Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 3 - Respiratory Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Respiratory Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pneumonia typically associated with?

A

an infectious process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the routes of pneumonia?

A

hematogenous or via airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two causes of hematogenous spread leading to pneumonia?

A
  1. diffuse blood-borne dissemination of fungi, bacteria, or viruses
  2. multifocal random bacterial seeding of the lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of pneumonia does multifocal random bacterial seeding of the lung typically lead to and what lesion is associated with it?

A

embolic pneumonia - leading to multifocal abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of pneumonia does diffuse blood-borne dissemination of fungi, bacteria, or viruses typically lead to?

A

diffuse interstitial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common route of pneumonia via the airway?

A

airbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of pneumonia does the airborne route typically lead to?

A

bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the other cause of pneumonia via the airways?

A

inhalation of foreign material into the bronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by inhalation of foreign material into the bronchial tree?

A

aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What clinical signs are typically associated with pneumonia?

A

cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is intersitial pneumonia?

A

an inflammatory process that involbes the alveolar walls and the adjacent interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of diffuse interstitial pneumonia?

A

blood-borne dissemination of a virus, blood-borne dissemination of a toxin, blood-borne dissemination of a bacterin or blood-borne dissemination of a fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What gross features are associated with interstitial pneumonia?

A

heavy, rubber ‘meaty’ texture, the lung bounces back when indented, dark or mttled in color, will float, and may retain rib impressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is intersitial pneumonia typically diffuse or focal/multifocal?

A

diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some key microscopic features of interstitial pneumonia?

A

alveolar and interlobular interstitium is expanded by exudate which causes interstitium to be thickened leading to its bouncyness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three mechanisms of interstitial pneumonia?

A
  1. diffuse type I pneumocyte injury
  2. diffuse alveolar capillary injury
  3. systemic dissemination of infectious agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of diffuse type 1 pneumocyte injury?

A
  1. inhaled noxious agent- virus, toxic gas, ingested volatile chemicals
  2. diffuse injury to type I pneumocytes with necrosis and sloughing
  3. serfibrinous exudate accumulates in alvolar walls and on denuded alveolar surface
  4. if survives 48-72 hours hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneumocyte to cover the denuded basement membraneii
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute interstitial pneumonia due to vascular injury?

A
  1. Septicemia, especially gram negative bacteria
  2. Diffuse injury to alveolar capillary endothelium by endotoxin
  3. Activation of pulmonary intravascular macrophages
  4. Increased vascular permeability which leads to fibrinosuppartive exudate accumulation in alveolar walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chronic diffuse interstitial pneumonia?

A
  1. Agent disseminated via bloodstream to the alveolar wall or alveolar macrophages
  2. Macrophages release cytokines which recruit additional inflammatory cells into the alveolar wall and adjacent interstitium
  3. Lungs are diffusely dark, heavy, rubbery, and noncollapsing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is embolic pneumonia preceded by?

A

bacterial infection and suppuration at another location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of embolic pneumonia?

A
  1. bacteria or clusters of bacteria and fibrin enter the blood stream
  2. Lung acts as a filter for circulating particulates/bacteria
  3. Bacteria removed from bloodstream and form multifocal, random, pulmonary abscesses in all lung lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the common sources of bacteria or clusters of bacteria and fibrin that enter the bloodstream and cause embolic pneumonia?

A

liver abscesses, naval infection, contaminated catheters, vegetative valvular endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What gross lession (pattern) is seen in embolic pneumonia?

A

multifocal random nodular inflammatory foci in all lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cause of aspiration pneumonia? (I know that I have asked this but repetition is key)

A

inhalation of foreign material into the bronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What foreign materials are often the cause of aspiration pneumonia?

A

non-sterile oral or gastric contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the gross appearance of aspiration pneumonia?

A

anteroventral consolidation (looks like bronchopneumonia) and you may see ingesta in large airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What common pattern of ingesta ‘flow’ into the lung is associated with aspiration pneumonia?

A

the fluid goes down the 1st drain that is encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In the bovine, what lung lobe is typically affected by aspiration pneumonia?

A

the right cranial lung lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the canine, what lung lobe is typically affected by aspiration pneumonia?

A

the right middle lung lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What microscopic features are typically associated with aspiration pneumonia?

A

foreign material in the airways, necrotizing bronchiolitis, and bacterial bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the mechanism of bronchopneumonia?

A

aerogenous entry of agents - particals 1-2 micrometers in diameter are deposited in the terminal bronchioles or alveoli and cause damage that leads to exudate accumulating in the alveoi and associated airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the common causes of bronchopneumonia?

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. a massive exposure overwhelms the upper and lower respiratory tract mechanisms OR the upper and lower respiratory tract defenses are impaired by stress, poor environment or viral infection causing immunosupresion or decreased mucociliary clearance
  2. Bacteria reach the respiratory bronchiole and alveoli of the cranioventral lung
  3. Bacteria must be able to persist, replicate, and produce toxins to cause disease
  4. Damage to respiratory bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium; generates chemical mediators
  5. Incite acute inflammation; exudate accumulates in lumens of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
  6. bronchopneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What part of the lung is typically affected by bronchopnuemonia?

A

the anteroventral portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does a lung with bronchopneumonia feel like?

A

its fells solid (consolidated or hepatized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the color of a lung with bronchopneumonia?

A

very dark, deep red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False- When you squeeze a lung with bronchopneumonia exudate will come out of the airways.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens when you put a slice of a lung that has bronchopneumonia in formalin?

A

it sinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What may be present in the trachea of an animal that had bronchopneumonia?

A

coughed up exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the pathological definition of consolidation?

A

the process of becoming solid, as changing of lung tissue from aerated and elastic to very firm

42
Q

What microscopic changes can be seen with acute bronchopneumonia?

A

alveoli and adjacent airways are flooded with an exudate

43
Q

What are some indications that a pneumonia is chronic?

A

organization of fibrinous exudate in airways, organization of fibrinous exudate in alveoli, organization of fibrinous exudate in interlobular septa, organization of fibrinous pleural exudate, sequestration of necrotic parenchyma and purulent exudate

44
Q

What does organization of fibrinous exudate in airways lead to (indicate)?

A

bronchiolitis obliterans

45
Q

What does organization of fibrinous exudate in alveoli lead to (indicate)?

A

alveolar fibrosis

46
Q

What does organization of fibrinous exudate in interlobar septa lead to (indicate)?

A

septal fibrosis

47
Q

What does organization of fibrinous pleural exudate lead to (indicate)?

A

pleural fibrosis +/- fibrous pleural adhesions

48
Q

What does sequestration of necrotic parenchyma and purulent exudate lead to (indicate)?

A

abscesses

49
Q

What are some characteristics of acute bronchopneumonia?

A 
Hyperemia 
Serous to suppurative exudate/fibrin/hemorrhage
Acute coagulative necrosis
Same contour as normal
It has been 0-72 hours
50
Q

What are some characteristics of chronic bronchopneumonia?

A 
Less hyperemia (tan to gray), fibrosis- pleural adhesions
Thickened septa 
Abscesses
Sequestered necrotic tissue
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis obliterens
Depressed lung
Distorted contour
Its been 7 days or more
51
Q

What is the most economically significant disease of production animal species?

A

bacterial bronchopneumonia

52
Q

What contributes to bacterial bronchopneumonias (general)?

A

multiple pathogens, management, and environmental factors

53
Q

What environmental and management factors contribute to respiratory disease?

A

stress, exposure to new pathogens, environment, and lack of aquired immunity

54
Q

What are some examples of stressors that can contribute to respiratory disease?

A

crowding, shipping, weaning, castration, dehorning, processing, mixing, vaccination, feed change, dehydration, new environment

55
Q

What are some scenarios that can cause exposure to new pathogens thus contributing to respiratory disease?

A

mixing, comingling, no separation of air-space between age groups, and travel to shows

56
Q

What are some environmental factors that can lead to respiratory disease?

A

temperature extremes, dust, ammonia, and pollution

57
Q

Describe the different inflammation patterns between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.

A

Bronchopneumonia - involving respiratory bronchioles and alveolar lumens
Interstitial Pneumonia - inflammation in alveolar walls and interlobular septs

58
Q

Desctibe the differences in causative agents between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.

A

Bronchopneumonia - typically bacterial

Interstitial pneumonia - viruses, toxins, gas, septicemia

59
Q

Describe the differences in route of infection between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.

A

Bronchopneumonia - air borne introduction

Interstitial pneumonia - hematogenous or airborne

60
Q

Describe the difference gross appearances between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.

A

Bronchopneumonia - cranioventral consolidation

Interstitial pneumonia - diffuse, heavy, rubbery, non-collapsing

61
Q

How are pulmonary edema and interstitial pneumonia common in distribution?

A

they both tend to be diffuse

62
Q

How are pulmonary edema and interstitial pneumonia common in gross weight?

A

they both will make the lung much heavier and swollen

63
Q

Describe the differences between pulmonary edema and interstitial pneumonia in cut section.

A

Edema - clear fluid slowly leaks from cut surface

Interstitial pneumonia - no material leaks from lung

64
Q

Describe the different appearance of the airways and trachea between pulmonary edema and interstitial pneumonia.

A

Edema - white froth in trachea and large airways Interstitial
Pneumonia - no material in trachea and large airways

65
Q

How are bronchopneumonia and atelectasis common in distribution?

A

they both are often anteroventral

66
Q

How are bronchopneumonia and atelectasis common in color?

A

they both may be dull red in color

67
Q

Describe the difference in appearance of the surface of the lung between bronchopneumonia and atelectasis.

A

Atelectasis - surface is depressed compared to the adjacent lung
Acute Bronchopnuemonia - same contour as adjacent normal lung

68
Q

Describe the difference in appearance of the airways and trachea between bronchopneumonia and atelectasis.

A

Atelectasis - no material within the trachea or expressed from the airways
Acute Bronchopneumonia - Creamy exudate coughed up into tracheal lumen and expressed from airways

69
Q

Describe the difference in consistency between bronchopneumonia and atelectasis.

A

Atelectasis - soft and spongy

Acute Bronchopneumonia - firm (consolidated/hepatized)

70
Q

Where do the majority of upper respiratory tract tumors arise?

A

in the nasal cavity

71
Q

The majority of nasal tumors are ______ and may arise from any structure in the region.

A

malignant

72
Q

What is the most common upper respiratory tract tumor in cats?

A

lymphoma

73
Q

2/3 of the upper respiratory tract tumors in dogs are of what type?

A

epithelial - carcinomas

74
Q

1/3 of the upper respiratory tract tumors in dogs are of what type?

A

mesenchymal - sarcomas

75
Q

What clinical signs are associated with upper respiratory tract tumors?

A

epistaxis, mucopurulent discharge, facial deformity, epophoria (lots of tears), +/- neurologic signs

76
Q

What are the common benign lung tumors of epithelial origin?

A

papillary adenoma or bronchioolar-alveolar adenoma

77
Q

What are the common malignant lung tumors of epithelial origin?

A

adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchoiolar-alveolar carcinoma, etc.

78
Q

What are the common benign lung tumors of mesenchymal origin?

A

hemangioma

79
Q

What are the common malignant lung tumors of mesenchymal origin?

A

osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, etc.

80
Q

True or False - Primary lung tumors are common.

A

FALSE

81
Q

The majority of lung tumors are malignant or benign?

A

malignant

82
Q

What do lung tumors start as?

A

a solitary mass that metastasizes over time

83
Q

What should you do if you observe multiple random tumor nodules in the lung?

A

search for a primary tumor somewhere else

84
Q

What tumors of epithelial origin typically metastasize to the lungs?

A

mammary, thyroid, transitional cell carcinoma, prostate

85
Q

What tumors of mesenchymal origin typically metastasize to the lungs?

A

osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, vaccine-associated sarcoma

86
Q

Where is the typical primary site for melanomas?

A

the nail bed or oral cavity

87
Q

Where is the typical primary site for hemangiosarcomas?

A

right auricle, liver, spleen

88
Q

What lesions can happen to the thoracic cavity?

A

pneumothorax, thoracic effusions, pleuritis, neoplasia

89
Q

What are the types of thoracic effusions?

A

hydrothorax, hemothorax, chylothorax, pyothorax

90
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air in th pleural space

91
Q

What can cause a pneumothorax?

A

air enters externally, air leaks from lungs, air enters the mediastinum

92
Q

What clinical signs are associated with a pneumothorax?

A

respiratory distress

93
Q

What gross lesions are associated with a pneumothorax?

A

atelectic lungs and a lack of negative pressure on the diaphragm

94
Q

How do you diagnose a pleural effusion?

A

a chest tap

95
Q

What is a sequela to pleural effusion?

A

atelectasis

96
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity

97
Q

What is the initial reaction of pleuritis typically (exudate form)?

A

fibrinous, purulent, or fibrinopurulent

98
Q

What typically causes pleuritis?

A

Infectious - hematogenous, puncture wound/migrating foreign body, extenstion from lung infection, extension from thoracic lymphadenitis, migration down fascial planes of the neck, intra-thoracic esophageal perforation

99
Q

What are some sequela to pleuritis?

A

accumulation of fluid exudate causing atelectasis, organization of fibrin leading to fibrous adhesions, mediastinal hyperplasia

100
Q

What is a common thoracic cavity neoplasia?

A

mesothelioma

101
Q

What is mesothelioma typically accompanied by?

A

thoracic effusion causing respiratory distress

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions