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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 3 - GI Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - GI Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What Salmonella species causes septicemia in pigs?

A

Salmonella choleraesuis

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2
Q

What Salmonella species causes septicemia in cattle?

A

Salmonella dublin

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3
Q

What Salmonella species are associated with enterocolitis?

A

Salmonella typhimurium (horses, pigs, and cattle) and Salmonella Newport

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4
Q

What clinical diseases does salmonella cause?

A

malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea, increased vascular permeability, or secretory diarrhea

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5
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Salmonella?

A

diarrhea, fever, and abdomonal pain

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6
Q

What gross lesions are associated with a Salmonella infection?

A

enlarged, fluid filled colon, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, fibrinonecrotic (ulcerative) enterocolitis

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7
Q

What tissues should you take samples from for Salmonella diagnosis?

A

intestine, colon, mesenteric, lymph node

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8
Q

What are the possible causes of fecal salmonella isolation?

A

the animal has salmonella enteritis or the animal is an asymptomatic carrier (either carrying a pathogenic or non-pathogenic strain)

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9
Q

What evidence for Salmonella enteritis can be found in feces?

A

heavy growth and a pathogenic stereotype

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10
Q

What species are affected by Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

pigs and horses

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11
Q

What type of diarrhea is Lawsonia intracellularis the most common cause of in swine?

A

finishing pig diarrhea

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12
Q

What age of horses are affected by Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

foals 2-8 months of age

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a Lawsonia intracellularis infection?

A
  1. Lawsonia enters cell
  2. Infected cells continue to undergo mitosis
  3. Oranism inhibits enterocytes differentiation
  4. Decreased expression of apical membrane transporters involved in absorption
  5. Nonabsorbed solutes cause osmotic/malabsorptive diarrhea
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14
Q

What are the 3 distinct forms of Lawsonia infection in swine?

A

hemorrhagic PE, proliferative - porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA), necrotic enteritis

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15
Q

What does PPE look like on histopath?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of crypt epithelial cells

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16
Q

What are two enteric pathogens that do not necessarily result in diarrhea?

A

Lawsonia and Johne’s (sheep and goats)

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17
Q

What clinical signs may be seen in swine and foals due to a Lawsonia infection?

A

variation in growth rates in a group of similar aged animals

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18
Q

What clinical signs may be seen in sheep due to a Johnes infection?

A

weight loss/wasting

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19
Q

What is Johne’s disease caused by?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)

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20
Q

What type of pathogen is MAP and where does it reside?

A

facultative intracellular bacterium that resides within the cytoplasm of host macrophages

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21
Q

At what age are ruminants more susceptible to Johne’s disease?

A

less than 6 months of age

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22
Q

How is Johne’s disease transmitted?

A

fecal/oral route

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23
Q

What clinical signs are associated with the subclinical phase of Johne’s disease?

A

there are no overt signs

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24
Q

What clinical signs are associated with clinical Johne’s disease cases in cattle?

A

weight loss and diarrhea, the animal generally has a good appetitie

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25
Q

What clinical signs are associated with clinical Johne’s disease cases in sheep and goats?

A

weight loss may be the only indication, +/- diarrhea

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26
Q

What is the primary site of MAP infection?

A

the ileum

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27
Q

What gross lesions are associated with MAP clinically infected animals?

A
  1. thickening and corrugation of the ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosa
  2. Enlagement of draining lymph nodes
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28
Q

What should be submitted for Johne’s diagnostics ante mortem?

A

feces and serum

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29
Q

What tests can be done ante mortem do diagnose for Johne’s disease?

A

serology, fecal culture, PCR

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30
Q

At post mortem, what tissues need to be harvested for diagnosis of Johne’s disease?

A

the ileum and draining lymph nodes

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31
Q

What lesions are seen post mortem in animals that have Johne’s disease?

A

granulomatous enteritis and granulomatous lymphadenitis with intracytoplasmic, acid-faast bacteria

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32
Q

What is the histopath difference between an animal that had a Lawsonia infection and an animal that had Johne’s disease?

A

Lawsonia - mucosa thickened due to hyperplasia of crypt cells, ie. proliferative enteritis
Johne’s - mucosa thickened due to an inflammatory infiltrate ie. A granulomatous enteritis

33
Q

Viral diarrhea most commonly effects the _____.

A

young

34
Q

What are the major viruses that cause diarrhea?

A

coronavirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, BVD

35
Q

What species are commonly affected by coronavirus?

A

calves, pigs, and dogs

36
Q

What age calves are typically affected by coronavirus?

A

calves 3-21 days

37
Q

What age pigs are typically affected by coronavirus?

A

any age, most common in suckling and nursery pigs

38
Q

What age dogs are typically affected by coronavirus?

A

most common in 6-16 week old puppies

39
Q

Where does coronavirus localize in pigs and dogs?

A

small intestine

40
Q

Where does coronavirus localize in bovine?

A

small intestine and colon

41
Q

What type of diarrhea does coronavirus cause?

A

malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea

42
Q

What species are typically affected by rotavirus?

A

calves, pigs, foals, lambs, rabbits, dogs, +/- cats, poultry, and ferrets

43
Q

What age are animals typically affected by rotavirus?

A

it is most common in the first month of life

44
Q

Where does rotavirus typically localize?

A

the small intestine

45
Q

What type of diarrhea does rotavirus cause?

A

malabasorptive/maldigestive

46
Q

What is seen histologically in animals with rotovirus?

A

severe villus atrophy, blunting and fusion, with attenuation of superficial villus epithelial cells

47
Q

What species are affected by parvovirus?

A

dogs, cats, mink, and raccoon

48
Q

What age animals are most commonly affected by parvovirus?

A

most commonly 4 months old or less

49
Q

Where does parvovirus localize?

A

the small intestine

50
Q

What is the pathogenesis parvovirus causing diarrhea?

A
  1. Destroys rapidly dividing crypt epithelial cells
  2. Superficial villus epithelial cells normally slough
  3. Cells slough and are not replaced causing villus atrophy
  4. Villus atrophy is often accompanied by substantial loss of surface epithelium
  5. Malabsorptive/maldigestive/exudative diarrhea
51
Q

What gross lesions does parvo cause?

A

enteritis, paintbrush serosal heomorrhages, and congested mucosa with hemorrhagic contents

52
Q

What does parvovirus look like histologically?

A
  1. Necrosis of crypt epithelial cells
  2. Loss of crypts
  3. Villus atrophy, blunting, and fusion due to normal sloughing of epithelial cells
53
Q

How do you diagnose for parvovirus ante mortem?

A

fecal ELISA

54
Q

For parvovirus infections, both the fecal ELISA and FA tests are only reliable during the ____ phase of infection.

A

active

55
Q

What is feline parvo called?

A

panleukopenia

56
Q

What are the four forms of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

A

persistently infected, acute BVD, severe acute BVD, mucosal disease

57
Q

During gestation, when will infection with BVD cause persistent infection in the calf?

A

prior to 125 days of gestation

58
Q

What is the outcome of a calf that becomes persistently infected with BVD?

A

hald of the PI calves die before they are weaned, they may appear relatively normal and shed the virus for years, or they may develop mucosal disease if super-infected with an antigenically similar cytopathic virus

59
Q

What population of animals does BVD infect?

A

immunocompetent, seronegative, non-pregnant animals

60
Q

What is the primary target for replicatoin of BVDV?

A

lymphoid tissue which may lead to immunosuppression

61
Q

What population of cattle gets clinically severe BVDV?

A

animals that are not persistently infected (ie. They did no get it in utero)

62
Q

What clinical signs are associated with severe acute BVD?

A

high fever, oral ulcerations, eruptive lesions of the coronary band and interdigital cleft, diarrhea, +/- thrombocytopenia

63
Q

What is mucosal disease due to BVD caused by?

A

PI calf + survives post-weaning + superinfected with an antigenically similar strain of BVD

64
Q

What clinical signs are associated with mucosal disease caused by BVD?

A

severe pyrexia, leukopenia, depression, weakness, profuse bloody diarrhea, and rapid dehydration

65
Q

What gross lesions are associated with mucosal disease caused by BVD?

A

extensive erosions and ulcers are evident throughout the digestive tract, laminitis, and erosive interdigital lesions

66
Q

What are some intestinal protozoa that are associated with diarrhea?

A

Coccidia, Cryptosporidia, Giardia, Tritrichomonas fetus

67
Q

What protozoa is the most economically significant cause of disease of domestic animals?

A

Coccidia

68
Q

What are the risk factors for Coccidia infection?

A

young, no previous exposure, large exposure dose, and stress

69
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Coccidia?

A

decreased weight gain/weight loss and diarrhea

70
Q

What species get significant disease from a coccidia infection?

A

calves, lambs, kids, piglets, and poultry

71
Q

What species get minor disease from a Coccidia infection?

A

dogs and cats

72
Q

What type of diarrhea is associated with Coccidia infection?

A

malabsorption/maldigestion

73
Q

How does Coccidia cause malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea?

A

it causes destruction of villus epithelial cells and villus atrophy and it causes decreased enterocyte function

74
Q

How does Coccidia cause increased vascular permeability?

A

it causes inflammation +/- ulceration which leads to increased vascular permeability

75
Q

What species are affected by Cryptosporidia?

A

calves, lambs, kids, foals, piglets (reptiles, birds)

76
Q

What age are animals typically affected by Cryptosporidia?

A

it is most common in animals less than 6 weeks of age

77
Q

Where does Cryptosporidia localize?

A

the distal half of the small intestine - particularly the ileum

78
Q

What is the mechanism of diarrhea associated with cryptosporidia?

A

occupation of surface with disruption of microvillus structures and vilus atrophy which causes malabsorption/maldigestion

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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