Anatomy & Physiology (Test 2) Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Cell Growth
A
-depends on using genetic information in DNA to make structural & functional proteins (protein synthesis) needed for cell survival
2
Q
Cell Reproduction
A
-ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next
3
Q
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A
- contains genetic information that determines expression heritable traits
- structure resembles a long, narrow, spiral staircase, referred to as a ‘double helix’
4
Q
DNA ‘building blocks’
A
- sugar (deoxyribose) & phosphate make up the sides
- base pairs (A T) or (C G) make up the ‘steps’
- always paired (A T) & (C G)—complimentary/obligary base pairing
5
Q
Gene
A
-a specific segment/sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule
6
Q
Genes dictate formation of ______ & other proteins by ______.
A
- enzymes
- ribosomes
7
Q
Although the types of base pairs in all chromosomes are the same, the ______ varies.
A
-sequence
8
Q
Each gene directs ______ function & protein synthesis.
A
-RNA
9
Q
A human gene consists of approximately ______ base pairs (which contain the code for making one RNA molecule, which will be translated to make one ______).
A
- 1000
- polypeptide
10
Q
DNA in the nucleus contains the ‘master code’ for protein synthesis, which occurs in the ______.
A
- cytoplasm
11
Q
How does the ‘master code’
for protein synthesis get out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm?
A
-with the help of various types of RNA, via the processes transcription & translation.
12
Q
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A
- single stranded
- composed of sugar (ribose), phosphate & base pairs (C G & T U)
13
Q
How does genetic information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
A
1) transcription-
2) translation- occurs in the cytoplasm & involves mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
14
Q
3 Types of RNA
A
- mRNA: messenger RNA (coding RNA)
- tRNA: transfer RNA (non coding RNA)
- rRNA: ribosomal RNA (non coding RNA)
15
Q
Transcription
A
-occurs in the nucleus between DNA & mRNA
-double stranded DNA unwinds or unzips
-single stranded mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA
mRNA is ‘edited’ & then moves into cytoplasm
16
Q
Translation
A
- occurs in the cytoplasm & involves mRNA, tRNA & rRNA
- after leaving the nucleus & being edited, mRNA associated with a ribosome (which contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm
- tRNA molecules then bring specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome; the type of amino acid is determined by 3-base pair sequences called codons on the mRNA & anticodons on the tRNA
- as amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them, resulting in the creation of a polypeptide chain—>protein
17
Q
Mitosis
A
- when a cell is actively dividing
- process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new ‘daughter’ cell that is formed when the original cell divides
- enables cells to identically reproduce their own kind
18
Q
Interphase
A
-when a cell is not actively dividing
19
Q
Before a cell can divide (cell reproduction), it has to make a copy of it’s ______, so that it can be equally shared among the ______ ______.
A
- DNA
- daughter cells
20
Q
DNA Replication
A
-a process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule
21
Q
Newly formed cells produce a variety of molecules & other substances required for growth/maintenance by using the ______ contained in DNA’s ______.
A
- information
- genes
22
Q
DNA unwinds, separates at a point between base pairs, and each ‘side’ ______ it’s ______ ______ until each strand is a whole one again (identical to the original). It the proceeds ______.
A
- attracts
- complementary base
- mitosis
23
Q
4 Stages of Mitosis
A
1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase
24
Q
Fertilization of an ovum & sperm leads to a diploid cell, called a…
A
-zygote
25
How many chromosomes does a zygote get from each parent?
- 23 from each parent
| - 64 in total
26
Body cells (somatic cells/asexual cells) contain ______ chromosomes aka 'diploid' number of chromosomes.
46
27
22 homologous pairs + 2 others, which are the sex chromosome ______ or ______.
XX or XY
28
______ sex cells also have the diploid number (46) of chromosomes.
Immature
29
Gametes
-sperm or ovum
30
______ is the process by which the diploid number of chromosomes in the immature cells is reduced to the ______ number of chromosomes (23) found in mature sex cells which are called ______.
- meiosis
- haploid
- gametes
31
Zygote
-a fertilized sperm & ovum that is a diploid cell
32
A zygote will have ______ chromosomes from each parent.
23
33
Cutaneous
skin
34
Serous
facing inside body
35
Mucous
inside body, but connection to the outside (eye, mouth, rectum)
36
Tissue
-a group of cells, held together by an extracellular matrix, which are similar in structure & perform common or related functions
37
4 Main Types of Tissues
1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous
38
Within ______ weeks of conception, there is organization of cells into ______ primary germ layers.
- 2
| - 3
39
3 Primary Germ Layers
1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm
40
Histogenesis
-the cells of each germ layer differentiate to form specific tissues, eventually giving rise to the various organs & tissues
41
Extra means...
outside or beyond
42
Matrix
a surrounding medium or structure
43
Extracellular Matrix Components
1) collagen
2) elastin
3) glycoproteins & proteoglycans
44
Collagen
- twisted bundles of fibres
- very strong/can be stretched
- most abundant
- weakens with age
45
Elastin
-rubbery & stretchy
46
Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans
-combo of proteins & carbohydrates
47
What removes damaged tissues?
phagocytosis
48
Epithelial & connective tissues have the ______ capacity to repair.
-greatest
49
Muscle & nerve tissues have ______ ______ to repair.
-limited ability
50
Cartilage is ______ to repair.
-slow
51
Keloid Scars
-unusually thick scars that develop in lower layers of the skin
52
Membrane
- thin, sheet like structure
- found throughout the body
- cover & protect internal & external surfaces & organs
- anchors organs & bones
- secrete lubricating fluids to reduce friction
53
2 Major Types of Membranes
1) Epithelial
| 2) Connective Tissue
54
3 Types of Epithelial Membranes
1) cutaneous
2) serous
3) mucous
55
Epithelial Membranes
-most diverse & widespread tissue in the body
56
2 Layers of Serous Membrane
- visceral (covers organs)
| - parietal (lines cavity wall)
57
Cutaneous Membrane
- the skin
- primary organ of the integumentary system
- largest organ (16% of body weight)
- made up of: superficial layer of epithelial cells & underlying layer of supportive connective tissue
58
2 Layers of Serous Membranes
1) epithelial sheet: thin layer of simple squamous epithelium
2) connective tissue layer: thin, supportive basement membrane
59
Pleura
in lungs
60
Peritoneum
in abdomen
61
Pleurisy
-inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity & cover the lungs (the pleura)
62
Peritonitis
-inflammation of the serous membranes that line the walls of the abdominal cavity & cover the abdominal organs (the peritoneum)
63
Mucous Membranes (mucosa)
-lines body surfaces that open directly to the exterior of the body (ex. lining of ducts & passages of respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts)
64
Epithelial cells produce ______ to keep the membranes soft & moist to protect underlying cells.
-mucous
65
Connective Tissue Membranes
- do not contain epithelial components
| - synovial
66
2 Types of Epithelial Tissue
1) membranous (everywhere else)
| 2) glandular (glands)
67
Membranous Epithelium
-covers the body & some of it's parts; lines the serous cavities, blood & lymphatic vessels, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and genitourinary tract
68
Glandular Epithelium
-secretes units of endocrine & exocrine glands
69
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
- protection
- sensory functions: special epithelial structures in the skin, nose, eyes & ears
- secretion: hormones, mucous, digestive juices & sweat
- absorption: gut & respiratory tract
- excretion: kidney tubules
70
Generalizations of Epithelial Tissues
- limited amounts of matrix material
- tightly packed sheets of cells, with many desmosomes and tight junctions
- membranous type attached to a basement membrane
- avascular
- capable of reproduction
71
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- single layer of flat & scale shaped cells
- structure perfect for transport/diffusion (ex. absorption of oxygen into blood)
- permeable to many substances
- located in alveoli of lungs, lining of blood & lymphatic vessels
72
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- single layer of cube shaped cells
- often specialized for secretory activity (saliva, digestive juices, sweat, hormones)
- usually grouped into tubules or clusters/glands
73
Simple Columnar Epithelial
- single layer of tall, narrow, column shaped cells
- composes surface of mucous membranes that line stomach, intestines, part of respiratory system & reproductive system
- contains mucous producing goblet cells
- specialized for absorption (ex. microvilli)
74
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- columnar cells of varying heights
- single layer of cells that wedge together to appear as if they are 2 or more layers
- each cell touches basement membrane
- lining of respiratory tract (ex. trachea) & parts of reproductive system (ex. moves egg in fallopian tube)
75
Glands
-can be endocrine (ductless) or exocrine (duct)
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Tubules
-urine producing tubules of kidneys
77
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- several layers of closely packed cells
- protection is primary function
- can be keratinized or non keratinized
78
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- 2 or more rows of cuboidal cells randomly arranged over a basement membrane
- protective function
- located in sweat glands, pharynx, epiglottis
79
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- multiple layers of columnar cells
- only most superficial cells are typical in shape
- protective
- rare (ex. located in segments of male urethra & near anus)
80
Stratified Transitional Epithelium
- up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched
- protective function
- found in body areas subject to stress & that stretch (ex. urinary bladder)
81
Glandular Epithelium
- specialized for secretory activity & can function on their own (unicellular glands) or in clusters (multicellular glands)
- exocrine glands: discharge secretion into ducts
- endocrine glands: "ductless" glands; discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid
82
Connective Tissues
- most abundant tissue in body
- most widely distributed tissue in body
- multiple types, appearances & functions
- numerous types (determined by structure of matrix & fibres of tissue)
83
General Structure of Connective Tissue
- extracellular matrix is predominant in most CT's & determines it's physical characteristics
- fluid, gel, solid matrix
- collagenous (strong & flexible) or elastic (stretchy) fibres
84
Apocrine
-head of cell leaves
85
Helocrine
-whole cell leaves
86
Merocrine
-opens & lets hormones out
87
Functions of Connective Tissues
- connects, binds & supports structures (ex. tendons & ligaments)
- protects & cushions organs & tissues
- insulates (fat)
- transports substances (blood)
88
Classification of Connective Tissue
1) fibrous (college or elastic)
2) bone
3) cartilage
4) blood
89
Loose Fibrous (areolar) CT
- most widely distributed
| - glue that holds organs together (webs of fibre & a variety of cells in a soft, sticky gel)
90
Adipose (fat & fat cells) CT
- lipid storage is primary function
- leptin production
- fat is inside the cell
91
Dense Fibrous CT
- densely packed fibres within the matrix
- collagenous and/or elastic fibres
- strong & flexible (ex. tendons & ligaments)
92
Bone CT
- one of the most specialized
- matrix is hard & calcified
- forms structural building blocks called osteons (circular structure)
- function is support, protection, movement, mineral storage, supports hematopoietic tissue
93
Cartilage CT
- cells are called chondrocytes
- avascular: slow to heal
- matrix is consistency of a firm plastic/rubber
94
Blood CT
- most unusual type
- matrix is fluid
- responsible for oxygenation, body temp, pH, immunity
95
Hematopoietic Tissue (Cancellous Bone) CT
- blood like connective tissue found in red marrow cavities (bones, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes)
- formation of blood & lymphatic cells
- important in immunity
- called 'spongy' bone due to appearance
96
Muscle Tissue Cells
- have the highest degree of contractility (to contact or shorten)
- slow to heal
97
3 Types of Muscles
1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth
98
Nervous Tissue
-provides rapid communication between body structures & control of body functions through transmutation of nerve impulses
99
2 Types of Nervous Tissue Cells
1) Neurons (nerve cells)
| 2) Gilia (neuroglia)
100
Neurons (nerve cell)
- cell body
- axon: carries nerve impulses away from cell body
- dendrites: carry nerve impulses toward cell body
101
Gila (neuroglia)
-supportive & connecting cells
102
2 layers of skin
- epidermis
| - dermis
103
Supporting Layer of Skin
-hypodermis
104
"Thin Skin"
- covers most of body
- 1 to 3 mm thick
- smooth
- has hair
105
"Thick Skin"
- soles & palms
- 4 to 5 mm thick
- ridged
- no hair
106
Epidermis
- outermost & thinnest layer of skin
- composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal centric cells (langerhans cells), tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells)
107
Keratinocytes
- 90% of cells
- 'water proof'
- outer skin
108
Malanocytes
- 5% of cells
- pigment producing
- filter UV light
109
Epidermal Dentritic Cells (Langerhans Cells)
-play a role in immune response
110
tactile Epithelial Cells (Merkel Cells)
- sensory role
| - light touch
111
Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
- most superficial layer
| - dead cells filled with keratin
112
Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)
-cells filled with keratin precursor
113
Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
-cells contain high levels of lysosomal enzymes
114
Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer)
-cells rich in RNA
115
Stratum Basale (Base Layer)
- innermost layer
- cells undergoing mitosis; travel to skin's surface (takes about 35 days)
- as cells approach the surface they are filled with keratin
116
Dermoepidermal Junction
- specialized area between epidermis & dermis
- like a layer of 'glue' holding the 2 layers together
- blisters cause by breakdown of this junction
117
Dermis
- deeper & thicker than epidermis
- composed largely of connective tissue (gives skin its strength)
- cells are scattered further apart than epidermis & their are many fibres (collagen & elastin) between cells
- contains nerve endings, muscle fibres, hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, rich vascular supply
118
2 Layers of Dermis
1) papillary layer (superficial)
| 2) reticular layer (deep)
119
Papillary Layer of Dermis
- superficial
- parallel rows of dermal papillae
- helps bind epidermis to dermis
- basis of fingerprinting
- improves our grip
120
Reticular Layer of Dermis
- deep
- network of collagenous & stretchable fibres
- number of elastic fibres
- decrease with age, which leads to wrinkles
121
Cleavage Lines
-patterns formed by the collagenous fibres of the reticular layer of the dermis (plays a role in incision healing & stretch marks)
122
Growth & Repair of Dermis
- does not continually shed & regenerate itself like the epidermis
- during wound healing, fibroblasts begin forming an unusually dense mass of new connective fibres (if not replaced by normal tissue, this mass becomes a scar)
123
Hypodermis
- aka subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia
- located under dermis
- loose connective tissues; forms connection between skin & other structures
- made primarily of fat (insulation from extreme heat, alternative source of energy, protective cushion)
124
Skin Pigment
- gives skin it's colour
- produced in stratum basale/germinativum by cells called melanocytes
- pigment is called melanin
- primary function is to absorb harmful UV radiation from sun light to prevent sunburn
- more melanin=darker skin
125
Functions of the Skin
1) protection
2) sensation
3) flexibility
4) excretion
5) hormone production (vitamin D)
6) immunity
7) temperature regulation
126
Protection (skin function)
- physical barrier to micro organisms
- barrier to chemical hazards
- prevents dehydration
- protects against excess UV exposure
127
Melanin (in skin) protects the body from...
-UV exposure
128
Keratin (in skin) protects the body from...
- infection by microbes
- harmful chemicals
- excessive fluid loss
- cuts & tears
129
Sensation (skin functions)
- skin acts as a sophisticated sense organ
| - somatic sensory receptors detect stimuli that permit us to detect pressure, touch, temperature, pain, etc.
130
Sensory Role of Skin
- receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment
- meissner's corpuscles detect lighter touch
- pacinian corpuscles detect pressure
- other receptors detect pain, heat & cold
131
What are the accessory organs/structures of the skin?
- hair
- nails
- skin glands
- receptors
132
How does the skin regulate body temperature?
Heat Loss Through Evaporation: regulation of sweat secretion
Heat Loss Through Radiation: regulating the flow of blood close to the body surface
133
Growth requires an epidermal tube like structure called a ______ ______.
-hair follicle
134
Growth begins from small cap shaped clusters of cells at the base of the follicle called ______ ______.
-hair papilla
135
______ ______ lies hidden in the follicle.
-hair root
136
The visible part of the hair is called the ______.
-shaft
137
Arrector Pilli
- smooth muscle
- contractions cause goosebumps or hair to stand straight up
- attached to base of hair follicle
138
Nails
- produced by epidermal cells over ends of fingers & toes (cells filled with keratin)
- visible part is called nail body
- root lies in a groove & is hidden by cuticle
- crescent shaped area nearest root is called lunula
- nail bed may change colour with change in blood flow
139
Accessory Organs-Receptors
- specialized nerve endings that make it possible for skin to act as a sense organ (covered in 'dermis' section)
- Krause end bulbs (bulboid corpuscles): frequency vibration, fine touch
140
2 Types of Sudoriferous Glands
- eccrine
| - apocrine
141
Eppocrine Glands
- function throughout life
- most numerous, important & widespread sweat glands
- produce sweat, which is eliminated through pores
- assist in body heat regulation
142
Apocrine Glands
- enlarge/onset at puberty
- mostly in armpit & around genitalia
- secretion is thicker/milky (odor cause by bacterial breakdown)
- includes ceruminous glands (make ear wax)
143
Sebaceous Glands
- grow where hair grows
- secrete oil (more during adolescence)
- amount of secretion is regulated by sex hormones
- sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form a blackhead
144
Ceruminous Glands
- specialized sweat gland
- located in ear
- makes ear wax by mixing secretions with sebum to protect the ear from dehydration
145
Skin Cancer
- causes can be environmental or genetic
| - most common form of cancer
146
3 Common Types of Skin Cancer
- squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- malignant melanoma
- SCC & BCC amount for 95%
147
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- slow growing
- malignant tutor of epidermis
- first appear as hard, raised nodules
- if left untreated will grow & metastasize
148
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- most common type of skin cancer
- usually on upper face
- least likely to metastasize
- small, raised lesion that erodes in centre causing bleeding
- common on face due to lots of exposure to sun
149
Malignant Melanoma
- most serious form of skin cancer
- can develop from a benign pigmented mole
- develops into dark, spreading, cancerous lesion
- risk in higher is you have a blistering sunburn before age 20
150
Warning Signs of Malignant Melanoma
```
ABCDE:
A- asymmetry
B- border (irregular)
C- colour (uneven)
D- diameter (>6mm)
E- evolving (any changes)
```
151
Types of Burns
- sun
- electrical
- chemical/acid
- friction
152
What does treatment/recovery of burns depend on?
- size of area affected
| - severity/depth of burn
153
Rule of Nines
- body surface area (adult) is divides into 11 areas that are 9% each
- additional 1% around genitals
- used to quickly determine the extent of burn
- must also consider depth
154
First Degree Burns
- superficial partial thickness burns
- involve only surface layers of epidermis
- minimal damage
155
Second Degree Burns
- partial thickness burns
- involve the deep epidermis layers
- damage to upper layers of dermis
- severe pain, swelling, blisters, scarring
156
Third Degree Burns
- full thickness burns
- complete destruction of epidermis & dermis
- may involve muscle & bone
- no pain initially, followed by lots of pain
- fluid loss
- increased risk of infection
157
Functions of Bone
1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) mineral storage
5) hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells takes place in red bone marrow)
158
What are the 5 types of bones?
1) long
2) short
3) flat
4) irregular
5) sesamoid
159
Long Bone
- cylindrical, longer than they are wide, enlarged ends that articulate with other bones
- all bones except knee cap, wrist & ankle bones
160
Short Bone
-cube or box shaped (ex. wrists, ankles)
161
Flat Bone
-broad & thin with a flattened & often curved surface (skull, scapula, ribs, sternum)
162
Irregular Bones
-often clustered in groups, various shaped & sizes (vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones)
163
Sesamoid Bones
- aka round bones
- sometimes categorized as irregular bones
- number & size vary from person to person
- ex. knee cap
164
What are the 2 major types of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system?
- cartilage
- bones
- there is more matrix than cells in both
165
What are the 2 types o bone in the skeletal system?
- compact bone (dense bone)
| - spongy bone (cancellous bone)
166
Compact Bone (dense)
- outerlayer (hard & dense)
| - 80% of total bone mass
167
Spongy Bone (cancellous or trabecular)
- 20% of total bone mass
- in ends of long bones
- porous texture due to thin threads of bone called trabeculae
- trabeculae are surrounded by open spaces that may contain red bone marrow (in adults mostly in flat bones, femur & humerus)
- bone cells found within trabeculae
- nutrients delivered to/waste removed from cells via diffusion through tiny canaliculi
- arranged along lines of stress to enhance strength
- blood supply from bone marrow in medullary cavity
168
Osteons or Haversian Systems
-cylindrical structural units of compact bone
169
Concentiric Lamella
-matrix is calcified & arranged in rings of compact bone
170
What contains blood vessels in compact bones?
-central canal
171
Lacunae
- spaces within the hard layers of concentric lamella
| - osteocytes are in these spaces
172
Cancaliculi
-tiny canals in compact bone that connect with the central canal in each osteon (this is how nutrients get from the blood to the bone)
173
Periosteum
- fibrous sheath that covers compact bones
| - blood vessels pass through to get into bone & connect with central canal
174
Types of Bone Cells
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
175
Osteoblasts
- bone building cells
- form bone matrix & secrete collagen fibres
- initiate the process of calcification
- develop into osteocytes
- found in both the periosteum & endosteum
176
Osteoclasts
- huge cells that digest bone matrix (bone resorption)
- part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance & repair
- concentrated in the endosteum
- secrete digestive enzymes to digest the bone matrix
177
Osteocytes
- mature bone cells
- no longer secrete matrix
- maintain bone by regulating how much calcium in deposited in matrix
- located in lacunae
178
The Process of 'Remodelling' Bone
- bone is constantly being remodelled
| - requires osteoclasts & osteoblasts
179
The Process of 'Remodelling' Bone in Newborns
- many bones made up of cartilage (not ossified)
| - at approx 8 weeks it gets replaced by calcified bone matrix & mature bone calls (osteocytes)
180
Endochondral Ossification
-replacing cartilage with bone tissue
181
In adulthood only ______ ______ make blood.
-flat bones
182
In enfants & children ______ ______ bone makes blood.
-almost every
183
Bone Marrow
- type of soft connective tissue called myeloid tissue
- site for the production of blood cells
- found in the medullary cavities of long bones & in spaces of spongy bone
184
Red Marrow
- found in all bones in infants & children
- mainly found in ribs, vertebra & ends of long bones
- functions to produce red blood cells
185
Yellow Marrow
- replaces red marrow as we age
- marrow become saturated with fat & it no longer active in blood cell production
- can change to red marrow in times of decreased blood supply
186
Skeletal system is a ______ reservoir.
-calcium
187
What works similar to calcium?
-magnesium
188
Homeostasis of calcium ion concentration is essential for...
- bone formation, remodelling & repair
- blood clotting
- nerve impulse transmittion
- skeletal & cardiac muscle contractions
189
Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis involve...
- calcitonin
- parathyroid (growth hormone)
- serotonin
190
How is the length of bone increased?
- epiphyseal cartilage divides to create more cartilage
| - the diaphyseal cartilage is transformed to bone
191
How do bones grow?
- as long as the epiphyseal plate remains between the epiphyses & diaphysis, growth continues
- the epiphyseal line marks where 2 centres of ossification have fused together
192
What can compromise bone repair?
- age
- diabetes
- osteoperosis (lack of calcium causes weak bones)
- infections
- circulation issues
193
Repair of Fractures
- fractures can cause bleeding
- blood pools at site of fracture
- clotting=fracture hematoma which develops granulation tissue that contains all the elements to repair the fracture
194
Chondrocyte
cell
195
Matrix
- gel like
| - supported by collagenous fibres
196
Structure of Cartilage
- rubberlike
- supports, shock absorbant, long bone growth
- no blood vessels, so nutrients diffuse through matrix to reach cells
197
3 Types of Cartilage
- elastic
- hyaline
- fibro
198
Hyaline Cartilage
- most common
- covers surfaces of articulating bone
- forms costal cartilage, rings of trachea & bronchi, nose
199
Elastic Cartilage
- external ear
| - connects inner ear to nasal cavity
200
Fibrocartilage
- strong & rigid
| - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, where large tendons join bones
201
Decreased bone density/strength can occur from...
- pregnancy
- illness
- nutritional deficiencies
202
As you age, hard bone matrix is replaced with...
-softer connective tissue
203
Cartilage is ______ to repair.
-slow
204
The type of cartilage depends on...
- amount of matrix
| - the elastic & collagen fibres that are present
