A&P of cardiovascular system

Question 1

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

Answer 1

Endo-surrounds the heart(inner)
Myo-muscle (middle layer)
Epi-outer cardial layer

Question 2

Endocarditis

Answer 2

Infection of the heart caused by a bacteria, usually strep (effects valves of the heart) (vegitation on the valve)

Question 3

Pericarditis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the pericardium

Pinpoint, sharp, chest pain

Question 4

Myocarditis

Answer 4

Inflammation of the heart caused by viral infection. If left untreated, heart failure.

Question 5

Bicuspid

Answer 5

Mitral valve (Left)
AV valve

Question 6

Semilunar valve

Answer 6

Pulmonary and Aortic Valve

Question 7

Tricuspid

Answer 7

Right AV valve

Question 8

Stenosis

Answer 8

Hardening and narrowing

Question 9

Coronary perfuses during

Answer 9

Diastole

Question 10

Papilary muscles

Answer 10

muscles inside the chambers of the heart

Question 11

Chordae Tendineae

Answer 11

Tendens of the coronary valves

Question 12

Anastomoses

Answer 12

Collateral Circulation (branch off above the blockage)

Question 13

ANP

Answer 13

(atrial natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in atria
Responds to atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation

Question 14

BNP

Answer 14

(brain natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in ventricular muscle and also the brain
Responds to ventricular dilation and sympathetic stimulation

Question 15

angiotensin II

Answer 15

Potent Vasoconstrictor

converted from angiotensin I

Question 16

Sympathetic nerves

Answer 16

intervate the entire heart

Question 17

Parasympathetic nerves

Answer 17

Only intervate the atria

Question 18

Parasympathetic control of HR

Answer 18

Atria

Slows HR

Question 19

Sympathetic control of HR

Answer 19

Atria & Ventricles
Adrenals
Increases Heart Rate

Question 20

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 20

Diastole – Resting Phase of L Ventricle
Systole
Ejection Fraction - % of blood ejected from L Ventricle (55-70%)
Stroke Volume – Amt of blood discharged from heart
Preload – Amt of blood enters heart
Cardiac Contractility – How hard heart contracts
Afterload – Amount of blood that leaves the L Ventricle
Cardiac Output – Heart Rate x Stroke Volume, based per minute.

Question 21

How can we improve stroke volume?

Answer 21

Increase HR, Increase Contractility and change amout of fluid entering and exiting heart

Question 22

How does calcium effect the heart?

Answer 22

Contractility

Question 23

Starling law

Answer 23

The Greater the stretch, the greater the fill, the greater the contraction (within reason) – You need to make sure the patient’s heart can take the greater fill, (can be done via meds) because if it cannot, you can injure the heart.

Question 24

Cardiac muscles (atrial)

Answer 24

Atrial- SA Node 60-100

Question 25

Cardiac Muscle (ventricular)

Answer 25

AV Junction 40-60

Question 26

Cardiac Muscle Excitatory and conductive fibers

Answer 26

``` Intercalated discs (400x faster) Syncytium ```

Question 27

Cardiac Muscle Atrioventricular Bundle

Answer 27

Bundle of HIS

Question 28

Syncytium

Answer 28

Atrial or Ventricular | ALL OR NONE

Question 29

Excitability

Answer 29

Waiting to respond

Question 30

Conductivity

Answer 30

propagate impulse, pass it on

Question 31

Automaticity

Answer 31

self-depolarization All cardiac cells have

Question 32

Contractility

Answer 32

contract or shorten the level of contraction

Question 33

Rhythmicity

Answer 33

Ability to beat in a regular, rhythmic fashion

Question 34

2 types of cardiac cells

Answer 34

Mechanical- Contraction and relaxation: have the ability to pace but usually will not Pacemaker- Depolarization and repolarization

Question 35

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 35

End of one heartbeat to the end of the next heart beat

Question 36

S1

Answer 36

AV Valves Closing during ventricular systole, “lubb”

Question 37

S2

Answer 37

semilunar valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole, “dubb”

Question 38

S3

Answer 38

heard after S2, may indicate heart failure

Question 39

S4

Answer 39

heard late in diastole just before S1, may be heard in patients with CHF.

Question 40

Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia

Answer 40

``` Tunica Intima innermost epithelial layer Tunica Media middle smooth muscle layer Tunica Adventitia outermost connective tissue layer ```

Question 41

Baroreceptors

Answer 41

Blood pressure | Aortic arch and Carotid bodies