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Term 1 > A & P (Ch. 12-16) > Flashcards

A & P (Ch. 12-16) Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • hyoid
  • spine
  • thorax
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2
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • upper extremities
  • shoulder girdle
  • lower extremities
  • hip girdle
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3
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

28

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4
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

-8 in total

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5
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

-14 in total

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6
Q

How many ear bones are there?

A

-6 in total

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7
Q

Fetal Skull

A
  • unique anatomical features that aren’t seen in adult skull

- 4 soft spots (fontanels), which allow the skull to be flexible

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8
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • ‘U’ shaped bone located just above the larynx & below the mandible
  • suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone
  • only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with any other bones
  • tongue movement & swallowing
  • attached to muscles of the tongue & floor of the mouth
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9
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A
  • 24 total
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • sacrum (fused ligaments)
  • coccyx (tailbone)
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10
Q

What is the role of the vertebrae?

A
  • strength & flexibility to the spine

- movement of the spine

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11
Q

Characteristics of Vertebrae

A
  • all have similar features (except C1)
  • all have a foramen
  • C2 has an upward projection (dens) to allow rotation of the head
  • C7 has a long, blunt spinous process
  • vertebrae articulate with each other
  • thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs
  • as a whole, the vertebral column articulates with the head, ribs & iliac bones
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12
Q

What is the thoracic cavity made of?

A
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribs
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13
Q

Thorax- Sternum

A
  • ‘dagger’ shaped
  • middle of chest
  • 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
  • manubrium articulates with the clavicle & 1st rib
  • next 9 ribs join to its body directly or indirectly via costal cartilage
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14
Q

Thorax- Ribs (12 pairs)

A
  • each pair attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
  • all except the lower 2 pairs also attach anteriorly to the sternum by costal cartilage
  • 8th, 9th & 10th pairs attach to the cartilage of the 7th ribs (false ribs)
  • 11th & 12th pairs don’t attach to any costal cartilage (floating ribs)
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15
Q

Upper Extremities

A
  • pectoral/shoulder girdle
  • humerus (arm- from shoulder to elbow)
  • radius & ulna (arm- from elbow to wrist)
  • carpal (8) & metacarpals (5) (wrist & palm)
  • phalanges (14) (fingers): 3 phalanges per finger, 2 on thumb
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16
Q

Upper Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

A
  • made up of scapula (shoulder blade)
  • clavicle (collar bone)
  • connects upper extremity to axial skeleton
  • only point of connection= sternoclavicular joint
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17
Q

Humerus

A
  • long bone of arm
  • 2nd largest bone in body
  • held in place at the scapula by rotator cuff
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18
Q

Radius & Ulna

A
  • forearm (between elbow & wrist)

- anatomical position (radius-lateral & ulna-medial)

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19
Q

Elbow Joint

A

-bony process of ulna (olecranon) fits into ‘big crater’ (olecranon fossa) on posterior of humerus

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20
Q

Lower Extremities

A
  • pelvic girdle (hip)
  • femur (thigh bone)
  • patella (kneecap)
  • tibia (shinbone)
  • fibula (slender bone in the lower leg)
  • tarsal (7) & metatarsal (5) (heel & base of foot)
  • phalanges (14) (toes)
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21
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • 2 pelvic (coxal) bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
  • sacrum
  • strong base to support torso & connect lower extremities to axial skeleton
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22
Q

Lower Extremities

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • fibula
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23
Q

Femur

A
  • thigh bone
  • longest in the body
  • hip to knee
  • head joins hip at acetabulum
  • distal end joins with tibia & fibula at knee
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24
Q

Tibia

A
  • shin bone

- sharp edge along front of lower leg

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25
Fibula
- very delicate - doesn't bear weight - lower leg (lateral)
26
Tarsals (7)
- heel, back of foot & ankle | - calcaneous (heel bone) is the largest one
27
Metatarsals (5)
-toes attach to them
28
Phalanges (14)
- toe bones - compact - provide strong & 'springy' base for body
29
Male Skeleton
- larger - shape of pelvis: deep & narrow - pelvic outlet is not as wide as females
30
Female Skeleton
- smaller - shape of pelvis: broad & shallow - pelvic outlet is broad & shallow in females (wider for giving birth) - pubic angle is wider (angle between pubic bones)
31
What does reduced bone density cause?
- fractures more likely - changes in posture - changes in height
32
What is an articulation?
- a joint - point of contact between bones - allow movement - can be classified according to structure or function
33
Which is the only bone that does not connect to at least one other bone at a 'joint'?
-hyoid
34
Classification by Structure & Function (3 types)
1) fibrous 2) cartilaginous 3) synovial
35
Fibrous (Synarthroses) Subtypes
- syndesmoses - sutures - gomphoses
36
Syndesmoses
-ligaments connect the bones (ex. distal radioulnar joint)
37
Sutures
- only found in skull | - interlocking 'teeth like' projections connect bones
38
Gomphoses
-joints between teeth roots & jaw bones
39
Cartilaginous (Amphiarthroses) Subtypes
- synchondroses | - symphyses
40
Synchondroses
-hyaline cartilage between bones
41
Symphyses
- a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones (ex. pubis symphysis; between vertebrae) - limited movement
42
Synovial (diarthroses) Subtype
- freely movable - most numerous type of joint in the body - most complex type of joint in the body - most joints of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joints
43
Structure of Joints
- joint capsule - synovial membrane - articular cartilage - joint cavity - menisci - ligaments - bursae
44
Joint Capsule
- sleeve like casing around ends of the 2 joining bones - made of tough, strong, fibrous connective tissue - lined with synovial membrane - firmly attached to shaft of each bone at periosteum (actually an extension of the periosteum) - provides very secure attachment while allowing movement at joint
45
Synovial Membrane
- 'lining' of joint capsule - secretes synovial fluid which lubricates & nourishes joint - facilitates movement
46
Articular Cartilage
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage - rubbery/smooth - covers ends of bones at joints - decreases friction - absorbs jolts
47
Joint Cavity
-small space between articulating surfaces of the 2 bones of the joint
48
Menisci (articulating disk)
- pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones of some diarthrotic joints - usually divide joint cavity into 2 separate spaces
49
Ligaments
- bands made of tough, fibrous, connective tissue - originate from periosteum - attach bones together
50
Bursae
-synovial fluid filled sacs that cushion some 'boney' joints to cushion joint & facilitate tendon movement
51
Uniaxial Joints
-permit movement around ONE axis & only in ONE plane 1) hinge - allows flexion & extension - ex. elbows, knees, fingers 2) pivot - allows rotation - ex. cervical (neck) vertebrae
52
Biaxial Joints
-permit movement around 2 perpendicular axes & 2 perpendicular planes 1) saddle - only one pair - excellent ROM - ex. opposing thumbs 2) condyloid - flexion/extension - adduction/abductor - ex. wrist, fingers
53
Multiaxial Joints
-permit movement around 3 or more axes & 3 or more planes 1) ball & socket - allows widest ROM - ex. shoulder & hip 2) gliding - allows gliding motion - ex. between vertebrae
54
How is ROM assessed & determined during a joint injury?
-a goniometer
55
All synovial joints allow 1 or more of these movements...
1) angular (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) 2) circular (rotating, circumduction, supination, pronation) 3) gliding (gliding with no angular or circular movement) 4) special (inversion, eversion)
56
Flexion
-movement that decreases the angle between two bones at their joint (bending)
57
Extension
-movement that increases the angle between two bones at their joint (straightening)
58
Dorsiflexion
-elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot
59
Plantarflexion
-bottom of the foot is directed downward
60
Abduction
-movement of a body part AWAY from the midline
61
Adduction
-movement of a body part TOWARD the midline
62
Rotation
-movement around a longitudinal axis (ex. shaking head 'no')
63
Circumduction
-movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end traces a circle, while the proximal end is fixed (still)
64
Supination
-palms face anterior
65
Pronation
-palms face posterior
66
Gliding Movements
- simplest movement - articular surface of one bone moves over the articular surface of another bone - occurs between carpals & tarsals, and between spinal vertebrae
67
Inversion
-bottom of foot faces toward midline of body
68
Eversion
-bottom of foot faces toward the side of the body
69
Protaction
-moves a body part forward
70
Refraction
-moves a body part back
71
Elevation
-moves a body part up
72
Depression
-lowers a body part
73
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
over 600
74
How much of your body weight is skeletal muscle?
-40% to 50%
75
Muscles fill in the ______ & ______ of the body.
- form | - contour
76
Endomysium
-delicate CT membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibres (muscle fibres=muscle cells)
77
Perimysium
-tough CT that binds groups of skeletal muscle fibres (fascicles) together
78
Epimysium
-coarse sheath that covers muscle as a whole
79
Synathroses Joints
-no movement
80
Amphiarthroses Joints
-slight movement
81
Diarthroses Joints
-free movement
82
Upper Extremity Muscles
-act on the shoulder girdle & move the arm - trapezius - pectoralis minor - pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi - deltoid - biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis - triceps brachii
83
Which muscles move the thigh & leg?
- illiopsoas (major & minor) - gluteus maximus - adductor group
84
Which muscles move the lower leg?
- quadriceps group | - hamstring group
85
Which muscles move the foot?
-gastrocnemius
86
What are the 3 primary functions of skeletal muscles?
1) movement 2) posture/muscle tone 3) heat production
87
How is posture maintained?
muscles exert a continual pull on bones in the opposite direction from gravity - nervous system is responsible for the existence of muscle tone & also for regulation & coordination of the amount of pull excepted by individual muscles - respiratory, digestive, excretory & endocrine systems all contribute to maintain posture

Term 1 (17 decks)

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