BRS Anatomy > HEAD > Flashcards

HEAD Flashcards

(188 cards)

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1
Q

Facial Nerve

A
  • Comes through the stylomastoid foramen
  • has five branches
    • Temporal
    • Zygomatic
    • Buccal
    • Mandibular
    • Cervical Branches
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2
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

O: Superior nuchal line; upper orbital margin

I: Epicranial aponeurosis

N: facial

A: Elevates eyebrows; wrinkles forehead (Surprise)

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3
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A

O: Medial Supraorbital margin

I: Skin of medial eyebrow

N: Facial

A: Draw eyebrows downward medially (anger, frowning)

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4
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

O: Medial Orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone

I: Skin and rim of orbit; tarsal plate; lateral palpebral raphe

N: Facial

A: Closes eyelids; orbital aprt tightly (wink); palpebral part gently

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5
Q

Procerus

A

O: Nasal bone and cartilage

I: skin between eyebrows

N: Facial

A: Wrinkles skin over bones (sadness)

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6
Q

Nasalis

A

O: Maxilla lateral to incisive fossa

I: Bridge on nose (transverse part); Ala (alar part)

N: Facial

A: Compresses nostrils (transverse part); dilates nostrils (alar part)

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7
Q

Depressor septi

A

O: incisive fossa of maxilla

I: Ala and Septum

N: facial

A: Constricts nares

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8
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

O: Maxilla above incisor teeth

I: skin of lip

N: facial

A: closes lip or purse

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9
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

O: canine fossa of maxilla

I: angle of mouth

N: facial

A: Elevates angle of mouth medially (disgust)

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10
Q

Levator labii superiors

A

O: Maxilla above infraorbital foramen

I: skin of upper lip

N: facial nerve

A: Elevates upper lip; dilates narees (discgust)

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11
Q

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

O: frontal process of maxilla

I: skin of upper lip

N: facial nerve

A: Elevates ala of nose and upper lip

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12
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

O: Zygomatic arch

I: Angle of mouth

N: Facial

A: Draws angle of mouth backward and upward (smile)

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13
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

O: zygomatic arch

I: Angle of mouth

N: Facial

A: Elevates upper lip

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14
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

O: Mandible below mental foramen

I: Orbicularis oris and skin of lower lip

N: facial

A: Depresses lower lip

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15
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

O: Oblique line of mandible

I: ANgle of mouth

N: facial

A: Depresses angle of mouth (frowning)

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16
Q

Risorius

A

O: fascia over masseter

I: Nagle of mouth

N: Facial

A: Retract angle of mouth (grimace)

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17
Q

Buccinator

A

O: Mandible; pterygomandibular raphe; alveolar processes

I: Angle of mouth

N: Facial

A: Compresses cheek to keep it taut

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18
Q

Mentalis

A

O: incisive fossa of mandible

I: skin of chin

N: facial

A: Elevates and protrudes lower lip (DOubt)

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19
Q

Auricularis anterior, superior, and posterior

A

O: temporal fascia; epicranial aponeurosis; mastoid process

I: anterior, superior and posterior sides of auricle

N: facial

A: retracts and elevate ear

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20
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic DIvision

Maxillary Division

Mandibular DIvision

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21
Q

Innervates the area above the upper eyelid and dorsum of the nose

Supplies the face as the supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal, and lacrimal nerves

A

Ophthalmic division

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22
Q

Innervates the face below the level of the yes and above the upper lip

Supplies the face as the zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, and infraorbital nerves

A

Maxillary division

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23
Q

Innervates the face below the level of the lower lip.

Supplies the face as the auricotemporal, buccal and mental nerves

A

Mandibular division

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24
Q

Facial artery arises from the _________

A

External carotid artery

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25
The facial artery gives rise
* Ascending plaantine * tonsillar * glandular * submental * inferior labial * superior labial * lateral nasal
26
The facial artery terminates as an ______________ that anastomoses with the palpebral and dorsal nasal branches of the ophthalmic artery
Angular
27
The superficial temproal artery gives rise to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_which passes forward across the masseter between the zygomatic arch above and the parotid duct below
Transverse facial artery
28
The facial vein Receives tributaries from
* Corresponding branches of facial artery * infraorbital * deep facial veins *
29
The facial vein directly drains in to the IJV or by joining and the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the __________ which wnters the interal jugular vein
Common facial vein
30
The facial vein communicates with the superior ophthalmic vein and thus with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, allowing a route of infection from the face to the cranial dural sinus
Cavernous sinus
31
Formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins
Retromandibular vein * Divides into * **anterior branch** * joins the facial vein to form the common facial vein * **Posterior branch** * joins the psoterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein
32
SCALP
* SKin * Connective tissue (Deep subcutaneous tissue) * Aponeurosis EPicranialis (Galea Aponeurotica) * Loose connective tissue * dangeroys area * Pericranium * Periosteum
33
Contains the lower portion of the temporalis muscle, the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, the pterygoid plexus of veins, the mandibular nerve and its branches, the maxillary artery and its branches, the chorda tymapni, and the otic ganglion
Infratemporal fossa
34
Boundaries of the infratemporal fossa
* **Anterior**: Posterior surface of the maxilla\ * **Posterior:** Styloid and mastoid process * **Medial:** Lateral pterygoif plate of the sphenoid bone * **Lateral**: Ramus and coronoid process of the mandible * **Roof**: Greater wing of the sphenoid and infratemportal crest
35
COntains the temporalis muscle, the deep temporal nerves and vessels, the auriculotemporal nerve, and the supeficial temporal vessels
Temporal fossa
36
Boundaries of the temporal fossa
* **Anterior**: zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone * **Posterior:** temporal line * **Superior**: temporal bone * **Lateral:** zygomatic arch * **Inferior**: infratemporal crest * **floor**: Parts of the frontal. parietal, temporal, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
37
Temporalis
O: temporal Fossa I: coronoid process and ramus of mandible N: trigeminal A: Elevates; retracts
38
Masseter
O: lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch I: Lateral surface of coronoid process, ramus, and angle of mandible N: tigeminal A: ELevates (superficial part) retract (deep part)
39
Lateral Pterygoid
O: Superior head from the infratemporal surface of sphenoid; inferior head from lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid I: neck of mandbible; articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint N: trigeminal A: Depresses (Superior head); protract (inferior head)
40
Medial ptrygoid
O: tuber of maxilla (superficial head); Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate; pyramidal process of platine bone (deep head) I: Medial surface of angle and ramus if mandible N: Trigeminal A: ELevates; protracts
41
Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal nerve
* Passes through the **foramen ovale** * innervates * tensor veli palatini * tensor tympani * muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids * Anterior belly of digastric muscle * myolohyoid muscle * Provisdes sensory innervation * lower teeth and gum * lower oart of the face
42
The Mandibular division Gives rise to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Meningeal branch * Muscular branch * Buccal Nerve * Auricotemporal nerve * Lingual Nerve * Inferior Alveolar Nerve
43
Branch of the mandibular division that accompnaies the middle meningeal artery, enters the cranium through **foramen spinosum** and suppplies the meninges of the middle cranial fossa
Meningeal Branch
44
The branch of the mandibular division that includes the masseteruc, deep, temporal, medial, and lateral pterygoid nerves
Muscular branches
45
The branch of the mandibular division that descebds between 2 head of the lateral pterygoid muscles Innervates the skin and fascia of the buccinator muscle and penetrates this muscle to supply the mucous membrane of the cheek and gums
Buccal nerve
46
The branch of the mandibular division that arises fro 2 roots that encircle the middle menigeal artery Carries postganlionic parasympathetic and sympathetic GVE fibers to the parotid galnd and sensory GSA fibers to the tempotomandibular joint and the skin of the auricle and the scalp
Auriculotemporal nerve
47
Produces flushing and sweating instead of salivation in response to taste of food afterinjury to the auriculotemporal nerve, which carries parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to the parotid gland and sympathetic fibers to the sweat glands
Frey's syndrome
48
The branch of the mandibular division that descends deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle, where it joins the chorda tmpani which conveys the parasympathetic preganglionic (Secretomoro) fibers to the submandibular gangliom and tast fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Lingual nerve
49
SUnpplies general senation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Lingual nerve
50
The branch of the mandibular division that passes deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle and then between the sphenomandibular ligament and the ramus of the mandible Enters the mandibular canal through the **mandibular foramen**
Inferior alveolar Nerve
51
The inferior Alveolar Nerve Give rise to the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Mylohyoid nerve * mylohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle * Inferior Dental Branch * Innervates lower teeth * Mental Nerve * innerates the skin over the chin * Incisive branch * innervates the canice and insior teeth
52
Contains cell boides of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that run in the auricullotemporal nerve to innervate the parotid gland Receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that run on thr glosopharyngeal nerve Lies in the infratemporal fossa, just below the foramen ovale between the mandibular nerve and the tensor veli palatini
Otic Ganglion
53
Arises from the external carotid artery at the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible Divides into 3 parts (mandibular part, Pterygoid part,Pterygopalatine part)
MAxillary artery
54
Part of the Maxillary artery that runs anteriorly between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament
Mandibular part * Gives rise to * **Deep auricular artery** * EAM * **Anterior Tympanic artery** * Tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane * **Middle menigeal artery** * enters through **foramen spinosum** * embraced by two 2 roots of auroculotemporal nerve * **Accessory meningeal artery** * Through Foramen Ovale * **Inferior Alveolar artery** * Mandibular formaen * Inferior alveolar neve * Supplies the tissue of the chin and lower teeth
55
Part of the Maxillary artery that runs anteriorly deep to the temporalis and superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle Branches the anterior and posterior deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric, and buccal arteries, which supply chiefly the msucles of mastication
Pterygoid part
56
Part of the Maxillary artery tha truns between the 2 heads of the lateral muscle and then through the pterygomaxillary fissure into the pterygopalatine fossa
Pterygopalatine part * Has the ff arteries * **Posterior Superior Alveolar arteries** * **Infraorbital arteries** * Gives rise to anterior and middle superior alveolar branches * **Descending palatine Artery** * Gives rise to greater and lesser palatine arteries * **Artery of the pterygoid canal** * **Pharyngea**l * **Sphenopalatine artery** * principal artery supplying the cnchae, ematus, and paranasal sinuses
57
The pterygoid venous pelxus communicates with _______ bye emissary veins the ________ by a vein that runs through the infraorbital fissue and the _______ by the deep facial vein
Cavernous sinus Inferior ophthalmic artery Facial vein
58
Largest of the 3 glands and occupies the retromandibular space between the ramus of the mandible infront and the mastoid process and the SCM behinf
Parotid Gland
59
The parotid gland is separated from the submandibular gland by a facial extension and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Stylomandibular ligament
60
The parotid gland has the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_duct, which crosses the masseter, pierces the buccinator, muscle and opens into the vestibule of the oracl cavity opposite to the **2nd upper molar tooth**
Stensen's duct
61
The parotid gland is innervated by aprasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve by way of the \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lesser petrosal nerve Otic Ganglion Auriculotemporal nerve
62
Combined gliding and hinge type of synovial joint (ginglymoid-diarthodial compound synovial joint) has 2 (superior and inerior) synovial cavities divided bt an articular diskm
Temporomandibular joint
63
The termporomandibular joiunt is reinforce by the _______ which extends from the tubercle on the zygoma to the neck of the mandible, and the ______________ which extends from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible
Lateral Ligamen Sphenomandibular ligament
64
The TMJ is innervated by ______ and \_\_\_\_\_
Auriculotemporal and masseteric branches (of the manbular nerve)
65
The TMJ is supplied by these arteries
* Superficial temporal * Maxillary (middle meningeal, and anterior tmpanic) * ascending pharyngeal arteries
66
Is a ligamentous Band (or a tendinous inscription) between the buccinator muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor Extends between the pterygoid hamulus superiorly and the posterior end if the mylohyoid line of the mandible inferiorly
Pterygomandibular Raphe
67
Extends from the styloid process to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandibile, near the angle of the mandible, separating the parotid from the submandibular gland
Stylomandibular Ligament
68
The skull has ____ cranial bones and ____ facial bones
8 14
69
The skullcap, which is the vault of the skull wthout the facial bones
Calvaria
70
The highgest poin of the calvaria on the sagittal suture is called
vertex
71
Underlies the FOrehead and superior margin and roof the orbit and has a smooth median prominence called **glabella**
Frontal bone
72
Forms part of the superior and lateral surface of the skull
Parietal Bone
73
The temporal bone consists of
* Squamous part * Petrous part * Mastoid part * Tympanic part
74
Consists of squamous, basilar and 2 lateral condylar parts Encloses the formaen magnum and forms the cerbeal and cerebellar fossae
Occipital bone
75
Consists of the body (houses the sphenoid sinus), greater and lesser wings and the pteygoid process
Sphenoid bone
76
Located between the orbits and consists of the cribriform plate, perpendicular plate and 2 lateral masses enclosing the ethmoid air cells
Ethmoid bone
77
Lies between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones
Coronal suture
78
Lies between the 2 parietal bones
Sagittal suture
79
Lies between the parietal bine and the squamous part of the tempiral bone
Squamou (squamoparietal) suture
80
Intersection of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Lambda
81
Intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures
Bregma
82
A craniometric point at the junction of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones and the great wing of the spheoid bone
Pterion
83
A craniometric point at the jucntion of the parietal, occipital and temporal (mastoid) part bones
Asterion
84
A point on the middle of the nasofrontal suture (intersection of the frontal and 2 nasal bones)
Nasion
85
Most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance, which is used as a fixed point in craniometry
Inion
86
Fracture at the ____ may rupture the middle meningeal artery
Pterion
87
Frature of the ______ may cause blood or CSF to escape from the ear, hearing losee, facial nerve damage
Petrous portion of the temporal bone
88
Fracture of the ______ caues anosmia, periorbital bruising (racoon eyes), and CSF leakage from the nose
ANterior cranial fossa
89
facial fracture involving the 3 supports of the malar bone including the zygomatic processes of the temporal, frontal, maxillary bones
Tripod fracture
90
Cribriform plate
Olfactory nerves
91
Foramen Cecum
Occasional small emissary vein from nasal mucosa to superior sagittal sinus
92
Antherior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves, arteries, and veins
93
Optic canal
: Optic nerve,opthalmic artery and central artery and vein of the retina
94
Superior orbital fissue:
occulomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves; opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, and opthalmic veins
95
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
96
Foramen ovale
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery and ocassionally lesser petrosal nerve
97
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
98
Foramen lacerum:
None (But the upper part is traversed by the ICA and greater and deep petrosal nerves)
99
Carotid canal
ICA and sympathetic nerves
100
Hiatus of facial canal:
Greater petrosal nerve
101
Internal auditory meatus:
Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and labyrinthine artery
102
Jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves and beginning of internal jugular vein
103
Hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve and meningeal artery
104
Foramen Magnum
Spinal cord, spinal accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, venous plexus of vertebral canal, and anterio and posterior spinal arteries
105
Condyloid foramen
Condyloid emissary vein
106
Mastoid foramen
Branch of occipital artery to dura mater and mastoid emissary vein
107
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Zygomaticofacial nerve
108
Supraorbital notch or foramen
Supraorbital nerve and vessels
109
Infraorbotal foramen
Infraorbital nerve and vessels
110
Mental foramen
Mental nerve and vessels
111
Petrotympanic fissure
Chorda tympani and often anterior tympanic artery
112
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial nerve
113
Incisive canal
Nasopalatine nerve and terminal part of the sphenopaltine or greater paltine vessels
114
Greater palatine Foramen
Greater palatine nerve and vessels
115
Lesser palatine foramen
Lesser palatine nerve and vessels
116
Palatine canal
Descending palatine vessels and the greater and lesser palatine nerves
117
Pterygoid canal
Runs from the anterior wall of the foramen lacerum to the pterygopalatine fossa and transmits the nerve of the oterygoid canl (vidian nerve)
118
Sphenooalatine foramen
Sphenopalatine vessels and nasopaltine Nerve
119
small pit in front of the crista galli between the ethmoid and frontal bones May transmit an emissary vein from the nasal mucosa and the frontal sinus to the superior sagittal sinus
Foramen Cecum
120
The triangular midline process of the ethmoid bone extending upward from the cribriform plate Provides attachment for the **falx cerebri**
Crista Galli
121
Perforated by 15 to 20 foramina, supoorts the olfactory bulb, and transmits olfactory nerves from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulb
Cribriform palte
122
2 anterior processes of the elsser wing of the sphenoid bone, which are located in the middle cranial fossa Provide attachment for the free border of the tentorium cerebelli
Anterior Clinoid Process
123
is a small inconstant eminence on the body of the sphenoid, posterolateral to the tuberculum sellae
Middle clinoid process
124
2 tubercles from each side of the dorsum sellae Provide attachment for the attached border of the tentorium cerbelli
Posterior Clinoid Process
125
Forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa Forms the sphenoidal ridge separating the anterior from the middle cranial fossa Forms the boundary of the superior orbital fissue
Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
126
Forms the anterior wall and the floor of the middle cranial fossa Presents several openings: Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
Greater wing of the Sphenoid bone
127
Bounded anteriorly by the tuberculum sellae and posteriorly by the dorsum sellae Has deep central depression known as the hypophyseal fossa which accomodates the pituitary gland or the hypophysis Lies directly above the sphenoid sinys located within the body of the sphenoi bone
Sella turcica
128
Portion of the body of the sphenoid bone connecting the two lesser wings and forms the roof for the sphenoidal air sinus
Jugum Sphenoidale
129
Downward sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magum Formed by part of the body if the sphenoid and a portion of the basilar oart of the occipital bone
Clivus
130
Delicate investment that is closely applied to the brain and dips into dissures and sulci Enmeshes blood vessels on the surface of the brain
Pia Mater
131
filmy transparent spidery layer that is connected to the pia mater by web like trabeculations
Arachnoid layer
132
tuft like collections of highly folded arachnoid (aggregations of arachnoid villi) that project into the superior sagittal sinus and the lateral alcuna, which are lateral externsion of the superior sagittal sinus
Arachnoif Grnaulations
133
tough fibrous outermost later of the meninges external to the subdural space
Dura mater
134
Innervation of the Dura Mater
* **Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches** of the ophthalmic dvision of the trigeminal nerve * **Meingeal branches of the maxillary and mandibular** divisions of the trigeminal nerve in the middle cranial fossa * **Meningeal branches of the vagus and hypoglossal** (originate from C1) nerves in the psoterior cranial fossa
135
the sickle shaped double layer of the dura mater, lying between the cerebral hemispheres Attaches to teh posterior and inferior parts of the tentorium Contains the occipital sinus
Falx Cerebri
136
Cresentric fold of drua mater that supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and covers the cerebellum Has a free internal concave border, which bounds the tentorial notch, wherea its external xonvex border encloses the transverse sinus posteriorly and the superior petrsoal sinus anteriorly
Tentorium Cerebelli
137
Circular, horizontal fold of dura that forms the roof of the sella turcica, covering the pituitary gland or the hypophysis Has a central aperture for the hypophyseal stalk or infundibulum
Diaphram Sellae
138
Lies in the midline along the convex border of the falx cerebri Begins at the crista galli and receives the cerebral, diploic meningeal and parietal emissary veins
Superior Sagittal Sinus
139
Lies in the free edge of the flax cerebri and is joinded by the great cerebral vein of galen to form the staight sinus
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
140
Runs along the line of attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebelli Formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great vein of
Straight SInus
141
Runs laterally from the confluence of sinuses along the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli
Transverse sinus
142
Is a continuation of the transverse sinus; arches downward and medially in an S-shaped groove on the mastoid part of the temporal bone Enters the superior bulb of the IJV
Sigmoid sinus
143
Located on each side of the sella turcica and the body of the sphenoid bone and lie between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater The ICA and the abducens nerve pass through these sinuses, in addition, the oculomotor, trochlear, opthalmic, and maxillary nerves pass forward in the lateral wall of these sinuses Communicate with the oterygoid venous plexus by emissary veins and receive the superior opthlamic vein
Cavernous sinuses
144
Lies in the margin of the tentorium cerebelli, running from the posterior end of the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus
SUperior Petrosal Sinus
145
Drains the cavernous sinus into the bulb of the internal jugular vein Runs in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the basilar aprt of the occipial bone
Inferior Petrosal sinus
146
Lies along the posterior edge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and drains into the carvernous sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus
147
Lies in the falx cerebelli and drains into the confluence of sinuses
Occipital sinus
148
Consists of interconencting venous channels on the basilar part of the occipital bone and connects the 2 inferior petrosal sinuses Communicates with the internal vertebral plexus
Basilar Plexus
149
LIe in the Diploe of the skulland are conencted with the cranial dura sinueses by the emissary veins Are smallveins connceting the venous sinuses of the dura with diploic veins and the veins of the scalp
Emissary veins
150
Internal Carotid Artery
* Enters the caratoid canal in the pertrous portion of the temporal bone * Separated from the tympanic cavity by a thin bony structure
151
Opthalmic artery
Enters the orbit via the optic canal with the optic nerve
152
Posterior communicating artery
* Arises from the carotid siphon and joins the posterior cerebral artery * Runs backward below th optic tract and supplies the optic chiasma and tract and hypothalamus
153
Anterior Choroidal artery
Supplies the choroid plexus of the lateral ventrile, optic tract and radiations, and lateral geniculate body
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Anterior cerebral artery
Enters the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum, supplies the optic chiasma and medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain, and unites each by the short anterior communciating artery
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Middle cerebral artery
Passes in the lateral cerebral fissure and supplies the lateral convexity of the cerebral hemisphere
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Arise from the first art of the sublavian artery and ascend through the transverse foramina of the verbrae C1 to C6 Curve posteriorly behind the lateral mass of the atlas, pierce the dura mater into the vertebral canal, and then enter the cranial caviy through the foramen magnu,
Vertebral Arteries * Join to form the basilar artery
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The vertebral arteries gives rise to the
* **Anterior Spinal Artery** * Arise as 2 roots * descends infront of the medulla and the 2 roots unite to form a single median trunk * **Posterior SPinal Artery** * Arise from the vertebral artery of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery * **Posterior-Inferior Cerebellar artery** * largest branch
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Formed by the union of the two vertebral of the 2 vertebral arteries at the lower border of the pons Ends near the upper border of the pons by dividing into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries
Basilar artery
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Branches of the Basilar artery
* **Pontine arteries** * **Labyrinthine artery** * **Anterior-Inferior Cerebellar artery** * gives rise to labyrintjhine artery in 85% * **Superior Cerebellar artery** * **Posterior cerebral artery** * bifurcation of the basilar artery
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Circle of willis
* Posterior Cerebral * Posterior communciating * Internal carotid * ANterior cerebral * anterior communciating arteries
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Cranial base develops mainly by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Endochondral Ossification
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Cranial Vault and facial skeleton develop by intramembranous ossification
Cranial Vault
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Olfactory Nerve (CN1)
* 20 bundles of unmyelinated special visceral afferent (SVA) fibers * Cribriform plate * olfactory bulb
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Optic Nerve (CNII)
* axons of ganglion cells of the retina * Special somatic afferent (SSA) * Optic canal * Optic chiasma * where fibers from the nasal side corss over to the opposite side of the brain * Mediates the **afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex**
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Oculomotor Neve (CN III)
* Superior orbital fissure * General somatic efferent to the EOM * Preganglionic parasympathetic GVE with cell bodies locatied in the Edinger-WEstphal nucleus * Postganglionioc fibers derived from the ciliary ganglion * short ciliary nerves to supply the sphicter pupillae and the ciliary muscles * Oasympathetic fibers that mediate the efferent limb of the pupillary light
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Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
* Cavernous sinus * Superior orbital fissure * GSE fibers to the Superior oblique muscle * Smallest cranial nerve * Only CN that emerges drom the dorsal aspect of the brain stem
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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
* nerve of the first branchial arch * Special vsiceral efferent * Muscles of mastication * Mylohyoid * anterior belly of the digastric muscle * tensor tympani * tensor veli palatini * GSA sensory fibers to the face, scako, auricle, external auditory meatus, nose, paranasal siune, mouth, nasopharynx, auditoy tube, cranial dura mater * Semilunar or trigeminal gangliom (GSA cellbodies) * Meckel's Cave
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Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
* Pierces the dura on the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone * Passes through the cavenous sinus * Supraorbital fissue * GSE fibers on the lateral rectus
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Facial Nerve (CN VII)
* nerve of the second branchial arch * Enters the internal acoustic meatus, the facial canal in the temporal bone, and emrges from the stylomastoid foramen * Sensosry gangliom : **geniculate ganglion** * **cell bodies of SVA (taste), GVA, GSA** * efferent limb of the corneal (blink) reflex
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The facial nerve gives rise to the
* Greater petrosal nerve * Communicating Branch * Stapedial nerve * Chorda tympani * Muscular branches * Fine Communicating Branch * Posterior AUricular nerve * Terminal Branches
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Vestibulocochlear nerbe (CN VIII)
* Internal acoustic meatus * SSA fibers to hair cells of the cochlea (organ of Corti), the amupllae of the semicircularis ducts, and the utricle amd saccule * SPlit into * Cochlear portion * Vestibular portion
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Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
* nerve of the 3rd branchial arch * contains SVE, SVA (taset), GVE, GVA, and GSA * passes through the jugular foramen * Gives rise to * Tympanic nerve * Communciating branch * Pharyngeal Branch * Carotid sinus Branch * Tonsillar Branch * Motor Branch * Lingual Branch
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Vagus Nerve (CN X)
* nerve of th 4th and 6th branchial arches * Passes through the jugular foramen * Provides Banchiomotor (SVE) innervation to all muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngesu), and palate (Except the tensor veli palatini) * Also providesmotor FBE, afferent GVA * Mediates the afferent and efferent limbs of the cough reflex and the efferent limbs of the gag (pharyngeal) reflex and sneeze reflex
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The vagus nerve give rise to the following branches
* Meningeal Branch * Auricular Branch * Pharyngeal branch * Superior, Middle and Inferior Cardiac Branches * Superior Laryngeal nerve * Internal laryngeal nerve * External Laryngeal nerve * recurrent laryngeal nerve * becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve
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Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
* Nerve of the caudal branchial arch and passes through the jugular foramen * Has spinal roots that originate from the anterior horn of the upper cervical segments, emerge from the lateral aspect of the spinal cord * Provides brachiomotor (SVE) fibers to the SCM and trapezius muscles * Cranial portion that contains motor fibers that exit the medulla; pass through the jugular foramen
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Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
* Passes through the hypoglossal canal * Loops around the occipital artery, passes between the external carotid and internal hugular vessel * Passes above thr yoid bone on the lateral surface of the hypoglossus * Supplies GSE fibers to all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by the vagus nerve * Carries GSA fibers from C1 * Carries GSE fibers fromC1 to supply the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
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Formed by neuron cell bodies of parasympathethic postganglionic fibers and is situated behind th eyeball, between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle.
CIliary Ganglion * Receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (with cell bodies in the Endinger-Westphal nucleus of CN III in the mesencephalon), which run in the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve
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The ciliary ganglion sends its postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the sphincter pupillar and the ciliary muscle via **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
Short Ciliary nerves
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve by way of the greater petrosal nerve and the nerve of the pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
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Parasympathetic Gnaglia and Associated Autonomic Nerves
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Greater petrosal nerve
* Arises from the facial nerve adjacent to the geniculate ganglion * Contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and joins the deep petrosal nerve containing postganglionic sympathetic fibers to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal
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Deep Petrosal nerve
* Arises from the plexus on the internal carotid artery * Contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers with cell bodies lcoated in the superior cervical ganglion
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Nerve of the pterygoid Canal (Viridian Nerve)
* Consists of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve and postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve * Also contains SVA (taset) and GVA fibers from the palate
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Lies on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle but deep to the mylohyoid muscle and is suspended from the lingual nerve. Receives preganglionic parasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers that run in the facial nerve, chroda tympani and lingual nerve
Submandibular Ganglion
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Lies in the infratemporal fossa, just below the foramen ovale, between the mandibualr nerve and the tensor veli palatini Receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that run on the glossopharyngeal nerve, tympanic plexus, and lesser petrosal nerve
Otic Ganglion
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Tympanic nerve
* Contains preganglionic parasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers for the parotid gland and GVA fibers from the tympanic cavitym auditory tube, and mastoid air cells * Arise from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve * Passses through a small canal between the jugular foramen and the carotid canal into the tympanic cavity * Enters the tympanic plexus on the promontory of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
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Lesser Petrosal nerve
* Continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the tympanic plexus * Runs just lateral to the greater petrosal nerve and leaves the middle cranial fossa through either the foramen ovale or the fissure between the petrous bone and the great wing of the sphenoid to enter the otic ganglion * Contains preganglionic parasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers that run in the glossopharyngeal and tympanic nerves before synapsing in the otic ganglion * Also transmits postganglionic sympathetic fibers (originated from the internal carotid plexus)

BRS Anatomy (22 decks)

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