Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Term 1 > Normal Anatomy (Pancreas & Liver) > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy (Pancreas & Liver) Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What region is the pancreas located in?

A

-the epigastric region, close to the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to the pancreas with age?

A
  • decreases in size

- increases echogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What tissue is the pancreas composed of?

A

-exocrine and endocrine (mostly exocrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine

  • digestion
  • secretes pancreatic juice
  • breaks down fat, carbohydrates and proteins

Endocrine

  • hormones (glucagon and insulin)
  • maintain sugar and salt balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acini Cells

A
  • exocrine
  • 80% performs exocrine functions
  • small grape like structures with endocrine tissue in between
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pancreatic juice composed of?

A
  • amylase (carbohydrates)
  • lipase (fats)
  • trypsin (protein)
  • chymotrypsin (protein)
  • carboxypepidase (protein)
  • nucleases (nucleic acids)
  • sodium bicarbonate (neutralize hypochlorite acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do digestive hormones do?

A
  • release is stimulated by partially digested food

- cause the production of pancreatic juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Pancreatic Digestive Hormones?

A
  • cholecystokinin, gastrin and acetylcholine (stimulate acini cells to produce digestive enzymes)
  • secretin (stimulates production of sodium bicarbonate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main pancreatic duct?

A

Duct of Wirsung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the accessory duct?

A

Duct of Santorini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does digestion occur?

A
  • pancreatic juice collects in the Duct of Wirsung, then moves into the duodenum through the Ampulla of Vater
  • the Sphincter of Oddi relaxes to allow the passage of juices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endocrine Function

A

-secretes hormones directly into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Islets of Langerhans consist of?

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • delta cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 pancreatic hormones?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostanin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insulin

A

-glucose to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glucagon

A

-glycogen to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Somatostanin

A

-alpha and beta inhibitor (inhibit insulin and glucagon production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?

A

-supplies pancreas head and part of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the branches of the splenic artery supply and where are they located?

A
  • body and tail of pancreas
  • courses on the superior edge (before it enters spleen)
  • tortuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Venous (pancreas)

A

-tributaries of SMV and SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal of intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 key regions of the pancreas?

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the 4th region of the pancreas?

A

-the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the pancreas head located?

A

-more inferior to the body and tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the pancreas neck and body located?
-more superficial than head and tail
26
Where is the pancreas tail located?
- more superior | - towards the spleen
27
What is the echogenicity of the pancreas?
- usually isoechoic or hyperechoic to the liver - increases in echogenicity with age - uncinate process can appear hypoechoic to the rest of the pancreas
28
What is the echotexture of the pancreas?
-homogenous (can have a mottled appearance)
29
Size of Pancreas
- size is comparable between males and females - head is usually largest in dimension - neck is usually the smallest - body and tail are slightly smaller than head
30
Pancreas Shape
-varies
31
Pancreas Contour
- usually smooth (occasionally lobulated) - if increased in echogenicity with age it can blend into retroperitoneal fat, making it hard to tell true size and contour
32
Landmarks for the Pancreas Head
- gastroduodenal artery (GDA): anterior lateral aspect of pancreas head and the second part of the duodenum lies lateral to the GDA - common bile duct (CBD): posterior lateral aspect of head - inferior vena cava (IVC): posterior
33
Pancreas Neck Landmarks
-anterior to the SMV and portosplenic confluence
34
Pancreas Body Landmarks
- superior mesenteric artery (SMA): easiest to find - splenic vein (SV) - superior mesenteric vein (SMV) - body is medial to the portosplenic confluence
35
Pancreas Tail Landmarks
- splenic vein lies posterior to the tail | - splenic artery is tortuous and travels adjacent to the splenic vein (seen in cross section)
36
Duct of Wirsung
- dumps secretions into the duodenum via major papilla (ampulla of Vater) - usually merges with common bile duct before entering the duodenum at the major papilla or ampulla of Vater
37
What is the size of the duct of Wirsung?
3mm or less
38
How does the duct of Wirsung appear?
- linear structure in the pancreas body (echogenic walls if beam is 90 degrees) - anechoic (fluid filled)
39
What are some windows used when scanning the pancreas?
- supine (most common) - right anterior oblique and left later decubitus - left coronal
40
What organs may create problems when viewing the pancreas?
- stomach | - bowel
41
What organs may help us see the pancreas?
-liver
42
Where does the GDA originate?
-common hepatic artery
43
Where does the splenic vein originate?
-spleen
44
Where does the SMV originate?
-small intestine
45
What are some maneuvers/techniques used to view the pancreas better?
- standing up - taking a breath in - pushing belly out
46
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
1) exocrine- creates pancreatic juice (aids in digestion) | 2) endocrine- produces insulin
47
Echogenicity of Pancreas
-hyperechoic
48
Echotexture of Pancreas
-homogeneous or heterogenous (depending on fat)
49
Size of Pancreas
13-17cm long and 3-5cm wide
50
Where does the pancreas lie in the body?
- epigastric region - retroperitoneal - abdominal cavity
51
Landmarks for Pancreas
- head: CBD, GDA - neck: portal confluence - body: aorta, SMA - tail: splenic vein
52
How does the pancreas start?
-2 buds that join together (dorsal and ventral) that fuse at 6 to 8 weeks
53
Dorsal (cranial) forms...
-body and tail
54
Ventral (caudal) forms...
-head and uncinate process
55
Annular Pancreas
- ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum | - can cause problems
56
Cysts
- epithelium lined true cysts, anomalous development of the pancreatic duct - multiple cysts are associated with cystic disease, von hippie lindau
57
Agenesis
- congenital absence of the body and tail | - the head is typically larger
58
Pancreatic Divisum
- most common - lack of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds - the duct of Wirsung and Santorini don't fuse (most of pancreas is drained through duct of Santorini and minor papilla)
59
Is ultrasound the best way to image the pancreas?
no
60
What are some other imaging modalities that could be used to image the pancreas?
- CT | - MRI
61
Pseudomasses (false masses)
- not real, but can fool you when scanning - appear as bugles - extend to the right of GDA - anterior body where left lobe liver touches the pancreas - same echogenicity and texture as normal pancreas
62
What is the liver covered by?
-Glisson's Capsule (thin connective layer)
63
Where is Glisson's Capsule thickest?
-around the IVC
64
Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
-intraperionteal, except for the bare area
65
What region is the liver located in?
- RUQ - extends into epigastric and Lt hypochondrium - majority lies beneath right costal margin
66
What are the borders of the liver?
- superior: diaphragm - posterior: lumbar region of posterior abdominal wall - anterior: abdominal wall, ribs - inferior: organs (pancreas, Rt kidney, duodenum, colon, GB, lesser curvature of stomach)
67
What are the 2 main surfaces of the liver?
- anterior (aka parietal) | - posterior/inferior (aka visceral)
68
What are the 3 fissures in the liver?
- main lobar fissure (median) - left intersegmental fissure - right intersegmental fissure
69
Hepatoduodenal Ligament
-covers the porta hepatis entrance to the liver
70
Gastrohepatic Ligament
-connects lesser stomach to liver
71
Coronary Ligament
-connects posterior liver to diaphragm
72
Right and Left Triangular Ligament
-connects liver to body wall
73
What is the bare area?
- located on posterior superior aspect of the liver - direct contact with diaphragm - only part of the liver not covered by peritoneum
74
What are the similarities between hepatic and portal veins?
- both located within the liver - walls compare - relatively the same size
75
Intersegmental
-definite division between borders (hepatic veins)
76
Intrasegmental
-unclear division between borders (portal veins)
77
What is the normal size of the liver? (measuring posterior/superior to anterior/inferior tip)
- 13 to 17cm (Rt lobe) | - variable (Lt lobe)
78
What is the echogenicity of the liver?
echogenic
79
What is the echo texture of the liver?
homogenous
80
How does the echogenicity of the liver compare to the kidney?
-liver is hyperechoic or isoechoic to the kidney
81
How does the echogenicity of the liver compare to the spleen?
-the liver is hyopechoic to the spleen
82
What is the contour of the liver?
-smooth
83
What is the shape of the liver?
- Lt lobe: triangular shape | - Rt lobe: varies
84
What are the scanning approaches for the liver?
- subcostal (under ribs) | - intercostal (between ribs)
85
What are the patient positions for scanning the liver?
- supine | - Lt lateral decubitus

Term 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions