Infection Control Flashcards
1
Q
Nonsocomial Infection
A
-a hospital acquired infection
2
Q
Pandemic
A
-infection that is widespread and affects a large area
3
Q
Epidemic
A
-an infection that is localized
4
Q
Where is fungi found?
A
- surface of skin
- they like dark, moist places
5
Q
Can fungi grow even if illness is not present?
A
yes
6
Q
How are fungal infections treated?
A
-topical medication
7
Q
What are some examples of fungal infections?
A
- ringworm (worst)
- athletes foot
- yeast infection
- oral thrush
8
Q
Parasites
A
- single celled
- divide within a host
9
Q
Do parasites need a host?
A
Yes, but their eggs can survive outside of one.
10
Q
How are parasites contracted?
A
- ingestion (food and water)
- water contaminated with feces
- stepping in infected feces
- broken skin (penetrate through cut or scratch)
11
Q
What is a possible illness caused by mosquito bites?
A
malaria
12
Q
Is malaria severe?
A
Yes, it can lead to death.
13
Q
Protozoa
A
-toxoplasmosis from food which causes dysentery
14
Q
What is dysentery?
A
-bloody, foul smelling diarrhea
15
Q
Giardiasis
A
-contracted from contaminated water with the protozoa giardia
16
Q
Helminths
A
-roundworms and tapeworms in/on body
17
Q
Ectoparasites
A
- mites, fleas, ticks, lice
- live on skin
18
Q
What area of the body does C. Diff. infect?
A
- GI tract
- Lg intestine
19
Q
Why is C. Diff. a concern?
A
- soap and water is the only thing that can clean it
- not easy to kill with antibiotics
20
Q
What are the 3 protective isolations?
A
- airborne
- contact
- droplet
21
Q
What items are used for PPE?
A
- gloves
- mask
- gown
- goggles
- face shield
22
Q
When is it important to change gloves?
A
- torn
- soiled
- dirty
- leaving a room
23
Q
What does PPE stand for?
A
personal protective equipment
24
Q
Which strain of influenza causes an epidemic?
A
A, B
25
Which strain of influenza causes a pandemic?
A
26
Which part of a population do pandemics affect?
- everyone
| - especially children, elderly, and those with compromised immune system
27
When do you uncover sharps?
-right before you use it
28
When do you put the cover back on sharps?
never
29
When do you remove a needle from a syringe?
never
30
When do you dispose of sharps?
ASAP after use
31
What are essential criteria for a sharps container?
- lid
- biohazard sign
- puncture proof
- opening
- fill line
32
What are potential hazards of sharps?
- injury
- infecting yourself
- infecting someone else
33
What factors could decrease someone's immunity?
- youth
- old age
- illness
- fatigue
- stress
- certain treatments or medications
34
What do you do following a blood exposure?
- blood work of source blood (investigation)
- clean with soap and water
- if you have a cut, make it bleed
- report it ASAP
35
Bacteria
- mostly good
- survives almost anywhere
- no membrane
- treated with antibiotics
36
Virus
- bad
- requires a host
- protein coat
- treated with vaccine
37
What are some examples of bacterial infections?
- pneumonia
- meningitis
- food poisoning
38
What are some examples of virus'?
- hepatitis
- chicken pox
- HIV
- influenza
- ebola
- rabis
39
RPAP
Routine Practices and Precautions
40
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
| -aka staph infection
41
What part of the body does MRSA affect?
- skin
- boils, blisters, peeling skin
- can spread to blood, bones, heart, lungs, etc.
42
Why is MRSA a concern?
- resistant to antibiotics
- usually occurs in people who are already in hospital or care home
- associated with invasive procedures (surgeries)
43
What does VRE stand for?
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
44
What area of the body does VRE affect?
- intestines
- female genital tract
- urinary tract
- bloodstream
- wounds associated with catheters or surgical procedures
45
Why is VRE a concern?
- resistant to antibiotics
| - more difficult to treat
46
Pathogen
-bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite, etc. that cause disease
47
Infection
-invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease causing agents
48
Infectious Disease
-disorders caused by organisms (bacteria, virus', fungi, parasites) that cause disease in humans
49
Host
-human, animal, etc.
50
Microbe
-microscopic organism which can exist in it's single celled form or in a body
51
Are antibiotics affective for virus'?
No.
52
Antiseptic
-stops the growth of bacteria
53
Disinfectant
-kills bacteria
54
Incubation Period
-the time you are infected, but not showing symptoms
55
What do isolation signs tell us?
- stop
- find a nurse
- what PPE is needed
- what kind of isolation it is
56
DMARDs
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
57
Examples of Disinfectants
- bleach
- lysol wipes
- vinegar (natural)
58
Examples of Antiseptics
- mouthwash
- alcohol
- polysporin
- iodine
- creams for infections
59
Droplet Diseases
- pertussis (whooping cough)
| - meningcoccal disease
60
Contact Diseases
- MRSA
- VRE
- norovirus
- C. Diff.
61
Airborne Diseases
- TB
- measles
- chicken pox
- shingles
62
Droplet Precautions
- private room or 2m with a curtain pulled
- staff wear mask and eye wear
- patient wears mask when leaving room
63
Contact Precautions
- private room or with people with same disease
| - staff wear gloves and gowns
64
Airborne Precautions
- negative pressure room
- staff wear N95 mask
- patients wear a mask out of room
65
What are some current challenges keeping up with infection control programs? (5)
- new infections
- resistant organisms
- drug cost increase
- staff shortages
- making sure everyone is following standard practices
66
Under what circumstances must you wash with soap and water rather than sanitizer? (5)
- visibly dirty
- after the washroom
- after using harmful chemicals
- before eating or preparing food
- if hands are wet
- when in contact with C. Diff.
67
When to put on PPE.
-before contact with patient
68
When to take off PPE.
- at doorway, before leaving
| - mask outside of room
69
What order to you put on (don) PPE?
- gown
- mask
- goggles
- gloves
70
What order do you take off (doff) PPE?
- gloves
- goggles
- gown
- mask
71
Expanded Precautions
- patient is known to have infection
| - airborne, contact, droplet
72
Standard (universal) Precautions
- assuming what a patient may have
- assuming blood or bodily fluid is contaminated
- proper PPE to prevent transmission, depending on what the patient may have
73
Antigen Shift
-new subtype
74
Antigen Drift
-mutation
75
Phases 1-3 of Influenza
- mostly animals
| - some humans
76
What occurs in phase 4 of influenza?
- human to human transmission
- increased cases
- almost at peak
77
What occurs in stages 4 and 5 of influenza to cause a pandemic?
-widespread transmission
78
What occurs in stages 5 and 6 of influenza to cause a pandemic?
-widespread transmission
79
What occurs in the post pandemic phase of influenza?
-disease activity is at normal seasonal levels
80
How long before the flu vaccine is effective?
- at least 2 weeks
| - can take 4 to 6
81
What is in the flu vaccine?
- part of the virus
| - chicken egg proteins
82
What types of the flu does the flu vaccine cover?
- influenza A
| - influenza B
83
What are 3 major blood borne pathogens?
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- HIV
84
Symptoms of Cold
- sneezing
- stuffy nose
- sore throat
85
Before disinfection, what percentage of probes are found to have bacteria on them?
98. 8%
| - 36 different species
86
Routine US Procedures
- wiping probe, handle and cord after every patient
| - intra cavity probe must undergo high level disinfection (HLD)
87
What do you do if a patient is on isolation precautions?
-HLD (high level disinfection)
88
Sani Cloth Plus
- kills most bacteria while still maintaining the transducer
| - kills E Coli, MRSA, TB, Pseudomonas, Staph Aureus, Salmonella, VRE, Herpes Simplex, Influenza A and RSV
89
Problems in US Dept.
- time
- space
- training
- knowledge
- clear identifiers
90
Benefits of the Trophon EPR
- safe (enclosed)
- protects environment and workers
- no special equipment needed
- more effective (staff can multitask)
- easy to use
- compact
- easily moved
91
How to Use the Trophon
- push ON in upper right corner
- screen will message WARMING UP and once completed the screen will say LOAD PROBE
- the probe must be CLEAN and DRY
92
How to Position the Probe in the Trophon
- open chamber door
- the probe is help by 2 clamps
- short sleeve at the back of the handle covering the electrical cable (probe gland)
93
Probe Gland
-part of the trophon that covers the electrical cable
94
Method to Load Probe in Trophon
- put on gloves
- hold probe by hand
- press top of probe gland into the gland seal
- push the probe electrical cable into the cable clamp (@ top of chamber)
- probe must be straight (not touching walls or bottom of chamber)
- put in chemical indicator
- close chamber door
95
The Chemical Indicator
- a single use chemical indicator is used for each disinfection cycle
- indicator should be red when placed on the floor of the device chamber
- colour assessment charts for successful disinfection is different for each box of chemical indicators (only 1 box may be open at a time)
96
What do you do if trophon states CYCLE FAILED?
-start new disinfection cycle from the beginning
97
What do you do if trophon states CYCLE COMPLETE?
-manual inspection of the chemical indicator and probe
98
Where is the trophon cartilage inserted and what does it contain?
- on side of device
| - hydrogen peroxide for HLD
99
How does the trophon work?
-ultra fine hydrogen peroxide mist enters the chamber via side ports and gently swirls around to cover the entire surface of the probe and it's handle
100
PSHSA
Public Service Health and Safety Association
101
Infection Control Program
- update immunizations
- staff influenza vaccination
- TB screening
- exposure prevention and management
- post exposure prophylaxis
- health and safety education
102
RPAP
Routine Practices And Precautions
-practices that all patients, staff and visitors need to follow
103
PHO
Public Health Ontario
104
PIDAC
Provincial Infectious Disease Advisory Committee
105
PHAC
Public Health Agency of Canada
106
JHSC
Joint Health and Safety Committee
107
How often is inspection ventilation systems done?
-every 6 months
108
How many complete air exchanged do negative pressure rooms have per hour?
12
109
What is a blood borne pathogen?
-infectious microorganisms in the human body that can cause disease in humans
110
Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens
- hepatitis B (HBV)
- hepatitis C (HBV)
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
111
How can infected blood enter your system?
- mucous membranes
- blood
- body fluids
112
Potentially Infected Fluids
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- CSF
- synovial fluid
- pleural and peritoneal fluid
- amniotic fluid
- saliva
113
Do most exposures result in infection?
No.
114
What do we do following a blood exposure?
- wash needle sticks and cuts with soap and water
- flush splashes to nose mouth or skin with water
- irrigate eyes with water or saline
115
How can occupational exposures be prevented?
- wear PPE
- conscious of environment you're in
- proper handling of sharps
116
3 Most Common Blood Borne Pathogens
1) HBV (hepatitis B virus)
2) HCV (hepatitis C virus)
3) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
117
Is HBV spread from sharing utensils, pools, hugging, kissing, coughing or sneezing?
No.
118
How can the public contract HCV?
- blood
| - sex
119
Is it easier to catch the flu or HCV?
-flu
120
How can HIV be contracted?
- blood exposures
| - sex
121
If you have received the Hep B vaccine and developed immunity, could you still get the infection?
No.
122
Is there a risk of HBV exposure to intact skin?
No.
123
How many more times infectious is HBV than HIV?
50 to 100 times
124
Is there a risk of HCV to intact skin?
No.
125
What is the risk of exposure to non intact skin for HIV?
-less than 0.1%
126
The annual number of occupational HBV infections has decreased by ___% since the availability of the Hep B vaccine. (1982)
95%
127
__% of healthcare workers have HCV.
1
128
__% of US population have HCV
3
129
In a period of 16 years, CDC has received reports of ___ documented cases and ___ possible cases of occupationally acquired HIV infection.
57
| 138
130
Treatment for HBV Exposure
- vaccine
- should be tested 1 to 2 months after to make sure vaccine is effective
- hep b immune globulin (HBIG)
131
HCV Treatment
-immune globulin and antiviral therapy are not recommended after exposure
132
HIV Treatment
-PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)
133
What if the exposure to blood is from someone whose infection status is unknown?
- ask if they are infected
- test their blood
- if they do not allow, we assume they are infected
134
How soon should treatment start after a blood exposure?
ASAP
135
HIV Drug Risks
- may have serious side affects when interacting with other medications
- very important to tell person managing any medications you are taking
136
Can pregnant/breast feeding women receive the Hep B vaccine or HBIG?
Yes, there is no harm to the fetus.
137
Signs of Hepatitis
-liver is unable to process lyric acid (accumulates in blood)
138
HIV Follow Up
- ASAP
| - report any flu symptoms (fever, muscle aches, tiredness, swollen glands, etc.)
139
What are the precautions during follow up period of HBV?
-none after receiving treatment
140
What are the precautions during follow up period for HCV?
- none
| - risk of infection is low
141
What are the precautions during follow up period for HIV?
-for the first 6 to 12 weeks take all precautions to prevent transmission
142
How many times do our hands touch our face an hour?
50
143
What do sterile trays prevent?
-transmission of microorganisms to patients
144
When are sterile trays to be opened?
-directly before exam
145
When opening a sterile tray, which flap do we open last?
-the one closest to us
