A&P 1 L 4 Flashcards
0
Q
________ a part is above another part or closer to the head is what relative position
A
Superior
1
Q
What position is the body in when the person is standing straight up, face forward, upper limbs by the side, & palms forward?
A
Anatomical position
2
Q
_________ a part is below another part or towards the feet is what relative position term?
A
Inferior
3
Q
______ (ventral) toward the front
A
Anterior
4
Q
_______ (dorsal) is the opposite of anterior, meaning toward the back
A
Posterior
5
Q
Imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right & left halves
A
Medial
6
Q
Name the 2 types of ossification.
A
Intramembranous bones & endochondral bones
7
Q
What is the order of intramembranous ossification?
A
Spongy bone, periosteum, & compact bone
8
Q
What tissue does intramembranous ossification start out with?
A
Primitive C.T
9
Q
In endochondral ossification what forms first?
A
Periosteum
10
Q
What is the order of endochondral ossification?
A
Hyaline cartilage C.T, periosteum, spongy then compact
11
Q
What type of bone ossification forms the periosteum 2nd?
A
Intramembranous ossification
12
Q
The ends of the long bones are called what
A
Epiphysis
13
Q
The long part of the bone is called the what; known as what
A
Shaft of the bone; diaphysis
14
Q
Blood cells forming tissue is known as
A
Hematopoietic tissue
15
Q
Where is red bone marrow located?
A
Epiphysis
16
Q
Where is yellow bone marrow located?
A
Diaphysis
17
Q
What forms the outside of the epiphysis part of the bone?
A
Hyaline cartilage C.T
18
Q
Name some types of hematopoietic tissue
A
Red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, & spleen
19
Q
Where is the medullary canal is located where in the long bone?
A
Diaphysis
20
Q
What all is located in the epiphysis?
A
Spongy bone, red bone marrow, epiphyseal disc
21
Q
What type of bone marrow fills in the medullary canal in the diaphysis?
A
Yellow B.M
22
Q
Where is the primary ossification center located?
A
In the middle of the diaphysis
23
Q
Where is the secondary ossification center located?
A
Epiphysis
24
Secondary ossification consists of how many layers & of what?
4 layers of hyaline cartilage
25
The primary ossification center grows in what dirrections?
Center to the ends of epiphysis
26
Growth hormone that is produce in the pituitary gland is?
Somatotropin
27
What disorder produces an excessive amount of somatotropin
Acromegaly
28
A decrease in somatotropin results in a disorder called
A pituitary dwarf
29
An increase in somatotropin results in a disorder called
Pituitary giant
30
Where primary blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves run thru bone
Medullary canal
31
Units of spongy bone
Trabeculate
32
Functions of bones
Support, movement, storage, protection
33
What vitamins are required for proper development
A & C
34
What vitamin is responsible for collagen synthesis
C
35
What vitamin absorbs bone into blood (occurs during hypocalcemia)
A
36
What vitamin aids in proper absorption of calcium in small intestines
D
37
"Hormone of metabolism" produced by thyroid; allows cartilagenous cells in epiphyseal discs to ossify
Thyroxine
38
Not producing enough thyroxine; correlated with pollution in cities
Hypothyroidism
39
Skeletal muscles pills on bones, causing stress and making them stronger
Physical stress
40
Thickening & strengthening of bone
Hypertrophy
41
Thinning & weakening of bones from lack of physical activity
Atrophy
42
Any breaks in the bone
Fractures
43
2 types of fracture causes
Traumatic & pathological
44
Pathological fractures are also known as
Spontaneous fractures
45
Types of fracture nature:
Complete/incomplete (does/n't go thru bone)
| Simple/compound (out of skin vs in skin)
46
Blood clot forms between broken ends of bones
Hematoma
47
Former knits ends of broken ends with fibrocartilage
Cartilagenous callus
48
Produce bony callus
Ossification
49
Osteoclasts & osteoblasts reshape and remodel bone
Reshape/remodel bone
50
Spinal cord passes
Vertebral foremen
51
For blood vessels & nerves to pass they (means hole)
Transverse foremen
52
Only flat vertebrae (C1)
Atlas
53
Has thumb-like projection that articulates with atlas that gives "no" motion
Axis (C2)
54
How many total vertebrae in cervical?
7
55
How many vertebrae in the thoracic?
12
56
How many vertebrae in the lumbar?
5
57
Differences in males and females when identifying the skeleton
Pelvic girdle wider; more flare (sacrum wider); slightly bigger forehead; skull & jaw slightly smaller(female)
Skull slightly in proportion with body; larger jaw; shorter forehead(male)
58
Body cavities/sections: head, neck, & trunk (dorsal & ventral cavity)
Axial portion
59
Body cavities/sections: arms & legs
Appendicular portion
60
Body cavities/sections: cranial cavity & vertebrae cavity
Dorsal cavity
61
Body cavities/sections: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral cavity
62
Body cavities/sections: covers organs in thoracic cavity (ex. Lungs)
Visceral pleurals
63
Body cavities/sections: line walls of thoracic cavity
Parietal pleurals
64
What type of organs are found within a body cavity
Visceral organs
65
In the abdominopelvic cavity,what lines the walls of the said cavity
Parietal peritoneum
66
What peritoneum covers the organs
Visceral
67
What separates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
68
What is an inward extension of cartilage & in it basically separates the thoracic cavities into left & right sides
Mediastinum
69
Types of Bones: longer, than wide; bones of than appendages (arms & legs) ex. Humerus, femur, fibula, tibia
Long bones
70
Types of Bones: same width & length (cube-shaped) ex. Tarsals & carpals
Short bones
71
Types of Bones: bones that have a flat surface ( parietal bone, sternum, scapula, ribs)
Flat bones
72
Types of Bones: look differently (ex. Vertebrae & facial bones)
Irregular bones
73
Types of Bones: bones that don't articulate with any other bones ( come together/ joint function) ex. Patella
Sesamoid bones
74
Channels that run between Haversian canals, interconnecting them; they contain bigger vessels & nerves
Volksmann's canal
75
At bone site what holds bone together
Ligaments
76
What are the 3 types of joints
Freely moveable
Immovable
Slightly moveable
77
Type of Joint: can't move; located in the skull (sutures)
Immoveable
78
Type of joint: slight bit of moveable; sacroiliac joint/intervertebral discs
Slightly moveable
79
Body Positions/Sections: towards the side with respect to imaginary midline (ears are ______ to the eyes)
Lateral
80
Body Positions/Sections: used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point (elbow is _______ to the wrist
Proximal
81
Body Positions/Sections: farther from the trunk or farther from a specified point (fingers are ________ to wrist)
Distal
82
Body Positions/Sections: near the surface or outward
Superficial/peripheral
83
Body Positions/Sections: used to describe parts that are more internal
Deep
84
Body Positions/Sections: divides the body into left & right portions
Sagittal
85
Body Positions/Sections: divides into inferior & superior
Transverse
86
Body Positions/Sections: divides body into anterior & posterior
Coronal
87
The thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity are subcavities of what axial portion cavity?
Ventral
88
Cartilage under the sternum that divides into left & right
Mediastinum
89
What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
90
Visceral organs; mediastinum; parietal & visceral pleuras; pericardium are located in what cavity
Thoracic cavity
91
Diaphragm; peritoneal membranes; parietal & visceral are located in what cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
92
Name 3 tissues that are found in the body
Bone, cartilage, fibrous C.T, blood C.T, Nervous t
93
Ribs & scapula are known as what types of bones?
Flat bones
94
What is primarily responsible for the hardness &resistance to crushing of bones?
Inorganic salts
95
Haversian canal are interconnected by structures known as
Volksmann canal
96
What type of bone is composed of many osteons cemented together
Compact bone
97
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
98
Bone breaking cells
Osteoclasts
99
The replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone is
Endochondral ossification
100
What type of bone is formed first in the process of bone development
Spongy bone
101
In an embryo, blood cells are produced in
Yolk sac, fetal liver , spleen
102
Cartilagenous cells of the epiphyseal disc are arranged into how many layers? What layer undergoes mitosis?
4 layers of hyaline cartilage; 2 layer
103
Why is vitamin C important for bone growth & repair?
Collagen synthesis
104
Types of Fractures: break a bone at a right angle to the axis of the bone
Transverse
105
What is hematoma
Blood clot
106
A cartilagenous callus is composed of what specific type of tissue
Fibrocartilage C.T
107
The first cervical vertebrae
Atlas
108
The human body is divided into what 2 main portions
Axial (head, neck, trunk)
| Appendicular (arms & legs)
109
What is arthralgia?
Pain in joint
110
Type of freely movement joints: The elbows & knees are examples of what specific type of freely moveable joint
Hinge
111
Type of fracture: breaks in several places through the bone caused by a twist
Spiral fracture
112
Type of fracture: tiny fragments at bone site
Comminuted
113
Type of fracture: splits in multiple positions (diagonals)
Oblique
114
What r the 2 important factors when identifying fractures?
Proximately of ends together & Age
115
Order of healing of a fracture
Hematoma
Cartilagenous callus (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus
Shaping (reshaped of bone)
116
What are the 2 types of fractures
Incomplete & complete
117
When bones are broken what must be done
Immobilize the joints
118
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Non cancerous bone (benign) bone tumor
Osteoma
119
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Strengthening of ligaments (dense C.T)
Sprains
120
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Joints goes out of position "unseated"
Dislocation
121
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Problem with Uric acid at the joint site
Gout
122
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Inflammation of joint (over used)
Bursitis
123
What does "itis" mean?
Inflammation
124
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Severe form of arthrisitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
125
Bones come together to form a joint
Articulation
126
Type of freely movement: only rotation (radius-ulna) "NO" Motion in the head
Pivot
127
Type of freely movement: (no rotation) "YES" Motion; ex. Occipital condyles
Condyloid
128
Type of freely movement: (metacarpals sits on carpals)
Saddle
129
Type of freely movement: (carpals) slide back & forth
Gliding
130
Type of freely movement: (hips & shoulder) full range motion
Ball & socket
131
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Loosing too much calcium
Brittle bone
