Normal Anatomy (Test 1)

Question 1

Borders of Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 1

Superior: diaphragm
Inferior: pelvic floor
Posterior: back muscles and spine
Anterior: abdominal core muscles

Question 2

2 Layers of Peritoneum

Answer 2

1) visceral- covers organs

2) parietal- lines cavity wall

Question 3

Function of Peritoneum

Answer 3

• protection

- secretes fluid, so the organs do not rub when moving

Question 4

Intraperitoneal

Answer 4

• within peritoneal cavity

- spleen, stomach, sm intestine (except duodenum), liver, gall bladder, ovaries

Question 5

Retroperitoneal

Answer 5

• behind or inferior to peritoneal cavity

- kidneys, ureters, prostate, rectum, pancreas, uterus, bladder, duodenum

Question 6

Congenital means…

Answer 6

at birth

Question 7

Size of Aorta

Answer 7

• 2cm (prox)
• 1.5cm (distal)
• should not be more than 3cm

Question 8

Shape of Aorta

Answer 8

• tubular, highly pulsatile, cylindrical

- the proximal portion appears curvilinear

Question 9

Echogenicity of Aorta (wall and lumen)

Answer 9

lumen-anechoic

walls-bright, echogenic

Question 10

3 differences between veins and arteries are…

Answer 10

Veins:

1) carry blood that is low in oxygen from body to heart
2) larger
3) thinner walls
4) affected by respiratory compressibility

Arteries:

1) carry oxygen rich blood from heart to body
2) smaller
3) thicker walls
4) pulsatile

Question 11

What level does the aorta bifurcate at?

Answer 11

L4

Question 12

How does the aorta appear on US?

Answer 12

• lumen is anechoic (black)
• homogeneous (smooth)
• walls are echogenic
• parallel walls
• tubular shape

Question 13

3 Branches of Celiac Trunk

Answer 13

• left gastric artery (smallest)
• splenic artery (largest and most tortuous)
• common hepatic artery

Question 14

Which artery can we not usually see in US?

Answer 14

-left gastric

Question 15

How does the SMA appear in US?

Answer 15

• echogenic walls
• runs parallel to aorta
• 1cm below celiac trunk

Question 16

Why do we scan the IVC?

Answer 16

-clots

Question 17

Where do the Rt and Lt renal arteries originate from?

Answer 17

• laterally from aorta
• just inferior to SMA
• Rt renal artery is longer than Lt renal artery
• courses posteriorly to IVC

Question 18

What are 4 sonographic parameters?

Answer 18

• size
• contour
• echotexture
• echogenicity

Question 19

Echogenic

Answer 19

-bright

Question 20

Anechoic

Answer 20

-black

Question 21

Hypoechoic

Answer 21

-darker than the surrounding tissue

Question 22

Hyperechoic

Answer 22

-brighter than the surrounding tissue

Question 23

Isoechoic

Answer 23

-same as the surrounding tissue

Question 24

Homogeneous

Answer 24

-smooth

Question 25

Heterogenous/Inhomogenous

Answer 25

-not smooth

Question 26

Contour

Answer 26

-smooth or irregular border

Question 27

How is the IVC different from the aorta?

Answer 27

- inner lumen is larger | - expands and contracts with respiration

Question 28

Gastroesophogeal (GE) Junction

Answer 28

- donut/target appearance - anterior to aorta - superior to celiac trunk - seen in SAG PROX AO

Question 29

Diaphragmatic Crura (Crus)

Answer 29

- linear muscular portions of diaphragm | - right crus is seen in SAG PROX AO, inferior to GE Junction and anterior to aorta

Question 30

Common Congenital Variations

Answer 30

- 3 renal arteries - common hepatic artery can come off SMA - right hepatic artery can come off SMA - left hepatic artery originates from left gastric artery - transposition

Question 31

What is the location of the IVC?

Answer 31

-right of midline

Question 32

Where does the IVC bifurcate?

Answer 32

-approx L5

Question 33

What are the tributaries of the IVC

Answer 33

- hepatic veins - renal veins - right gonadal vein (left gonadal vein comes off left renal vein) - common iliac veins

Question 34

What divides the liver into right and left halves?

Answer 34

-mid hepatic vein

Question 35

Appearance of IVC

Answer 35

- 2.5cm - anechoic lumen - thin, echogenic walls

Question 36

Interface

Answer 36

-area between 2 organs/structures

Question 37

Specular Reflectors

Answer 37

-bright echoes

Question 38

What is another name of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 38

-peritoneal cavity

Question 39

Parietal Peritoneum

Answer 39

- portion of the peritoneum that forms a closed sac - closed in males - open to fallopian tubes in females - separates intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs

Question 40

Sonographic Appearances of the Diaphragm

Answer 40

- curvilinear - echogenic - hypoechoic - smooth

Question 41

3 Layers of Arteries and Veins

Answer 41

- tunica intima (inner) - tunica media (mid) - tunica externa (outer)