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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Pathology of the eye > Flashcards

Pathology of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the outer tunic of the eye?

A

sclera and cornea

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2
Q

What are the parts of the vascular tunic of the eye?

A

choroid, iris, and ciliary body

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3
Q

What are the parts of the neural tunic?

A

the retina

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4
Q

What is the area between the cornea and the sclera called?

A

the limbus

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5
Q

When there is retinal separation, where does it occur?

A

in between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium

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6
Q

What type of cells does the retinal pigment epithelium interact with?

A

photoreceptors

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7
Q

Describe the epithelium of the eye.

A

it is stratified squamous epithelium, highly organized, 5-6 layers, and does not keratinize

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8
Q

Describe the stroma of the eye.

A

specialized type of fibrous connective tissue, much less fluid than other parts of the eye, composed of collagen

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9
Q

What is Descemet’s membrane?

A

a thick basement membrane produced by corneal endothelium

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10
Q

Where is Descemet’s membrane located?

A

in between the stroma and the corneal endothelium

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the corneal endothelium?

A

it prevents the aqueous humor from leaking into the stroma

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12
Q

What is the function of the pectinate ligament?

A

it allows aqueous humor to seep through

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13
Q

What is the pectinate ligament connected to?

A

Descemet’s membrane

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14
Q

Where is the tapetum lucidum located?

A

in the dorsal part of the retina

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15
Q

Which layers of the retina is the tapetum lucidum located in between?

A

the choroid and the retinal pigment epithelium

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16
Q

What is the difference between corneal erosion and corneal ulcers?

A

Corneal erosion is loss of epithelium down to the basement membrane and corneal ulcers go through the basement membrane

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17
Q

What usually is the cause of corneal erosion?

A

trauma

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18
Q

What are the causes ulcers?

A

trauma and certain bacteria and viruses

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19
Q

What is a melting ulcer?

A

when bacteria complicate the ulcer by producing metalloproteinases that dissolve the cornea

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20
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

an ulcer that goes down into Descemet’s membrane

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21
Q

How do you know if you have a desmetocele?

A

the ulcer becomes clear in the middle

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22
Q

What is a perforated ulcer?

A

when the iris adheres to the ulcer

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23
Q

Ulcers are usually associated with ________.

A

inflammation

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24
Q

Where will exudate in ulcers come from?

A

the conjunctiva

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25
Q

How is erosion repaired?

A

epithelium looses up then the epithelium proliferates, slides onto the basement membrane and fills in

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26
Q

What can cause erosion to be recurrent?

A

if injury damages basement membrane then there are issues with attachment

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27
Q

What are the steps of ulcer repair?

A

epithelial proliferation, stromal neovascularization, and stromal fibrosis

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28
Q

Where does stromal neovascularization begin?

A

in the periphery at the limbus

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29
Q

What does ulcer repair create?

A

scar tissue

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30
Q

What is corneal edema?

A

fluid accumulation within the stroma due to the loss of epithelial or endothelial barrier

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31
Q

What causes corneal edema?

A

disruption of stromal fiber organization

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32
Q

What does corneal edema look like grossly?

A

a cloudy eye

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33
Q

What is the cause of chronic epithelial hyperplasia?

A

chronic persistent injury such as dry eye

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34
Q

What is another term for chronic epithelial hyperplasia?

A

epidermalization

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35
Q

What lesion does chronic epithelial hyperplasia cause?

A

rete ridge formation and keratinization

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36
Q

What is corneal neovascularization?

A

blood vessel ingrowth from the limbus into the peripheral stroma

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37
Q

What is stroma fibrosis?

A

the replacement of regular corneal fibrous stroma with scar tissue

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38
Q

What may stromal fibrosis resemble?

A

the dermis due to cutaneous metaplasia

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39
Q

What is inflammation of the cornea called?

A

keratitis

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40
Q

What types of exudate are associated with keratitis?

A

serous, fibrinous, purulent, and granulomatous

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41
Q

Where does exudate come from in keratitis?

A

conjunctiva, tears, and anterior uvea

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42
Q

Where does exudate accumulate in in keratitis?

A

epithelium, stroma, or adheres to the endothelium

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43
Q

What are keratitic precipitates?

A

when exudate from keratitis sticks on the endothelial side

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44
Q

What is feline corneal sequestration?

A

necrosis to the corneal stroma as the result of an ulcer; occurs at the base of the ulcer

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45
Q

How does feline corneal sequestration appear grossly?

A

as discrete brown focal discoloration

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46
Q

What is goniodysgenesis?

A

the incomplete or dysplastic development of the iridocorneal angle, pectinate ligament, and ciliary cleft

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47
Q

What can goniodysgenesis contribute to?

A

primary glaucoma

48
Q

What is choroidal hypoplasia?

A

a thin choroid

49
Q

What is choroidal hypoplasia associated with?

A

color-dilution mutant coat patterns

50
Q

What is anterior uveitis?

A

inflammation to the iris and ciliary body

51
Q

What is panuveitis?

A

inflammation to the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

52
Q

What types of exudate is associated with uveal inflammation?

A

all types except catarrhal

53
Q

In the case of uveal inflammatino, where does exudate that originates in the iris leak into?

A

the anterior chamber causing a hazy look in the eye

54
Q

In the case of uveal inflammation, where does exudate leak to that originates in the choroid?

A

into the subretinal space

55
Q

What causes uvual inflammation?

A

infectious agents, autoimmune, and phacoclastic uveitis

56
Q

What is phacoclastic uveitis?

A

the lens ruptures and fibers enter into the eye

57
Q

What is preiridial fibrovascular membrane?

A

PIFM! The proliferation of fibrovascular tissue on the anterior surface of the iris

58
Q

Is PIFM acute or chronic?

A

chronic

59
Q

What may PIFM result in?

A

anterior synechia, posterior synechia, closure of the iridocorneal angle, entropion uveae, and ectropion uveae

60
Q

What is anterior synechia?

A

adhesion of the iris to the cornea

61
Q

What is posterior synechia?

A

adhesion of the iris to the lens capsule

62
Q

What can closure of the iridocorneal angle cause?

A

secondary glaucoma

63
Q

What is entropion uveae?

A

inward contraction of pupillary margin

64
Q

What is ectropion uveae?

A

outward contraction of the pupillary margin

65
Q

What causes intra-ocular hemorrhage?

A

trauma, inflammation, hypertensive vasculopathy, and neoplasms

66
Q

What may intra-ocular hemorrhage result in?

A

a detached retina

67
Q

What are some common uveal neoplasms?

A

melanoma, ciliary body epithelial tumors, and lymphosarcoma

68
Q

Where are uvual melanomas located?

A

in the anterior uvea and they do not usually spread past the eye

69
Q

What parts of the uvea do lymphosarcomas usually include?

A

anterior uvea and choroid

70
Q

What does retinal dysplasia cause?

A

wrinkles and folds rosettes

71
Q

What causes retinal dysplasia?

A

genetic, viral infection during development

72
Q

What is an example of a viral infection that causes retinal dysplasia?

A

bovine viral diarrhea

73
Q

If there is inflammation in the retina is it usually exclusively in the retina?

A

no

74
Q

What exudate types (infiltrates) are associated with retinal inflammation?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and PC (whatever that is)

75
Q

What is degeneration/atrophy of the retina?

A

neuron loss from various layers depending on cause

76
Q

What does degeneration/atrophy of the retina cause?

A

photoreceptor loss, collapse and gliosis

77
Q

What causes retinal degeneration/atrophy?

A

ischemia, glaucoma, nutritional deficienccy, drugs, detachment, genetic, inflammation

78
Q

When the retina detaches, what does it separate from?

A

the RPE

79
Q

What results from retinal detachment?

A

hypertrophy of the RPE and loss of photoreceptors (long term result)

80
Q

What causes retinal detachment?

A

hemorrhage, transudate from hypertensive vasculopathy, and exudate

81
Q

What is microphakia?

A

a small underdeveloped lens

82
Q

What causes Microphakia?

A

usually a congenital defect that is associated with other defects

83
Q

Describe a cataract.

A

lens opacity due to disruption of fiber organization

84
Q

What lens fiber changes occur in cataracts?

A

swelling, fragmentation, liquefaction, Morgagnian globules, mineralization

85
Q

What causes cataracts?

A

congenital, aging, diabetes mellitus, and others

86
Q

Where are cataracts located?

A

subscapular, anterior, and posterior

87
Q

What is a hypermature cataract?

A

lens fibers liquefy and leak out; the lens collapses

88
Q

What is nuclear sclerosis?

A

aging due to compression of nuclear lens fibers (there is constant re-epithelialization and the older fibers in the middle compress)

89
Q

What is inflammation to the lens called?

A

phacitis

90
Q

What is phacitis secondary to?

A

penetrating injury

91
Q

What type of infiltrate is associated with phacitis?

A

pmns

92
Q

What happens if the lens capsule ruptures due to phacitis?

A

it may cause phacoclastic uveitis

93
Q

How does a luxated lens occur?

A

the zonules, the fibers that hold the lens in place, become ruptured

94
Q

What happens to the lens when the lens is luxated?

A

it moves around; usually ventrally or anteriorly\

95
Q

What happens if the luxated lens is lodged in the pupil?

A

a pupillary block

96
Q

What is epithelial fibrous metaplasia secondary to?

A

rupture of the lens capsule

97
Q

In cats, what occurs, potentially many years after, due to trauma to the lens?

A

trauma-induced-ocular sarcoma of cats

98
Q

What is entropion?

A

the rolling in of the eyelid

99
Q

What is ectropion?

A

the rolling out of the eyelid

100
Q

What is inflammation of the eyelid called?

A

blepharitis

101
Q

When the glands of the eyelid and the eyelid are involved, what is the inflammation called?

A

Meibomian adenitis

102
Q

What is chalazion?

A

granulomatous inflammation of Meibomian glands and the eyelid

103
Q

What neoplasms are associated with the eyelid?

A

melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, meibomian gland tumors

104
Q

What is inflammation of the conjunctiva and/or the third eyelid called?

A

conjunctivitis

105
Q

What is pannus of the eye?

A

proliferation of fibrovascular tissue that grows onto the cornea; interface LP inflammation of the cornea

106
Q

What neoplasms are associated with the conjunctiva?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

107
Q

What is inflammation of the sclera called?

A

episcleritis

108
Q

Describe episcleritis.

A

it is inflammation on the surface of the sclera and may extend into the 3rd eyelid

109
Q

What are the two forms of episcleritis?

A

granulomatous form and necrotizing form

110
Q

What is microphthalmia?

A

when the eye is small - there is a small underdeveloped globe

111
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

the inflammation of all interior segments and chambers

112
Q

What is panophthalmitis?

A

inflammation of all components of the eye

113
Q

What is buphthalmos?

A

an enlarged globe

114
Q

What is the cause of buphthalmos?

A

increased intraocular pressure secondary to glaucoma

115
Q

What is phthisis bulbi?

A

atrophy of the globe - the eye was normal at one time but is not normal anymore

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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