A&P 2 L1 Flashcards
(128 cards)
0
Q
What are the 3 largest parts of the large intestine?
A
Transverse colon, ascending colon & descending colon
1
Q
Thru evolution, our different systems produces different functions
A
Compartmentalization
2
Q
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
A
Salivary glands, gall bladder, Liver & pancreas
3
Q
Name the parts of the alimentary canal
A
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine & large intestine
4
Q
Name the layers of the canal wall from inner —-> outer
A
Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer & serosa
5
Q
What are the two types of digestion
A
Extracellular digestion & intracellular digestion
6
Q
2 types of digestion: food digested before the cells could use them
A
Extracellular digestion
7
Q
2 types of digestion: single cell organisms that digest food themselves
A
Intracellular digestion
8
Q
What are the 2 types of extracellular digestion
A
Physical & chemical
9
Q
2 types of extracellular digestion: chewing with teeth breaking them down & churning
A
Physical
10
Q
2 types of extracellular digestion: digestive enzymes, HCL & bile
A
Chemical
11
Q
Taking in food
A
Ingestion
12
Q
Physical & chemical breakdown of food into a form that the body absorb and use
A
Digestion
13
Q
Wave-like motion due to smooth muscle
A
Peristalsis
14
Q
What system controls the digestive system
A
Autonomic system
15
Q
An increase of peristalsis of the digestive system causes
A
Diaherra
16
Q
A decrease in peristalsis of the digestive system causes
A
Constipation
17
Q
Anchors the tongue
A
Frenulum
18
Q
What is the roof of the mouth called
A
Hard & soft palate
19
Q
Uvula is the part of
A
Soft palate
20
Q
Spaces between the teeth & lips; teeth & cheeks
A
Vestibule
21
Q
The chewing of food
A
Mastication
22
Q
What are the parts of the stomach?
A
Cardiac, fundic, body & pyloric
23
Q
What are the 2 sphincters in the stomach
A
Cardiac & pyloric
24
What are the 2 hormones by the duodenum
Intestinal somatostatin & cholecystokinin
25
Intestinal somatostatin produced by what cells
Parietal
26
A circular band of muscle acting as a valve
Sphincter
27
What stops the contraction of smooth muscle in the stomach
Cholecystokinin
28
What sphincter regulates chyme into the small intestine
Pyloric
29
What sphincter regulate passage of food thru the esophagus to the stomach
Cardiac
30
What controls the sphincters
Peristalsis
31
What is the entry point for the bolus
Cardiac region
32
What part of the stomach that temporary stores the food
Fundic region
33
When bolus passes the cardiac sphincter and in the stomach it's called
Chyme
34
Where is the cardiac sphincter located
Between esophagus & stomach
35
Where is the pyloric sphincter located
Between stomach & small intestine
36
What are the functions of the liver
Metabolic processes (carbs/proteins/lipids)
- stores fat soluble vitamins A,E,D,K
- stores glycogen, iron, blood
37
What does the bile store
Bile salts, electrolytes, bile pigments, & cholesterol
38
What 3 ducts produces the alkaline fluids
Hepatic duct
39
Where does the bile go after its stored in the gall bladder
Cystic duct
40
What is the junction of alkaline & bile dumps into the pyloric sphincter
Common bile duct
41
What emulsify fastest in the bile
Bile salts
42
Inflammation of the liver is called
Hepatitis
43
Which accessory organ produces bile
Liver
44
Where is the gag reflex center (causes vomiting)
Medulla oblongata
45
What are the main purposes of the stomach
Digestion
46
What substances are limited absorbed in the stomach
Medication
Electrolytes
Alcohol
Water
47
What are the little micro channels runs into walls of stomach
Gastric pits
48
What cause more surface area in the stomach to protect the linings
Rugae
49
What organ transport bolus through the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
50
What is the normal pH level
2.5-3.0
51
What are the 4 accessory organs of digestion
Gall bladder, liver, pancreas, & salivary glands
52
What hormone is produced by the duodenum
Secretin
53
Secretin targets what organs
Liver & pancreas
54
What cells in the pancreas produce the digestive enzymes
Acrinar cells
55
What is the purpose of the alkaline fluid
Neutralizes the stomach acids
56
What does the pancreas produce
Pancreatic juice
57
What 2 accessory organ dump fluids in the duodenum
Common bile duct & pancreas
58
Which accessory organs produce alkaline fluid
Pancreas & hepatic duct
59
What does malabsorption mean
Not properly absorbing nutrients
60
What are the 2 capillaries in the villi
Blood capillaries & lymphatic capillaries
61
Lymphatic capillaries are also called
Lacteals
62
Lipids cannot go into the_______; but goes into __________ & then transported where
Blood; lacteals; liver
63
- completion of digestion
- absorbs nutrients
- transport waste to large intestine
Small intestine
64
Where is the Brunner's glands located
Small intestine
65
What does the Brunner's glands produce
Alkaline mucus
66
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
67
What 3 systems that controls digestion
Endocrine, ANS & digestive
68
The innermost mucosa function of the canal wall is & consists of what 2 tissues
Protection; ET/CT
69
The submucosa of the canal wall consists of what
Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Loose CT
70
The muscle layer of the canal wall consists of what
Smooth muscle
71
What are the 3 smooth muscles of the muscle layer of the canal wall called
Longitudinal, lateral & circular
72
What is the function of the serosa membrane of the canal wall
Keeps it moist with serous fluid
73
Tooth decay also known as
Caries
74
When you drill through the center of the enamel to kill the pulp cavity to get rid of blood vessels that procedure is called
Root canal
75
The pulp cavity consists of what
Blood vessels
76
Gum disease/disorder; gum inflammation are known as
Gingivitis
77
What does itis mean
Inflammation
78
How many sets of teeth do we go through a lifetime?
2
79
Milk teeth/ baby teeth consists of how many teeth
20
80
Permanent teeth consists of how many teeth
32
81
What are the 2 sets of teeth called
Primary & secondary
82
Amylases is an enzyme that breaks down what
Carbs
83
Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down what
Lipids
84
Proteases breaks down what
Proteins
85
What is the epiglottis
An opening from pharynx to esophagus
86
What is the glottis
An opening from pharynx to larynx
87
What are the rings that line down the throat made out of
Hyaline cartilage
88
What are 2 types of salivary gland cells
Mucous & serous
89
What are the 2 substances secreted by the parietal cells
HCL; intrinsic factor
90
What is gastrin & what is its function
Hormone; causes gastric glands to increase their secretion
91
What is an open sore on the surface of an organ called
Ulcer
92
Where is the vomiting center located
Medulla oblongata
93
Pancreatic juice is produced by what type of cells
Acinar cells
94
Where is the secretin produced
Duodenum (sm int)
95
Inflammation of liver is known as what
Hepatitis
96
What digestive function do bile salts have
Emulsify salts
97
What is the name giving of the 2nd part of the large intestine
Transverse colon
98
What are the 2 sphincters in the anal canal
Internal; external
99
What is the name of the bacteria found in the large intestine
E. Coli
100
If a nutrient is not produced by the body or cannot be produced in sufficient amounts, it's called a
Essential nutrient
101
50% or more of the dry weight of most living things is
Protein
102
A starving person would have what type of nitrogen balance
Negative
103
What is meant by a "positive" energy balance
Caloric intake exceeds caloric output (weight gain)
104
Where is the ileocecal valve Located
Between small intestine & ascending colon
105
Name 3 major minerals
Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, Mg
106
Name 3 trace minerals
Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Zn
107
What are the 2 types of malnutrition
Primary- due to diet; secondary- individual's characteristic
108
Can't absorp nutrients properly
Malabsorption
109
Vomiting of food
Bulimia
110
What is calories measured in
Units of heat
111
Measures the content of food
Bomb calorimeter
112
Amount of energy (calories) required by the body at REST to sustain life
Basal metabolic rate
113
Taking in less, using more
Negative nitrogen balance
114
Taking in more protein
Positive nitrogen balance
115
Time to relieve the waste (simple complex)
Deification reflex
116
what 2 sphincters in the anal canal are involuntary then which one becomes voluntary
Internal/external; external
117
Hemorrhoids are caused by
Pregnancy
118
Inflammation of the colons is called
Colitis
119
Where is the cecum located
Behind the ileocal sphincter
120
Where is the appendix located
Right off the cecum
121
What is the functions of the large intestine
Stores & eliminates wastes
Limited absorption of water & electrolytes
Absorbs vitamins B & K
122
What is in the wall of anal, receives pressure from spinal cord---> smooth muscle in colon wall
Baroreceptors "presso"
123
The 2 parts of the rectum
Anal canal & sigmoid colon
124
What is in bile
Bile salts, electrolytes, bile pigments, cholesterol
125
Can't digest gluten because it coats the small intestine so you can't absorb nutrients
Celiac disease
126
Proteins, found in grains
Gluten
127
Both the pancreas & common bile duct dumps fluids in the
Duodenum
