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From Flashcardlet > A&P II: Quiz on Ch. 18,19,20 > Flashcards

A&P II: Quiz on Ch. 18,19,20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes that constitute up to 37-52% of blood volume.

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2
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives oxygen from the lungs.

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3
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Takes blood from the body and sends it to the lungs.

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4
Q

What is in Plasma?

A
  • HCO3-
  • Nutrients
  • Albumen
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5
Q

What is Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP)?

A

A pressure exerted by proteins (albumin) and tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

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6
Q

How many oxygen molecules can Hemoglobin hold?

A

4.

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7
Q

Facts about Blood Typing.

A
  • 2 genes
  • IA - Type A Agglutinogen
  • IB - Type B Agglutinogen
  • ii - O type
  • IAB - Type AB Agglutinogen
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8
Q

Neutrophil Facts.

A
  • Most abundant WBCs
  • 1st to stage
  • Phagocytize bacteria
  • 3-5-lobed nucleus
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9
Q

Eosinophil Facts.

A
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Larval toxin
  • Phagocytize antigen antibodies complex (allergies)
  • Respiratory burst
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10
Q

Basophil Facts.

A
  • Degranulate
  • Produce Histamine
  • Produces Heparin
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11
Q

What does Histamine do?

A

Promote inflammation-swelling (Vasodilator).

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12
Q

What is Heparin?

A

An anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting to promote mobility of other WBCs.

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13
Q

What are the two general groups of Agranulocytes?

A
  • Monocytes

- Lymphocytes

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14
Q

What are the 3 Granulocytes that specific granules in their cytoplasm?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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15
Q

Lymphocyte Facts.

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NKC (Natural Killer Cell)
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16
Q

Monocyte Facts.

A
  • In Tissue
  • Turns into Macrophage (Antigen presenting cell)
  • Large cell with dimpled nucleus
  • Big Eaters (25% of own volume in an hour)
  • Phagocytes pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dying or dead cells
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17
Q

What do Epitopes do?

A

Illicit an immune response to the rest of the body.

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18
Q

What is Leukopoiesis?

A

The production of white blood cells.

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19
Q

How does Coagulation (Clotting) get started?

A

It is initiated by platelets.

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20
Q

What is the first step of Coagulation and what are some facts about it?

A
  • Vascular Spasm
  • Pain nerve endings
  • Cause vasoconstriction
  • Platelets->Seratonin->Vasoconstriction
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21
Q

What is the second step of Coagulation and what are some facts about it?

A
  • Platelet Plug
  • Platelets stick to collagen and block bleeding
  • Pull connective tissue and fibers to help seal off injured area
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22
Q

What is the third step of Coagulation and what are so facts about it?

A
  • Coagulation
  • Extrinsic Mechanism -> Uses Thromboplastin
  • Intrinsic -> Slow moving blood
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23
Q

What does Factor X do?

A

Activates the Thrombin Enzyme.

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24
Q

What does Thrombin Enzyme do?

A

Cuts fibrinogen into shorter strands of fibrin.

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25
Q

What is Extrinsic Mechanism?

A

Clotting of blood by factors released by damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues.

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26
Q

What is Intrinsic Mechanism?

A

Clotting of blood by using factors found within the blood itself.

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27
Q

What are the three layers of the Heart?

A
  • Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
28
Q

What is the histology of the layers of the Heart?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar tissue.

29
Q

What are the functions of the Fibrous Skeleton?

A
  • Provides structural support
  • Insulates between the atria and the ventricles
  • Anchors cardiocytes so they can pull against something
30
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein lead to?

A

The left atrium.

31
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

The coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus.

32
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles?

A
  • Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

- Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

33
Q

What separates the left and right atria?

A

Interatrial Septum.

34
Q

What are the fibrous flaps that cover the valves of the heart?

A
  • Cusps

- Leaflets

35
Q

How many cusps does the Right AV Valve have?

A

3, making it “Tricuspid”.

36
Q

How many cusps does the Left AV Valve have?

A

2, making it “Bicuspid”.

37
Q

Facts about the Right Atrium.

A
  • Receives blood from lower body (inferior vena cava)
  • Drained from the Superior Vena Cava
  • Blood drops through tricuspid AV valve
  • Chordae Tendonae
  • Papillary Muscles pull the chordae tendonae during the QRS gap
38
Q

Facts about the Left Atrium.

A
  • Mitral Bicuspid Valve
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Mitral Bicuspid Valve with Chordae Tendonae and Papillary Muscles
39
Q

What are the 11 steps of Blood Flow?

A
  • Blood enters right atrium from inferior and superior venae cavae
  • Blood from right atrium goes through right AV valve into right ventricle
  • Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve to open
  • Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
  • Blood is sent to lungs to receive oxygen
  • Blood returns to lungs via pulmonary veins
  • Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle
  • Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve to open
  • Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta
  • Blood leaves aorta to supply Oxygen to the rest of the body
  • Blood returns to heart via venae cavae
40
Q

Facts about Cardiac Muscle Cells.

A
  • Striated
  • One large nucleus
  • Many grande Mitochondria
  • Use Glycogen for energy
  • Preferred food is fats
  • Myoglobin - O2 backup
  • Intercalated Disc
41
Q

What are the 3 features an intercalated disc has that is not found in skeletal muscle?

A
  • Interdigitating Folds
  • Mechanical Junctions
  • Electrical Junctions
42
Q

What is the Intercalated Disc?

A
  • Bridge between two cardiac muscle cells
  • Gap Junctions bridge them together
  • Gap Junctions rapidly spread depolarizations
43
Q

When does the Atrium contract on an EKG?

A

In the P-Q Gap.

44
Q

When does the Ventricle contract on an EKG?

A

In the QRS Gap.

45
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

The AV Bundle pathway by which signals leave the AV node.

46
Q

What happens in Cardiac Muscle Cell Depolarization?

A
  • The voltage-gated Na+ channels open at the stable resting potential of -90mV
  • Na+ inflow depolarizes the membrane and triggers the opening of still more Na+ channels, creating a positive feedback cycle and a rapidly hitting membrane voltage
  • Na+ channels close when the cell depolarizes, and the voltage peaks at nearly +30 mV
  • Ca2+ entering through slow Ca2+ channels prolongs depolarization of membrane, creating a plateau. Plateau falls slightly because of some K+ leakage, but K+ channels remain closed until end of plateau
  • Ca2+ channels close and Ca2+ is transported out of cell. K+ channels open, and rapid K+ outflow returns membrane to its resting potential.
47
Q

What is the process of SA Node Depolarization (Pacemaker Potential Physiology)?

A
  • Pacemaker potential reaches threshold of -40mV which causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open
  • Calcium flows in from Extracellular Fluid which causes depolarizing (rising) phase and the mV peaks at 0
  • At the peak K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell
  • Cytosol becomes increasingly negative and causes repolarization (falling)
  • K+ channels close and pacemaker potential starts over
48
Q

What is the order of events in the Conducting System?

A
  • SA Node
  • AV Node
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje Fibers
49
Q

What is Isovolumetric Contraction?

A

An event during which the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change. This short-lasting event takes place when both the AV valve and SL valve are closed (after QRS).

50
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve and what does it do?

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Slows the heart rate to 75

51
Q

Pulmonary Artery Facts.

A
  • Away from heart
  • To the lungs
  • Valve is tricuspid
  • Back pressure and ventricular pressure governs it
52
Q

What do AV Valves that other parts don’t?

A
  • Chordae Tendonae

- Papillary Muscle

53
Q

What occurs in the T Wave?

A
  • Re-polarization of the ventricles

- Ca2+ pumped (ATP) back into sarcoplasmic reticulum and outside of cell

54
Q

What is Diastole?

A
  • Ventricles are relaxed
  • Left side - 80mmHg
  • Right side - 20mmHg
55
Q

What is Systole?

A
  • Ventricles are contracted
  • 120mmHg - Left side
  • 20~30mmHg - Right side
56
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

57
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood that exits the left ventricle every contraction.

58
Q

What do Baroreceptors do?

A
  • Measure blood pressure
  • Present in Carotid Arches (Brachio-Cephalic) and Aortic Arch
  • Send out stimulation when Endothelium reaches a sensory
59
Q

Pulse facts.

A
  • Occurs in Arteries only
  • Temporary Expansion of the artery due to left ventricle systole
  • Always under pressure and always cylindrical
60
Q

Blood Vessel Tunics (from outer to inner layer).

A
  • Serosa (Connective Tissue [Tunica Externa]); Own nerves and lymphatics; own blood vessels(attaches to other tissues)
  • Tunica Media (Smooth Muscle)
  • Tunica Interna (Simple Squamous); Thin layer of connective tissue
61
Q

What is the Frank Starling Heart Law?

A
  • The greater the stretch of the left ventricle, the greater the stroke volume
  • The greater the End-Diastolic Volume (EDV), the greater the stroke volume
62
Q

Artery Composition.

A
  • Rounded shape

- Much media & layers of elastic tissue

63
Q

Vein Composition.

A
  • Less media
  • Lower pressure (sometimes can be collapsed [leg falling asleep])
  • Valves in legs, not in the torso
64
Q

What are the 3 Capillary Types?

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestration
  • Sinusoidal
65
Q

What are Continuous Capillaries like?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Very limiting to transport within brain and skeletal muscles
  • Basement membrane.
66
Q

What are Fenestration Capillaries like?

A
  • Have windows where the pores are easily transporting chemicals
  • Fenestrations - glycolipid (easily penetrated)
  • Found in Kidneys, Endocrine Glands and Small Intestines
  • Basement membranes
67
Q

What are Sinusoidal Capillaries like?

A
  • Large gaps in endothelium
  • No basement membrane
  • Large molecules and cells may pass
  • Liver makes Albumin
  • In Spleen and Bone Marrow

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