which creates piezoelectric activity which stimulates bone growth

39
Q

What are the layers of the joint capsule?

A

fibrous, loose fibrovascular, and synoviocyte

40
Q

What are the types of synoviocytes?

A

type a and b

41
Q

What are type a synoviocytes and what do they do?

A

they are macrophage-like cells that are phagocytic, produce cytokines and inflamatory mediators

42
Q

What are type b synoviocytes and what do they do?

A

they are fibroblast-like cells that produce hyaluronic acid and lubricin which is added to synovial fluid

43
Q

Which layer of the joint capsule does not have a basement membrane?

A

the synoviocyte layer

44
Q

What is articular cartilage made up of?

A

chondrocytes, collagen matrix, proteoglycan/GAG matrix, and water

45
Q

What is the life-span of chondrocytes?

A

they are long-lived cells

46
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

they have the enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) that are able to produce and degrade matrix

47
Q

What type of collagen is articular cartilage made out of and what is the function?

A

type II and IX to provie tensile/structural strength

48
Q

What is the proteoglycan/GAG matrix made up of?

A

core protein with chondroitin SO4 side chains, hyaluronic acid, and hydrated gel

49
Q

What is synovial fluid made up of?

A

ultrafiltrate, hyaluronic acid, and glycoproteins

50
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

it is boundary lubricant and serves as a nutritional source for chondrocytes

51
Q

When does squeeze film lubrication come into play and how does it work?

A

during joing compression and release; compression on the cartilage squeezes fluid to the surface and opposing surfaces ride on fluid film. Release from compression and the fluid is sucked back into the cartilage

52
Q

What is the function of the nutritional pump?

A

it pumps out wastes and pumps in nutrients in the joint

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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