A&P 2 L2 Flashcards
0
Q
What separates the nasal cavity & oral cavity
A
Hard & soft palates
1
Q
What are the 3 advantages to nose-breathing?
A
- Filter air
- Humidify
- Warm
2
Q
What divides the air flow into the nasal cavity
A
Septum
3
Q
Define deviated septum
A
Nasal septum bend during birth or occur subsequently from trauma: making it difficult to breathe—-> surgery
4
Q
Inflammation of the sinus
A
Sinusitis
5
Q
Air filled space
Reduced the weight of the skull
Gives your voice quality
A
Sinus
6
Q
What is URTI stand for and what is it
A
Upper respiratory tract infection; infection outside the thoracic cavity
7
Q
Tissue that is 95% lining of the respiratory system
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar E.T
8
Q
Opening into larynx
A
Glottis
9
Q
C shaped rings that lines down the airways
A
Hyaline cartilage C.T
10
Q
Inflammation of the larynx
A
Laryngitis
11
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation
A
Means brea thing
12
Q
What are 2 types of respiration
A
External & internal respiration
13
Q
Lung level; exchange of gases O2 & CO2, between lungs & atmosphere
A
External respiration
14
Q
Bluish color change in the skin
A
Cyanosis
15
Q
What moves the gases between external respiration & internal respiration
A
Blood
16
Q
Cellular respiration; stages is glycosis, Kreb’s cycle, ETS
A
Internal respiration
17
Q
Insufficient amount of oxygen in the body
A
Hypoxia
18
Q
What are the 4 types of hypoxia
A
Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Stagnant hypoxia
19
Q
Lung level hypoxia
A
Hypoxic hypoxia
20
Q
Blood level hypoxia; blood is not able to carry blood as it should
Ex: carbon monoxide & anemia
A
Hypemia hypoxia
21
Q
Cell level
Cells that can’t use oxygen
Ex: carbon monoxide
A
Histotoxic hypoxia
22
Q
Pooling of blood
Sitting/standing in one place too long
A
Stagnant hypoxia
23
Q
What is the outer part of the respiratory system
A
Nose
24
What is the atmospheric pressure of sea level
760 mmHg
25
What are meatuses
Space Cavities
26
As more atmospheric pressure drops it causes what
A stronger hurricane
27
What is PO2 stand for
Partial pressure of oxygen
28
At sea level what is the partial pressure
159.60 mmHg
29
What are the 3 meatuses in the nasal cavity
Superior, middle & inferior
30
What are the bones in the nasal cavity called
Turbinate bones/nasal conchae
31
Tension in vocal chords
Pitch
32
Stretching or shortening vocal chords
Change in pitch
33
Located at the ends of the bronchus; opening into the lungs
Hilus
34
Bronchus infection is called
Bronchitis
35
Wound that penetrates the chest cavity (letting air flow in & out)
Sucking chest wound
36
What is carina?
Similar function to the septum; directs air flow in the bronchi
37
Long term disease is known as
Chronic
38
Sudden onset disease is known as
Acute
39
Inflammation of the pleura cavity caused by bacteria infection
Pleurisy
40
The bronchi branches out into ____________
Bronchioles
41
Outer most covering of the lungs is called
Parietal pleura
42
Innermost layer of the lung that can't be removed is the
Visceral pleura
43
What is located between the visceral pleura & parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
44
The bronchioles is made of what type of tissue
Cuboidal E.T
45
Collapse of the lung
Pneumothorax
46
- Chronic
- Caused by smoking
- Damages alveoli
- Destruction of lung tissue
Emphysema
47
When the ribs are no longer secure & is broken free its called
Flail chest
48
- caused by allergens
| - constriction of the airways
Asthma
49
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
50
- made of simple squamous E.T
| - exchange oxygen in the respiratory sys.
Alveoli
51
- made of simple squamous E.T
| - exchange oxygen in the cardiovascular sys
Capillaries
52
The alveoli is made up of how many layers
2 layers of simple squamous E.T & separated by the basement membrane
53
What is the function of the basement membrane
- Protein structure
| - protection
54
What is the function of the nasal septum
Divides the air flow in the nasal cavity
55
What are the air filled spaces in the skull called
Sinuses
56
Where is the larynx located
Between pharynx & trachea
57
What prevents the trachea from collapsing when food is swallowed
Rings of hyaline cartilage
58
The bronchioles are lined with what type of tissue
Cuboidal ET
59
Which of the lungs is divided into 3 parts
Right
60
The movement of a large concentration of gas or liquid in response to pressure change and/or gravity called
Bulk flow
61
What is "surfactant" and what is its function
A lipoprotein secreted by certain alveolar cells.
| Acts to reduce surface tension thereby decreasing the tendency of the alveoli to collapse
62
The ease with which the lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing is called
Tidal volume
63
Vital capacity + residual volume =
Total lung capacity
64
What is the "anatomic dead space"
Air remaining in the trachea & bronchi that does not enter the alveoli
65
Laughing & coughing are examples of what type of air movements
Non respiratory
66
The medullary rhythmicity area is composed of what 2 groups of neurons
Dorsal. & ventral respiratory group
67
Where are the "chemoreceptors" located and what is their function
Carotid arteries & aorta
| Monitor blood oxygen concentration
68
An abnormal change in the rate and depth of breathing is called
Hyperventilation
69
What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet
78%
70
The "cell level" form of hypoxia is known as
Histotoxic hypoxia
71
Approximately 98% of the oxygen carried in the blood is combined with
Hemoglobin
72
By what process is oxygen & carbon dioxide exchanged between the alveoli & capillaries
Simple diffusion
73
What is the primary chemical control of the rate & depth of breathing
Carbon dioxide
74
Blood is considered to be what type of tissue
Connective tissue
75
Approximately 55% of blood is
Plasma
76
What type of mature blood cells are bio concave & contain no nuclei
Erythrocytes
77
"Globin" is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule
Protein
78
"Hemo" is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule
Iron
79
What is "ferritin" and where is in found
Iron-protein complex found in liver cells
80
What is hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells
81
The cytoplasmic granules of what type of blood cell stain "RED" in acid stain
1-3 %
Eosinophils
82
What type of leukocyte s are formed in the lymphatic system as well as in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
83
If the number if leukocytes exceeds 10,000 a person is said to have
Leukocytosis
84
What is diapedesis
Movement of leukocytes thru walls of blood vessels
85
What type of WBCs are weakly phagocytic & are attracted to various parasites of the body
Eosinophils
86
Thrombocytes are also known as
Platelets
87
Which plasma protein accounts for approximately 60% of the total plasma proteins & what is its primary function
Albumins
| Helps maintain the "osmotic pressure" of the blood
88
Amino acids & simple sugars are examples of plasma
Nutrients
89
Name1 of the non proteins nitrogenous substance found in plasma
```
Amino acids
Urea
Uris acid
Creatine
Creatinine
```
90
What is hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
91
What substances released by thrombocytes causes the smooth muscles contractions of vessel walls
Serotonin
92
Threads of the protein ______ are necessary for the formation of blood clots
Fibrin
93
What is an "embolus"
Moving blood clot
94
A child has Type A blood. His mother's genotype is BO. What are the possible "genotype" the father could have
AA/AO/AB
95
The perforation of the thoracic wall and subsequent collapses Of the lung is known as a
Pneumothorax
96
In order to exhale, the pressure in the thoracic cavity must
Increase
97
What is glycolysis
The anaerobic portion of the cellular respiration. The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
98
What is the final & most effective stage of hemostasis
Blood coagulation
99
Which globulin or globulins are synthesized in the liver & function to transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins
Alpha & beta
100
What are the 2 sites of erythrocyte formation in the human. Embryo
Yolk sac, spleen, liver
101
Carbon dioxide is primarily found in the blood in the form of
Carbonic acid & bicarbonate ions
102
What is the "partial pressure" of oxygen at sea level (760mmHg)
159.6 mmHg
103
What is the purpose of the Herring-Breuer Reflex
Prevents the over-inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
104
What is the average # of leukocytes
5000-10,000 mm3 blood
105
Less than 5,000 WBCs
Leukopenia
106
More than 10,000 WBCs
Leukocytosis
107
Acute bacterial infection, stress, dehydration & vigorous exercise causes
Leukocytosis
108
Viral infection, heavy metal, mercury & lead causes
Leukopenia
109
What is hyperplasia
Uncontrol cell production
110
What is anaplasia
Abnormal cell production
111
What is leukemia
Cancer; increase WBC
112
Non functional alveoli & lost alveoli so it's not useable
Alveolar dead space
113
What is physiological dead space
Combination of both anatomic & alveolar
114
The amount of new air that enters the respiratory passageway per minute
Minute respiratory volume
115
TV - PDS (BR) =
Alveolar Ventilation Rate
116
Primary center of respiration
Medulla Oblangata
117
Secondary center of respiration
Pons
118
Monitors carbon dioxide
Chemosentive Area
119
What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles normal breathing
Ventral respiratory group
120
What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles forceful breathing: exercise
Dorsal respiratory group
121
PCV (packed cell volume) = hematocrit
Test that separates cells from plasma
122
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis
1. Vessel spasm
2. Platelets, plug formation
3. Blood coagulation
123
99%
Carries oxygen to all parts of body on hemoglobin; stay inside blood vessels; 120 day lifespan; mature RBCs no nucleus; 1/3 hemoglobin; RBM (birth)
Erythrocytes
124
What shape are the RBCs
Biconcave discs
125
What are the 2 types of clotting mechanisms
Intrinsic & extrinsic
126
Blood contact with foreign surface
Intrinsic clotting mechanism
127
Chemical released by damaged tissue
Extrinsic clotting mechanisms
128
What are the nutritional requirements
Complex vitamin B
| Iron
129
What are the 2 types of anemias
Iron deficiency anemia
| Pernicious anemia
130
Decrease in hemoglobin is what type of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
131
Decrease in RBCs ; Deficient amount of B12 is what type of anemia
Pernicious anemia
132
Erythropoietin is what
Production of RBCs
133
How long can thrombocytes live up to
10 days
134
Thrombocytes produces what that causes smooth muscle contractions
Serotonin
135
What is the storage form of iron in the liver
Ferritin
136
What do the spleen & liver both do?
Filter blood (save hemoglobins & splits it into iron proteins
137
What transfer iron to red bone marrow
Transfferin
138
A precursor (cant function on its own); Large plasma protein is known as
Fribrinogen
139
What does coagulation mean
Clot
140
Appearance; blue eyes is an example of what
Phenotype
141
Genes from the parents Bb/bb
Genotype
142
What does codominance mean
Equal dominance
143
What does leukocytes control
Disease companies
144
Chemical attraction of WBCs to the site of injury
Positive chemotaxis
145
Cytoplasmic granules visible; color of granules; size (compared to RBC) & nucleus
Granulocytes
146
No visible/present cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes
147
Light pink granules (neutral stain)
3-5 lobes
55-60%
Neutrophils
148
Alkaline/basic stain
Non phagocytic
Less than 1%
Basophils
149
Basophils secrete what 2 substances
Histamines & heparin
150
Neutrophils & monocytes are both what
Phagocytic
151
What is the smallest agranulocyte that is similar to a RBC
| 25-33%
Lymphocyte
152
What is the lifespan for a lymphocyte
Years
153
What WBCs are for long term immunity
Lymphocytes
154
T cells produce
Lymphokin
155
B cells produce
Antibodies
156
What agranulocyte is 3x the size of a RBC
3-9%
Phagocytic
Lifespan weeks-months
Monocytes
157
What does polymorphonucleated cell
Many various cell shapes
158
What are the 5 functions of plasma
1. Plasma nutrients
2. Plasm proteins
3. Plasma. Electrolytes
4. Plasma gases
5. Non-protein nitrogenous substances
159
What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
160
60% smallest in size
Liver
Help regulate osmotic pressure
Albumins
161
35% separate in 3 categories alpha, beta & gamma
Globulins
162
Which globulins produce antibodies for immunity by the lymphatic tissue
Gamma
163
5% largest compared to albumins & globulins
Fibrinogen
164
What are the plasma gases
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
165
What are the plasma electrolytes
Calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate
166
What are the 4 plasma nutrients
Simple sugars (glucose)
Lipids (triglycerides)
Amino acids
Vitamins
167
Which area of the medulla Oblangata: depth of breathing and how long it lasts
Pneumotaxic area
168
What productuces erythropoietin
Kidneys
169
What breaks down themselves to become platelets
Megakaryocytes
170
Blood thinner
Heparin
171
Allergic reaction Rx
Histamine
172
What has a fluid matrix
Carries hormones
Help regulate body temperature
Slightly saline solution
Plasma
173
The ultilization of O2 and the production of CO2 by the body cells is known as
Internal respiration
174
What are the 2 major tracts
Upper resp. & lower resp.
175
Obstruction in nasal cavity
Deviated septum
176
Breathing difficulty in premature newborns
Hyaline membrane disease
177
Force that causes air to move into the lungs
Atmospheric pressure
178
Nasal infection or allergic reactions
Sinusitis
179
The portion that each gas contributes to the mixture is called
Partial pressure
180
Mrv= TV x BR
Minute resp.volume
181
What are the 2 major areas in resp. Sys
Medullary rhythmicity & pneumotaxic area
182
What is the percentage in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet
21
183
Changes in the concentration of CO2 in the blood causes the _____ of the blood to change
PH
184
What is the primary role in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
185
A blood clot is a
Thrombus
186
What is the hereditary disease that results in a lack of blood clotting
Hemphilia
187
An individual with the genotype AO would have what blood type
A
188
An individual with type B could have what possible genotypes
BB BO
