Abdomen Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
External Oblique
A
O: external surface of the lower ribs (5-12)
I: nterior half of iliac crest; anterior-superior iliac spine; pubic tubercle; linea alba
N: Intercostal (T7-T11); Subcotsal (T12)
A” Compresses abdomen; fl;exes trunk; active in forced expiration
2
Q
Internal Oblique
A
O: lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia
I: Lower four costal cartilages; linea alba; pubic crest; pectineal line
N: Intercostal (T7-T11); Subcostal(T12);iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal (L1)
A: COmpresses abdomen; flexes trunk; active in forced expiration
3
Q
Transverse
A
O: lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia; lower six costal cartilages
I: Linea alba; pubic crest; pectineal line
N: Intercostal (T7-T12); subcostal (T12); iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal (L1)
A: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs
4
Q
Rectus abdominis
A
O: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5th to 7th
N: Intercostal (T7-T11); subcostal (T12)
A: depresses ribs; flexes trunk
5
Q
Pyramidal
A
O: Pubic body
I: linea alba
N: Subcostal (T12)
A: tenses Linea alba
6
Q
Cremaster
A
O: Middle of inguinal ligamentl lower amrgin of internal oblique
I: pubic tubercle and crest
N: Genitofemoral
A: Retracts testis
7
Q
Superficial fatty layer
A
Camper’s fascia
8
Q
Deep membranous fascia
A
Scarpa’s fascia
9
Q
The scarpa’s fascia is attached to the _________just below the inguinal ligament
A
Fascia Lata
10
Q
The Scarpa’s fascia continues over the pubis and perineu, as the ___________
A
Colle’s fascia
11
Q
The scarpa’s fascia continues over the penis as the ________
A
Superficial fascia of the penis
12
Q
The scarpa’s fascia continues over the scrotum as the ___________-
A
Tunica dartos
13
Q
The deep fascia covers the muscles and continues over the spermatic cord at the superficial inguinal ring as the __________
A
External spermatic fascia
14
Q
The deep fascia continues over the penis as the ____________
A
Bucks’s fascia
15
Q
Tendinous median raphe between the 2 rectus abdominis
A
Linea alba
16
Q
Is a curved line along the lateral border of the rectus abdominis
A
Linea Semilunaris
17
Q
Crescent shaped line marking the inferior limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath just below the level of the iliac crest
A
Arcuate line (Linea Semicircularis)
18
Q
Represents the medial traingular expansion of the inguinal ligament to the pectineal line of the pubis
Forms the medial morder of the femoral ring and the floor of the inguinal canal
A
Lacunar Ligament (Gimbernat’s ligament)
19
Q
Strong fibrous band that extends laterally from the lacunar ligament along the pectineal line of the pubis
A
Cooper’s ligament
20
Q
Folded lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, extending between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
A
Inguinal ligament (Poupart’s Ligament)
(Forms the floor of the inguinal canal)
21
Q
Fascial partition that separates the muscular (lateral9 and vascular (medial) lacunae deep to the inguinal ligament
A
Iliopectineal Arcus or Ligament
- The muscular lacuna
- transmits the iliopsoas muscle
- THe vascular lacuna
- Transmits the femoral sheath and its contents, including the femoral vessels, a femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, and the femoral canal
22
Q
Formed by the fibers derived from the medial portiol of the inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament and runs upward over the conjoint tendon to end at the linea alba
A
Reflected Inguinal Ligament
23
Q
Formed by the aponeuoroses of the internal oblique and transverse msucles of the abdomen and is inserted into the pubic tubercle and crestw
Strengthens the posterior wall of the medial half of the inguinal canal
A
Falx Inguinalis (conjoint tendon)
24
Q
Formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse muscles of the abdomen
A
Rectrus sheath
25
Rectus Sheath
* Anterior layer of the rectus Sheath
* Above the arcuate line: aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique muscles
* Below the arcuate line: APoneuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse muscles
* Posterior Layer of the rectus sheath
* Above the arcuate line: Aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transverse muscles
* Below the arcuate line: Rectus abdmonis is in contract with the transversalis fascia
26
Hasselbach's triangle
* Medial: Linea semilunaris (lateral edge of the rectus abdominis)
* Lateral: inferior epigastric vessels
* Inferiorly: inguinal ligament
Area of potential weakness and hence is a common site of a direct inguinal hernia
27
Inguinal Canal
Begins at the deep inguinal ring and terminates at the superficial ring
Transmits the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus and the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. Both of which run through the deep inguinal ringand the inguinal canal
28
Boundaries of Inguinal Canal
* **Anterior Wall:**
* aponeuroses of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles
* **Posterior wall**
* Aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle and transversalis fascia
* **Superior wall (roof)**
* Arching fibers of the internal oblique and transverse muscles
* **Inferior Wall (floor)**
* Inguinal and lacunar ligaments
29
The spermatic cord is composed of the
* Ductus deferens
* testicular
* cremasteric
* deferential arteries; pampiniform plexus of the testicular veins
* Gentina; branch of the genitofemoral and cremasteric nerves
* lymph vessels
30
Fasciae of the spermatic cord
* External spermartic fascia
* derived frrom the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
* Cremasteric Fascia
* Originating in the internal oblique muscle
* Internal spermatic fascia
* From the transversali fascia
31
Peritoneal diverticulum in the fetus that evagiantes into a developing scrotum and forms the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis testis
Porcessus Vaginalis Testis
32
double serous membrane, a peritoneal sac that covers the front and sides of the testis and epididymis
Tunica Vaginalis
Innermost layer of the scrotum
33
Fetal ligament that connects the bottom of the fetal testis to the developing scrotum
Gubernaculum testis
Important in testicular descent
34
Scrotum
* Innervated by
* Genital branch of the genitofemoral
* anteriro scrotal brach of the ilioinguinal
* posteriro scrotal brach of the perineal
* perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerves
* Receives blood from
* Anterior scrotal branches of the external pudendal artery
* posterior scrotal branches of the internal pudendal
35
Testes
* Surrounded by the tunica vaginalis in the scrotum and produce sperm in the seminiferous tubules and testosterone by intertitial cells
* Drains venous blood
* IVC : Right
* Renal Vein: Left
36
depression on the anterio abdominal wall between the median and medial umbilical folds of the peritoneum
Supravesical Fossa
37
Depresion on the anterior abdominal wall between the medial and lateral umbilical folds of the peritoneum. It lies lateral to the supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal Fossa
38
The fossa where most direct inhuinal hernias occur
Medial Inguinal fossa
39
Depression on the anterior abdominal wall, lateral to the lateral umbilical fold of the peritoneum
Lateral Inguinal Fossa
40
Fibrous cord, the remnant of the obliterated Urachus,
Medial umbilical ligament or fold
41
Fibrous cord, remnant of the obliterated umbilical artery
Medial Umbilical ligament or Fold
42
Fold of the peritoneum that covers inferior epigastric vessels and extends from the medial side of the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line
Lateral Umbilical Fold
43
Forms the deep inguinal ring and gives rise to the femoral sheath and the internal spermatic fascia
transversalis fascia
44
Subcostal nerve
* Has Lateral cutaneous branch that innervates the skin of the side of the hip
* Ventral ramus of the 12th thoracic nerve and innervates the msucles of the anterior abdominal wall
45
Iliohypogastric Nerve
* Arises from the first Lumbar nerve and innervates the internal oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen
* Divides into
* lateral cutaneous branch
* skin of the lateral side of the buttocks
* Anterior cutaneous branch
* skin above the pubis
46
Ilioinguinal Nerve
* Arises from the first lumbar nerve, pierces the internal oblique muscle near the deep inguinal ring, and accompanies the spermatic cord
* Innervates
* internal oblique
* Transverse muscles
* Gives rise to
* **Femoral branch**
* innervates the upper and medial parts of the anterior thigh
* **Anterior scrotal nerve**
* skin of the foot of the penis (or skin of the mons pubis)
* anterior part of the scrotum (or labium majus)
47
Efferent limb of the Cremasteric reflex
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
48
Afferent limb of the cremasteric reflex
Femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
49
Lymphatics in the Region Above the Umbilicus drain into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Axillary lymph nodes
50
Lymphatics in the region below the umbilicus drain into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_--
Superficial inguinal nodes
51
Receive lymph from the lower abdominal wall, buttocks, penis, scrotum, labium majus, and the lower parts of the vaginal and anal canal.
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
(Their efferent vessels primarily enter the external iliac nodes and, ultimately, the lumbar (Aortic) nodes)
52
The superior epigastric artery arises from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-, enters the rectus sheath, and descends on the posterior of the rectus abdominis
Internal thoracic artery
(Anastomoses with the inferior epigastric artery within the rectus abdominis)
53
The inferior epigastric artery arises from the _______ above the inguinal ligament, enters the rectus sheath, and ascends between the rectus abdominis and the posterior layer of the rectus sheath
External iliac artery
(Anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery, providing collateral circulation between the subclavian and external iliac arteries)
54
Gives rise to the cremasteric artery, which accompanies the spermatic cord
Cremasteric artery
55
Arises from the external iliac artery and runs laterally along the inguinal ligament and the ilaic crest between the transverse and interanl oblique muscles
Deep Circumflex Artery
(forms an ascending branch that anastomoses woth the musculophrenic artery)
56
Arise form the femoral artery and run superiorly toward the umbilicus over the inguinal ligament
Superficial Epigastric artery
(Anastomose with branches of the inferior epigastric artery)
57
Arises from the femoral artery and runs laterally upward, parallel to the inguinal ligament
Superficial circumflex iliaci Artery
(anastomoses with the deep circumflex iliac and alteral femoral circumflex arterie)
58
Arise from the femoral artery, pierce the cribriform fascia, and run medially to supply the skin aboce the pubis
Superficial (external) Pudendal Arteries
59
Are longitudinal venous connections between the lateral thoracic vein and the superficial epigastric vein
Provide a collateral route for venous return if a caval or portal obstruction occurs
Thoracoepigastric Veins
60
Serous membrane lined by mesothelial cells
Peritoneum
* Consists of the
* Parietal
* visceral
61
Lines the abdominal and pelvic walls and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal Peritoneum
62
Parietal Peritoneum is innervated by __________ such as the phrenic, lower intercostal, subcostalm iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves
Parietal peritoneum
63
Covers the viscera, is innervated by visceral nerves, and is insensitive to pain
Visceral Peritoneum
64
Fold of peritoneum from the stomach to adjacent abdominal organs
Omentum
65
Double layer of peritoneum extending from the porta hepatis of the liver to the lesser of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum
Lesser Omentum
66
The lesser omentum consists of the ________ and ______ ligaments and forms the anterior wall of the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity
Hepatogastric
Hepatoduodenal
67
The lesser omentum has a free margin that contains the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Proper hepatic artery
* Bile duct
* portal vein
68
Derived from the embryonic dorsal mesentery
Hangs down like an apron from the grater curvature of the stomach, covering the transverse colon and other abdominal viscera
Greater Omentum
69
The greater omentum consists of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and _______ ligaments
* **Gastroilienal (gastrosplenic) ligament**
* contains the short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels
* **Liernorenal (Splenorenal) ligament**
* contains the splenic vesels and the tail of the pancreas
* **Gastrophrenic ligament**
* Runs from the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach to the diaphrahm
* **Gastrocolic ligament**
* runs from the greater curvature of the stimach to the transverse colon
70
fan shaped double fold of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and the ileum from the posterior abdominal wall and transmits nerves and blood vessels to and from the small intestine
**Mesentery of Small intestine (Mesentery Proper)**
* Has a free border that enclose the small intestine
* 6m
* Contains the superior the superior mesenteric and intestinal (jejunal and ileal) vessels, nerves and lymphatics
71
Connects the posterior surface of the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Transverse Mesocolon
* Fuses with the greater omentum to orm the gastrocolic ligament
* Contains the middle colic vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
72
Conencts the sigmoid colon to the pelvic wall and contains the sigmoid vessels, Its line of attachment may form an inverted V
Sigmoid mesocolon
73
Connects the Appendix to the Mesentery of the Ileum and contains the appendicular vessels
Mesoappendix
74
Sickle-shaped peritoneal fold connecting the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall
Contains the Ligamentum teres hepatis and the paraumbilical vein, which connects the left branch of the portal vein with the subcutaneous veins in the region of the umbilicus
Falciform ligament
75
Ligament that runs from the left colic flexure to the diaphragm
Phrenocolic ligament
76
Formed after the borth from the remnant of the left umbilical vein
Ligamentum teres Hepatis (round ligament)q
77
Peritoneal reflection from the diaphragmatic surface of the liver onto the diaphragm and encloses a triangular area of the right lobe, Bare area of the liver
coronary ligament
* Right and left tiangular ligaments
78
Fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus
Lies in the fissure on the inferior surface of the liver, forming the left boundary of the **caudate lobe of the liver**
Ligamentum Venosum
79
Are five folds of the peritoneum below the umbilicus, including the medium, medial, and lateral umbilical folds
Umbilical Folds
80
Extends from the cervix of the uterus, along the side of the rectum, to the posterior pelvic wall, forming the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
Rectouterine fold
81
Extends from the terminal ileum to the cecum
Ileocecal Fold
82
Potential space between the parietal and viscearal peritoneum and contains a film of fluid that lubricates the surface of the peritoneum and facilitates free movements of the viscera.
Peritoneal cavity
83
Irregualr space that lies behind the liver, lesser omentum, stomach, and upper anterior part of the greater sac omentum
Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)
84
Lesser sac is a closed sac, except for its communication with the greater sac through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Epiploic foramen
85
3 Recesses of the Lesser Sac
* Superior recess
* lies behind the stomach, lesser omentumm and left lober of the liver
* Inferior recess
* lies behind the stomach, extending into layers of the greater omentum
* Splenic recess
* extends to the left at the hilus of the spleen
86
Extends across the entire breadth of the abdomen and from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor and presents the numerous recesses into which pus from an abscess may be drained
Greater sac
87
Greater sac Recesses
* **Subphrenic (Suprahepatic**
* peritoneal pcoket between the diaphragm and the anterior and superior part of the liver and is separated into right and left recesses by the falciform Ligament
* **Subhepatic Recess or Heaptorenal Recess** (Morisson's pouch)
* Deep peritoneal pocket between the liver anteriorly and the kidney and suprarenal gland posteriorly and communicates with the lesser sac via the epiploic foramen and the right paracolic gutter, thus the pelvic cavity
* **Paracolic Recesses (Gutters)**
* Lie lateral to the ascending colon(right paracolic gutter) and the lateral to the descending colon (left paracolic gutter)
88
Natural opening between the lesser and greater sacs
Epiploic or Omental (Winslow's) foramen
* Bouded
* superior : Peritoneum on the caudate lobe of the liver
* Inferior: peritoneum on the first part of the duodenum
* Anterior: free edge of the lesser omentum
* Posterior by peritoneum covering the IVC
89
muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
90
Stomach bed
* Pancreas
* spleen
* left kidney
* left suprarenal gland
* transverse colon
* mesocolon
* diaphragm
91
The stoamch is covered entirely by peritoneum and is located in the _____ and _____ regions of the abdomen
Left hypochondriac and epigastric
92
The stomach is divided into 4 regions
* Cardia
* Fundus
* Body
* Pylorus
93
group of thickened circular smooth muscles and contraol the rate of discharge of tomach contents into the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
94
Longitudinal folds of mucous membrane
Rugae
95
Grooved channel along the lesser curvature formed by rugae, directs fluid toward the pylorus
Gastric canal
96
Is the location of complete digestion and absorption of most of the products of digestion and water, electrolytes, and mineral such as calcium and iron
Small intestine
97
C shaped tube surrounding the head of the pancreas and is the shorters but widest part of the intestine
Duodenum
98
The duodenum is retroperitoneal except for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Begining of the first oart, which is connected by the liver by the **hepatoduodenal ligament** of the lesser omentum
99
Parts of the Duodenum
* **Superior (1st) Part**
* mobile or free section, termed **duodenal cap**
* **Descending (2nd) part**
* common bile and main pancreatic ducts open
* Contains the greater papilla
* terminal opening of the bile and main pancreatic duct
* Lesser papillla
* 2cm above the greater papilla
* entry of the accessory pancreatic duct
* **Transverse (3rd) part**
* Longest part and crosses the IVC, aorta, and vertebral column to the left
* crossed anteriorly by the superior mesenteric vessels
* **Acending (4th) Part**
* fixed in position by the suspensory ligament of treitz
100
Makes up the procimal 2/5 of the Small intestine
Emptier, larger in diameter and thicker than the ileum
Jejunum
101
The jejunum has the ______ (circular folds), which are tall and closely packed
Plicae circularis
102
Has translucent areas called windows between the blood vessels of its mesentery
Jejunum
103
Has prominent arterial arcades in its mesentery compared with the ileum
Jejunum
104
The Jenunu, has _______ vasa recta compared with the ileum
Vasa recta
105
Longer than the jejudum and occupies the false pelvis in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
Characterized by the presence of Peyer's pathches (lower portion) shorted plicae circulares and vasa recta
Ileum
106
The ileocecal fold is the bloodless \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Fold of treves
107
Fucntions to convert the liquid contents of the ileum into semisolid feces by abdorbing water, salts, and electrolytes. It also stores and lubricates feces with mucus
Large intestine
108
Retropertioneal Colon
Ascending and Descending
109
Colon with their own mesenteries
Transvers and Sigmoid
110
Three narrow bands of the outer longitudinal muscualr coat
Teniae coli
111
Produced by teniae, which are slightly shorter than the gut
Sacculations or haustra
112
Peritoneum- covered sacs of flat, attached in rows along the teniae
Epiploic Appendages
113
Blind pouch of the large intestine
Lies in the right iliac fossa and is usually surrounded by peritoneum but has no mesentery
Cecum
114
Narrow, hollowm muscular tube with large aggregations of lymphoid tissue in its wall
Causes spasm and distention when inflamed
Appendix
115
Largest visceral organ and the largest gland in the human body
Liver
116
The liver is surrounded by peritoneum and is attached to the diaphragm by the _____ and _______ and the right and left triangular ligaments
Coronary
Falciform
117
The Liver receives oxygenated blood from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hepatic artery
118
Portal triad
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
119
\_\_\_\_\_ lobe of the liver is divided into anterior and posterior segments, each of which is subdivided into superior and inferior areas or segments
Right Lobe
120
\_\_\_\_\_ lobe of the liver is divided into medial and lateral segments
Left
121
Medial superior lobe
Caudate
122
Medial inferior lobe
Quadrate
123
The quadrate love receives blood from the\_\_\_\_\_
Left hepatic artery
(And drains bile into the left hepatic duct)
124
The caudate blood receives blood from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Right and left heaptic arteries
(drains bile into both right and left heaptic ducts)
125
Fissure of the round ligament (ligamentum teres heaptis), located between the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lateral portion of the left lobe and the quadrate lobe
126
Fissure for the ligamentum venosum, located between the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
caudate lobe and the lateral portion of the left lobe
127
Fossa of the gallbladder, located between the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Quadrate lobe and the major part of the right lobe
128
Fissure of the IVC, located between the
caudate and the major part of the right lobe
129
Transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver between the quadrate and caudate lobes lodges the heaptic ducts, heaptic arteries, branches of the portal vein, heaptic nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Pora hepatis
130
Liver biopsy is perfored percutaneously by needle puncture, which commonly goes through the right _________ intercostal space
8th or 9th (7th-10th)
131
Pear shaped sac lying on the inferior surface of the liver
Gallbladder
132
Capacity of the gallbladder
30 to 50 ml
133
is the rounded blind end located at the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage in the midclavicular line and contacts the transverse colon
Fundus of the gallbladder
134
Spiral valces of the gallbladder
Heister's valves
135
Cytoheaptic triangle (of calot)
* Superior:Visceral surface of the liver
* Inferior: cystic duct
* medial: common heaptic
136
The gallbladder may have an abnormal pouch called
Hartmann's pouch
137
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ except for a small portion of its ________ which lies in the splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament
Tail
138
Projection of the lower art of the head of the pancreas to the left side behind the superior mesenteric vessels
Uncinate process
139
The pancreas receive blood from the branches of the ______________ and from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Splenic aretry
Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
140
Main pancreatic duct
Duct of wirsung
* Begins in the tail, runs to the right along the entire pancreas and carries pancreatic juice containing enzymes
141
The duct of wirsung joins the bile duct to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)
142
Accessory pancreatic duct
Santorini's duct
* Begins in the lower portion of the head and drains a small portion of the head and body
* Empties at the lesser duodenal papilla approximately 2cm above the greater papilla
143
The right and left hepatic ducts are formed by the union of the _________ ductules from each lobe of the liver and drain bile from the corrseponding halves of the liver
Intrahepatic
144
Formed by the union of the RIght and LEft Heaptic ducts
Common hepatic duct
* Accompanied by the porper heaptic artery and the portal vein
145
common site if impaction of gallstones
Cystic duct
* Runs alongside the hepatic duct before joining the common hepatic duct
146
Formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic duct
Located lateral to the proper heaptic artery and anterior to the portal vein in the right free amrgin of the lesser omentum
Common Bile Duct
147
The common bile duct joins the main pancreatic duct to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Heaptopancreatic duct
148
The common bile duct contains the _________ which is a circular muscle layer around the lower end of the duct
Sphincter of Boyden
149
Formed by the union of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct and enters the second part of the duodenum at the greater papilla
Hepatopancreastic duct or Ampulla of Vater
150
The Heaptopancreatic duct contains the _________ which is a circular muscle layer around it in the greater duodenal papilla
Sphincter of Oddi
151
Large vascular lymphatic organ lying agaisnt the diaphragm and ribs 9 to 11 in the left hypochondriac region, covered by peritoneum except at the hilum, and supported by rhe splenogastric and splenorenal ligaments
Spleen
152
the spleen is composed of \_\_\_\_\_. which consists of primarily lymphatic tissue around the centeral arteries and is primary site of immune and phagocytic action
White pulp
153
The _____ of the spleen consists of venous sinusoids and splenic cords and is the primary site of filtration
Red pulp
154
Is a tube of endorem that is covered by splanchnic mesoderm and is formed from the yolk sac during craniocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo
Primitive Gut TUbe
155
Foregut derivatives are supplied by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Celiac artery
156
Develops from the narrow part of the foregut.
Esophagus
157
Develops as a fusiform dilation of the foregut during the week 4
Stomach
* Rotates 90 degrees clockwise during its formation, causing the formation of the lesser peritoneal sac
158
Develops from the distal end of the foregut
Duodenum
* the junction of the foregut and midgut is ath the opening of the common bile duct
159
Grows into the mass of the splanchnic mesoderm called the septum transversum and porliferates to form the liver parenchyma and sends hepatic cell cords to surround the the vitelline veins, which form hepatic sinusoids
Hepatic diverticulum
160
Mesodermal mass between the developing pericardial and peritoneal cavities; gives rise to kupffer cells and hematopoetic cells; and forms the lesser omentum, falciform ligament, central tendon of the diphragm
Septum Transversum
161
Develops from the hepatic diverticulum as a solid outgrowth of cells, The end of the outgrowth expands to form the gallbladder, and the narrow portion forms the cystic duct
Gallbladder
162
Arises from the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds from the endoderm of the caudal foregut and is formed by migration of the ventral bud (head of the pancreas) to duse with the dorsal bud
Pancreas
163
\_\_\_\_\_is formed by fusion of the duct of the ventral bud with the distal part of the duct of the dorsal bud
Main pancreatic duct
164
\_\_\_\_\_ formed from the poximal part of the duct of the dorsal bud
Accessory pancreatic duct
165
occurs when the ventraland dorsal pancratic buds form a ring around the duodenum, thereby obstructing it
Annular pancreas
166
Arises from mesoderm of the dorsal mesogastrium week 5 and is not an embryologic derivative of the foregut, It is a hematopoetic organ until week 15.
Spleen
167
Midgut derivatives are supplied by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Superior mesenteric artery
168
Arises from the upper portion of th midgut
Lower duodenum
169
formed by the rapid lengthening of the gut tube, communciates with yolk sac by way of the vitelline duct or yolk sac, and herniates through the umbilicus during physiologic umbilical herniation
Midgut loop
* rotates 270 degrees counterclockwise around the SMA
* the cranial limb of the midgut loop forms rhe jejunum and ileum (cranial portion)
* The caudal limb forms the caudal portion of the ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and the transverse colon
170
Hindgut derivatices are supplied by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Inferior mesenteric artery
171
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_end of the hindgut forms the transverse (distal third), descending and sigmoid colons
Cranial
172
\_\_\_\_\_\_ end of the hindgut joins the allantois (diverticulum of yolk sac into body stalk) and forms the cloaca
Caudal end
173
The cloaca is divided by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Urorectal septum
174
invagination of the ectoderm of the terminal part of the hindgut, which gives rise to the lower anal canal and the urogenital external orifice
Proctoderm
175
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mesesntery forms the lesser omentum, falciform, coronary and triangular ligaments
Ventral
176
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mesentery froms the greater omentum, mesentery of the small intestinme, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon
Dorsal
177
Branches of the Celiac Trunk
Left gastric artery
splenic artery
Common hepatic
178
smallest branch of the celiac trunk
Left gastric artery
179
The **left gastric artery** runs upward to the left toward the cardia, giving rise to ______ amd ______ branches and then turns to the right and runs along the lesser curvature within the lesser omentum to anastomose with the right gastric artery
Esophageal
Hepatic
180
Largest branch of the celiac trunk, and runs tortuos course aling the suprior border of the pancreas and enters the lienorenal ligament
Splenic artery
181
The Splenic Artery gives rise to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Dorsal pancreatic artery
* Short gastric arteries
* Left gastroepiploic (gasto-omental) artery
182
Runs to the right along the upper border of the pancreas and divides into the proper heaptic artery, the gastroduodenal artery, and possibly the right gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
183
The proper heaptic artery divides into
:eft and right hepatic arteries
184
The right hepatic artery guves ris to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cystic artery
| (In the cystoheaptic triangle of calot)
185
The proper hepatic artery gives rise, near its beginning to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
right gastric artery
186
Temporaty cross clamping(intermittent soft vascular clamping) of the hepatoduodenal ligament containing portal triads at the foramen of Winslow
Pringle's maneuver
187
Arises from the proper heaptic or common hepatic artery, runs to the pylorus and then along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and anastomoses with the left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
188
descends behind the first part of the duodenum, giving off the supraduodenal artery to its superior aspect and a few retroduodenal arteries to its inferior aspect
Gastroduodenal artery
189
The gastroduodenal artery divides into
* **Right gastroepiploic (gastro-omental)**
* artery runs to the left along the greater curvature of the stomach, supplying the stomach and the greater omentum
* **Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery**
* Passes between the duodenum and the head of the pancreas and further divides into the anterior-superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the posterior-superior pancreaticoduondenal artery
190
Arises from the aorta behind the neck of the pancreas
Descends across the uncinate process of the pancreas and the 3rd part of the duodenum and then enters the root of the mesentery behind the transverse colon to run to the right iliac fossa
Superior Mesenteric Artery
191
The superior Mesenteric artery gives rise to the
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal artery
Middle Colic Artery
Right Colic artery
Ileocolic artery
Intestinal Arteries
192
Passes to the right and divides into the anterior-inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the postrior-inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which anastomose woth the corresponding branches of the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal artery
193
Middle colic artery enters the transverse mesocolon and divides into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Right branch
* anastomose with the right colic
* Left Branch
* anastomose with the ascending branch of the left colic
194
The branches of the mesenteric arteries form an anastomotic channel, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, along the large intestine
Marginal artery
195
The Right coloc artery runs to the right behind the peritoneum abd divides into\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ branches, distributinf to the ascending colon
Ascending and descending
196
The ileocolic artery descends behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa and ends by dividing into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Ascending colic
* anterior and posterior cecal arteries
* Appendicular artery
* ileal branches
197
Are 12 to 15 in number and supply the jejunum and ileum
Branch and anastomose to form a series of arcades in the mesentery
Intestinal arteries
198
The inferior mesenteric artery gives rise to
* Left colic artery
* Sigmoid arteries
* Superior rectal artery
199
Runs tot he left behind the peritoneum toward the descending colon and divides ascending and descending branches
Left colic artery
200
2-3 in number run toward the sigmoid colon in its mesentery and divide into ascending and descending branches
Sigmoid arteries
201
the termination of the inferior mesenteric artery
Superior rectal Artery
202
Drains the abdominal part of the gut, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder and is 8cm long\
Formed by the union of the splenic vein, and the superior mesenteric vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas.
Portal vein
203
The ______ joins either the splenic or the superior mesenteric vein or the junction of these 2 veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
204
Receives the short gastric, left gastroepiploic, and pancreatic veins
Splenic vein
205
Formed bu the union of the superior rectal and sigmoid veins
Receives the left colic vein and usually drains into the splenic veins, but it may drain into the superior mesenteric vein or the junction of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
206
Drains normally into the portal vein
Has esophageal tributaries that anastomose with the esophageal veins of the azygos system at the lower part of the esophagus and thereby enter the systemic venous system
Left gastric (coronary) vein
207
Found in the falciform ligament and are virtually closed; however they dilate in portal hypetension
Connect the left branch of the portal vein with the small subcutaneous veins in the region of the umbilicusm which are radicles of the superior epigastric, inferior epigstricm throcaoepigastric, and superficial epigastric veins
Paraumbilical veins
208
Locations of the Portal-Caval (systemic) Anastomoses
* The left gastric and the esophageal vein of the azygos system
* The superior rectal vein and the middle and inferior rectal veins
* The paraumbilical veins and radicles of the epigastric (superficial and inferior) veins
* The retroperitoneal veins draining the colon and twigs of the renal, suprarenal, and gonadal veins
209
occlusion of the hepatic veins and results in high pressure in the veins causing hepatomegaly, upper right abdominal pain, ascits, mild jaundice, and eventually portal hypertension and liver failure
Budd-Chiari or Chiari syndrome
210
The kidney is retroperitoneal and extends from _____ to _____ vertebrae
T12 to L3
211
The renal capsule is surrounded by renal fascia, which divides the fat regions into \_\_\_\_\_-
* Perirenal (perinephric) fat
* lies in the perinephric space
* Pararenal (paranephric) fat
* Lies external to the renal fascia
212
The kidney consists of
* Medulla
* Cortex
213
Arterial segments of the kidney
* Superior
* anterosuperior
* anteroinferior
* Inferior
* posterior s
214
Forms the outer part of the kidney and also projects into the medulalry region between the renal pyramids as renal columns
Cortex
* Contains renal corpuscles and proximal and DCT
* renal corpuscles
* glomerulus surrounded by a glomerular (bowman's) capsule
215
Forms the inner part of the kidnet and consists of 8 to 12 renal pyramids (of malphigi) which contain straight tubules and collecting tubulues
Medulla
216
Receive urine from the collecting tubules and empty into two or three major calyces, which in turn empty into an upper dilated portion of the ureter, the **renal pelvis**
Minor Calyces
217
Muscular tube that begins with the ranl pelvis, extending from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Ureter
218
The suprarenal gland is _____ on the right and _____ on the left
Pyramidal
Semilunar
219
The ____ or the suprarenal gland produces 3 types of steroid hormone
3
220
Derived from the embryonic neural crest cells, receives preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers directly, and secretes epinephrine and norepinphrine
Medulla
221
The suprarenal gland receives artery from 3 sources
* Superior suprarenal artery (from **inferior phrenic artery)**
* Middle suprarenal artery from the **(abdominal aorta)**
* And the inferior suprarenal artery from the **(renal artery)**
222
The suprarenal gland is drained via the suprarenal vein which empties into the _____ on the right and the ____ on the left
IVC
Renal
223
Pronephros
Appears early, degenerates rapidly, and nerver forms functional nephrons
224
Mesonephros
Largely degenerates but forms the **mesonephric (wolffian) duct**, which forms the ureteric bud and contributes to the **male reproductive tract**
225
Metanephros
Devolops from the ureteric bud and forms the permanent kidney, which ascends from the sacral region to the upper lumbar region
226
The\_\_\_\_\_sinus forms the hindgut.
urogenital
227
Development of the Urinary Bladder
* From the upper end of the **urogenital sinus**
* **Allontois**
* degenerates and forms a fibrlous cord in the adult called urachus
* **Trigone**
* formed by the incorporation of the lower end of the mesonephric ducts into the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus
228
The cortex of the suprarenal gland forms as aresult of two waves of __________ proliferation
Mesoderm
229
The medulla of the suprarenal glands forms from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Neural crest cells
230
The aorta passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm at the level of \_\_\_\_\_\_
T12
231
The aorta bifurcates into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Right and left common iliac arteries
| (anterior to L4)
232
The Aorta gives rise to
* Inferior phrenic
* Middle Suprarenal
* Renal
* Testicular or Ovarian
* Lumbar
* Middle sacral
233
Arise from the aorta immediately below the aortic hiatus, supply the diaphragm, and give rise to the **superior suprarenal arteries**
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
234
Arise from the aorta and run laterallu on the crura of the diaphragm just superior to the renal arteries
Middle suprarenal arteries
235
Gives rise to the inferior, suprarenal, and ureteric arteries
Renal arteries
* Divides into the superior
* anterosuperior
* anteroinferior
* inferior
* posterior segmental branches
236
Accompanies the ductus defrens into the scrotum, where it supplies the spermatic cord, epididymis and testis
Testicular artery
237
Enters the suspensory ligametn of the ovary, supploes the ovary, and anastmoses with the ovarian branch of the uterine artery
Ovarian Artery
238
Consist of 4 or 5 pairs that arise from the back of the aorta
Run posterior to the sympathetic trunk, he IVC (on the right side), the psoas major muscle, the lumbar plexus, and the quadratus lumborum
Divide into smaller anterior branches (to supplyu adjacent muscles) and larger posterior branches, which accompany the dorsal primary rami of the corresponding spinal nerves and divide into spinal and muscular branches
Lumbar arteries
239
Arises from the back of the aorta, just above its bifurcation; descends on the front of the sacrum; and ends in the coccygeal body
Middle sacral Artery
* Supplies the
* rectum
* anal canal
* lateral sacral
* superior and inferior rectal
240
formed on the right side of L5 by the union of the 2 common iliac veins below the bifurcation of the aorta
Inferior Vena Cava
241
The IVC passes through the opening for the IVC in the cental tendon of the diaphragm at level of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
T8
242
The IVC receives the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Left, middle, and right heaptic veins
243
The left renal veins runs _____ to the superior mesenteric artery and ______ to the abdominal aorta
posterior
Anterior
244
The lower dilated end of the thoracic duct and lies just to the right and posterior to the aorta, usually between 2 crura of the diaphragm
Cisternal chyli
245
The cisterna chyli is formed by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Intestinal and lumbar lymph trunks
246
Lymph nodes related to the Aorta
* **Preaortic Nodes**
* Include the **celiac**, **superior mesenteric**, and **inferior mesenteric nodes**
* drian the lymph from the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver and their efferent vessels form the intestinal trunk
* **Paraaortic, Lumbar, or Lateral Aortic Lymph nodes**
* ****Drain lymph from the kidneys, suprarenal glands, testes or ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes'receive lymph from the common, internal or external iliac; and their efferent vessels form the right and left lumbar trunks
247
Formed by the union of the ventral rami of the first 3 lumbar nerves and a part of the 4th lumbar nerve
Lies anterior to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae within the substance of the psoas muscle
Lumbar Plexus
248
Subcostal nerve (T12)
* Innervates the external oblique
* internal oblique
* transverse
* rectus abdominis
* pyramidalis muscle
249
Iliphypogastric Nerve (L1)
* innervates the
* Internal oblique
* transverse muscles of the abdomen
* divides into
* anterior cutaneous branch
* skin above the pubis
* Lateral cutaneous branch
* skin of the gluteal region
250
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
Accompanies the spermatic cord (or the round ligament of the uterus)
* Innervates
* internal oblique
* transverse muscles
* gives off
* femoral cutaneous branches
* upper medial part of the thigh
* Anterior scrotal or labial branches
251
Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
* Divides into
* genital branch
* Cremasteric muscle
* Scrotum (or labium majus)
* Femoral branch
* skin of the femoral triangle
252
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2-L3)
* Innervates the skin of the anterior and lateral thigh
253
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
* Innervates
* quadriceps femoris
* pectineus
* sartorius
* Gives rise ti
* anterior femoral cutaneous nerve
* saphenous nerve
254
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
* Enters through the obturator foramen
* Divides
* anterior
* posterior branches
* innervates
* adductor group of msucles
* pectineus
* hip and knee joints
* skin of the meial side of the thigh
255
Accessory Obturator nerve (L3-L4)
Present on approximately 9% of the population
256
Lumbosacral Trunk (L4-L5)
Formed by the lower part of the 4th lumbar nerve and all of the 5th lumber nerve, which enters into the formation of the sacral plexus
257
Autonomic ganglia of the abdomen
* **Sympathetic chain (paravertebral)**
* GVE, GVA
* Dorsal root
* **Collateral (Prevertebral)**
* Celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and inferior mesenteric ganglia
* postganglionic sympathetic fibers
* Preganglionic sympathetic fibers by wat of the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves
* **Paraortic Bodies**
* also called aortic bodies, Zuckerkandl's bodies, organs of Zuckerkandl, or aortic glomera
258
Splanchnic Nerves
* **Thoracic Splanchnic nerves**
* GVE fibers with cell bodies located in the lateral horns
* GVA fibers
* **Lumbar splanchnic nerves**
* Arise form the sympathetic trunks and join the celiac, mesenteric, aortic, and superior hypogsatric plexus
* Preganglionic sympathetic and GVA
259
Autonomic Plexuses
* **Celiac Plexus**
* celiac ganglia, which receive the greater splanchnic nerves
* **Aortic Plexus**
* forms the superior hypogastic plexus
* **Superior and Inferior Hypogastric Plexus**
260
Enteric Division
* Consists of the **myenteric (Auerbachs) plexus** which is located chiefly between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and the **submucosal (meissner's) plexus**
261
Diaphragm inserts into the _____ and is the principal muscle of inspiration
Central tendon
262
The central part of the dipahragm receives sensory fibers from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Phrenic nerve
263
The peripheral part receives sensory fibers from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
intercostal nerves
264
Right Crus
Larger and longer
Originates from L1 to L3
Splits to enclose the esophagus
265
Medial arcuate ligament (medial lumbosacral arch)
Extends from the body of L1 to the transverse process of L1 and passes over the posas muscle and the sympathetic trunk
266
Lateral arcuate Ligament (Lateral Lumbosacral arch)
Extends form the transverse process of L1 to rib 12 and passes over the quadratus lumborum
267
Quadratus lumborum
O: transcerse processes of L3-L5l iliolumbar ligamentl iliac crest
I: Lower border of last rib; transverse processes of L1-L3
N: subcostal; L1-L3
A: Depresses rib 12l flexes trunk laterally
268
Psoas major
O: Transverse processes, intervertebral disks and bodies of T12-L15
I: Lesser trochanter
N: L2-L3
A: Flexes thigh and trunk
269
Psoas minor
O: Bodies an intervertebral disks of T12-L1
I: Lesser trochanter
N: L1
A: Aids in flexinhg of trunk
