A&P 2 L6 Flashcards
0
Q
Sex cell= Sperm/ egg
A
Gamete
1
Q
Reproduction without union of gametes
A
Asexual
2
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Lower classes of animals; piece of organism breaks off & forms new individual
A
Fragmentation
3
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Simple cell division to form a new organism
A
Fission
4
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Only involves eggs; the development of unfertilized eggs
A
Parthogensis
5
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
One egg and One sperm;
Forms a zygote; then zygote splits
A
Identical Twins
6
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Specialized structure bud and release; reproduces by forming buds by mitosis
A
Budding
7
Q
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
A
- Only one parent
- Produce a lot of individual in a
short period of time. - Adapted to their environment
8
Q
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction:
A
- Very little genetic ability
- Not well adapted to changing
environment
9
Q
Sexual Reproduction:
Sex cells- Sperm/ eggs combine
A
Union of Gametes
10
Q
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
A
- Genetic recombination- A lot
- Genetic Variability- A lot
- Adapt well to changing
environment
11
Q
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
A
- 2 parents
- Much more complex
reproductive processes and
reproductive structure
12
Q
Body cells; example- zygote, skin cells
A
Somatic cell
13
Q
Gonads- define and give 2 examples
A
Primary sex cell producing organ
Ex. Testes and ovaries
14
Q
Every other structure besides “Gonads” in the male and female reproductive system is called secondary organs:
True or False
A
True
15
Q
Fertilized eggs = (2N=diploid)
A
Zygote
16
Q
1 replication of chromosomes and 2 cell division (tested & ovaries)
A
Meiosis
17
Q
Define Mitosis:
A
1 Replication of chromosomes and 1 cell division
18
Q
R= Haploid is:
A
Sperm and egg= N= 23
Single set of chromosomes
19
Q
2n= Biploid
A
46 chromosomes
2 Full sets of chromosomes
2N= 46
20
Q
The only cells in the human body that are not diploid cells are:
A
Sperm and Egg
21
Q
Haploid Cells are:
A
Sperm and egg
22
Q
What is “Spermatogenesis:
A
When sperm is produced and occurs in the testes
23
Q
What is “Oogenesis:
A
Ovaries production of eggs
24
Name 2 types of asexual reproduction
Fission, budding, parthenogenesis, identical twins
25
Name 2 advantages of sexual reproduction
Genetic recombination, genetic variation, advantageous in changing environments
26
What was the 1st class of animals to no longer require water for sexual reproduction
Reptiles
27
Mammals with pouches are called
Marsupials
28
When animals moved onto the land from the water, fertilization and embryonic development went from _______ to _________
External/internal
29
Name 2 gonads in man
Testes & ovaries
30
What is gubernaclum and what is its function
Fibromuscular cord that aids in the descent of the testes from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
31
What is acrosome
Structure found at the anterior end of a sperm cell; contains enzymes that aid in penetration of the egg
32
Approximately how long. Do sperm cells remains in the epididymis
18hrs
33
What are 2 substances that are secreted by the seminal vesicle
Alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins
34
What is the gland located under the prostate gland that secrete a mucus-like lubricant
Bulbourethral glands (cowpers gland)
35
The pH of semen
7.5
36
What is most abundant in androgens
Testosterone
37
The hormone FSH and LH are found only in females. True or False
False
38
The external female reproductive organs are collectively known as the
Vulva
39
What male reproductive structure is homologous to labia majora
Scrotum
40
What hormone is produced by the corpus lutetium
Progesterone
41
The outermost layer if the uterine wall is called
Perimetrium
42
If fertilization occurs,it will occur in the
Oviduct (Fallopian tube)
43
What is a zygote
Fertilize egg
44
The transformation of a fertilized egg into a complete organism is known as
Development
45
What is a fertilization membrane and what is responsible for its formation
Membrane produced by an egg to prevent the entry of sperm cells; initiated by the entry of sperm cell
46
Layer of cells enclosing the embryo in a blastocyst is known as
Trophoblast
47
Movement of cells of the blastocyst into new relative positions within the uterine wall is called
gastrulation
48
The outermost germ layer is called
Ectoderm
49
What is the second extraembryonic membrane to develop
Allantois
50
What constitutes the embryonic of the placenta
Chorion
51
Name of prenatal genetic test that is conducted by taking a sample of fluid from the amniotic cavity
Amniocentesis
52
The male gonad is
Teste
53
Male secondary reproductive structure secretes prostaglandins
Seminal vesicle
54
An egg develops in a _______ located in the ovary
Ovarian/graffian follicle
55
What is the function of the bartholins glands
Secrete mucus to lubricate the vulva
56
Creation of the adult form/shape
Morphogenesis
57
Name of muscular sphincter that guards the opening of the uterus into the vagina
Cervix
58
Structure in man is responsible for the exchange of nutrients, gases, & wastes between the mother & embryo
Placenta
59
Define fetus
Miniature man
60
When a sperm cell leaves the epididymis, it enters the
Vas deferens
61
What is the dilation stage of labor
Onset of contractions until full cervical dilation
62
The urethra in males carries both _____ & _____
Urine/sperm
63
Function of the ostium
Guides the egg into Fallopian tube
64
At what specific site within the testes does spermatogenesis occur
Seminiferous tubules
65
Liver cell of species A: 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in a zygote of species A
12
66
Species B: haploid # chromosomes of 8. What is the combined #. Of chromosomes found in a brain cell , nerve cell & sex cell of species B
Brain cell: 16; nerve cell: 16; sex cell: 8
| total: 40
67
what are then3 steps of development
Growth
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
68
4 events in fertilization
1. Egg forms fertilization membrane
2. Introduce male DNA
3. Metabolic activation in the egg
4. Cleavage
69
What is cleavage?
Rapid production of very tiny cells
70
Formation of hollow ball of cells
Blastulation
71
Hollow ball of cyst is called a
Blastocyst
72
What is blastopore
Future anus
73
Union of sperm/cell "gametes"
Fertitilization
74
Specialization of cells & tissues
Differentiation
75
Where is the short term location of sperm
Epididymis
76
Where is the long term storage of sperm
Vas deferens
77
The mitochondria of sperm is filled with what type of sugar
Fructose
78
What produces chorionic gonadotropin
Trophoblast
79
What hormone targets the corpus luteum
Chorionic gonadotropin
80
When a blastocyst burrows into the endometrium it's called
Implantation
81
The rearrangement of cells to germ layers is called
Gastrulation
82
What are the 3. Germ layers
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
83
What are the 2 types of protection during embryonic development
Thermal & mechanical protection
84
What is the embryonic portion of the placenta
Chorion
85
What is the maternal portion of the placenta
Endometrium
86
What is the rudimentary structure
Yolk sac
87
What forms the primitive urinary bladder
Allantois
88
Picture of chromosomes
Karyotypes
89
What forms the umbilical cord
Allantoic stalk
90
What type of test takes a small piece of chorion
Chorionic villus biopsy
91
What type of test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid
Amniocentesis
92
How many weeks is amniocentesis
16 weeks
93
At How many weeks is chorionic villus biopsy
8 weeks
94
What causes low birth weights (under 5-6lbs)
Smoking
95
What is knowing as the most sensitive period during pregnancy
1st 2 months
96
During what trimester is protein intake critical to the fetus for brain development
Final
97
What is independent existence
Cutting the umbilical cord
98
Body cells are also known as
Somatic cells
99
What is the technical term for production of eggs
Oogenesis
100
Ovaries are known as the primary
Oocyte
101
Testes are known as the primary
Spermatocyte
102
Egg laying mammals; amniotic eggs; only mammals to be laid on land still parental care
Monotremes
103
What is an example of monotremes
Platypus
104
Which animals require water for reproduction & produces many small eggs with external fertilization/embryonic development
Fish & amphibians
105
At what age are men at risk for prostate gland problems & what percent
70-85 years old & 85%
106
What is capicitation
Sperm cell can effectively fertilize an egg (due to enzymes in female body)
107
Structures that have a common evolutionary origin is known as
Homologous
108
What are some examples of homologous structures
Testes-ovaries
Scrotum-labia
Penis-clitoris
109
What is analogous
Structures in the body that have the same purpose but different evolutionary origin
110
What are some examples of analogous
Bird wings vs beetle wings
111
Where is the hormone estrogen & androgen produce
Pituitary & hypothalamus
112
Finger like structure that guides the egg to the Fallopian tube
Fimbriae/ostium
113
Where is the oocyte produced
In a follicle
114
What is a follicle
Chamber in the ovary
115
Approximately how long does an oocyte live
72 hours
116
What transport the oocyte to the uterus from the ovary
Fallopian tube
117
What are the 3 parts to the uterus
Fundus, body, cervix
